Effect of seismic design details on hysteresis performance of SRC-RC transfer columns

Four types of seismic design details were tested using 11 transfer column specimens and one comparison specimen of RC under low cyclic reversed loading. Test results show that diagonal cracks control the failure pattern and damage occurs mainly in the RC section with weak shear capacity in the transfer columns. There is a large difference in the bearing capacity and ductility of the transfer columns according to the test results, which indicates that the strengthening effect of diverse structural measures is quite different. The section ratio of I-section-encased steel and the axial compression ratio also have a great influence on the bearing capacity and ductility. Although the bearing capacity of transfer columns with additional longitudinal bars and additional X bars is relatively large, they have poor deformation capacity. Setting more stirrups along the columns is the best structural measure to enhance the seismic performance. The studs on the I-sectionencased steel by welding can help to complete the stress transfer between the steel and concrete, and avoid performance degradation of the two materials due to bonding failure.

Modeling of mass transfer characteristics of bubble column reactor with surfactant present

Danckwert's method was used to determine the specific interfacial area, a, and the individual mass transfer coefficient, κL, during absorption of CO2 in a bubble column with an anionic surfactant in the carbonate-bicarbonate buffer solution and NaAsO2 as catalyst, the presence of which decreases the specific interracial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient. The specific interfacial area and the individual mass transfer coefficient increase with increasing superficial gas velocity. The specific interfacial area decreases whereas the individual mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing temperature. The results of experiments were used to determine the dependence of a, κL, and κLa on the surface tension, the temperature of the absorption phase, and the superficial velocity of the gas. The calculated results from the correlation were found to be within 10% deviation from the actual experimental results.

Mass Transfer and Axial Mixing Characteristics in a Coalescence-Dispersion Pulsed-Sieve-Plate Extraction Column

A new configuration of coalescence-dispersed pulsed-sieve-plate extraction column (CDPSEC) was developed, and the mass transfer and axial mixing characteristics were evaluated with the two-point dynamic method.The influence of operation conditions was discussed with experimental results, showing that the mass transfer performance of CDPSEC mainly depends on the energy input and the holdup of dispersed phase. Higher energy input results in higher holdup of the dispersed phase, the axial mixing of the continuous phase is suppressed, and the true height of mass transfer unit decreases markedly. On the other hand, higher energy input leads to more serious forward mixing of the dispersed phase, so the energy input should be limited. Accordingly the operation conditions were divided into two regions, and empirical correlations for predicting the mass transfer and axial mixing characteristics in different regions with a satisfactory accuracy were suggested.

Evaluation of the clenbuterol imprinted monolithic column prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization

做更多的同质的器官的整体的结构，可逆增加破碎链转移(木排) 过程在 clenbuterol 的合成被采用印的聚合物。在合成，聚合物结构和分离效率上的合成条件的影响被学习。结果证明与椽子过程准备的印的柱比在礼品与常规聚合准备的柱让更高的柱效率和选择学习，它可以源于更高的表面区域，更小的毛孔尺寸和更狭窄的水珠在他们的结构的尺寸分发。如果为 clenbuterol 的更好的条件印了整体的聚合物准备，结果显示了那木排聚合。

Experimental mass transfer coefficients in a pilot plant multistage column extractor

The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients in a multistage column have been measured using axial dispersion model for toluene–acetone–water system. The effect of operating parameters on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients has been investigated for both mass transfer directions. The results show that the mass transfer performance is strongly dependent on rotor speed and mass transfer direction, although only slightly dependent on phase flow rates. In addition, empirical correlations to predict the overall mass transfer coefficients have been developed. The proposed correlations based on dimensionless numbers can be considered as a useful tool for the possible scale up of the multistage column extractor.

The Analysis of Distillation Tray Column Efficiency by Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer Computation

It has long been found that the flow pattern of the liquid phase on distillation tray is of great importance on distillation process performance. But until now, there was very few published work on quantitative investigation of this subject. By combining the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the mass transfer equation, a theoretical model is proposed for predicting the details of velocity and concentration distributions as well as the tray efficiency of distillation tray column. Using the proposed model, four different cases corresponding to different assumptions of liquid and vapor flowing condition for a distillation tray column were investigated. In Case I, the distributions of velocity and concentration of the incoming liquid from the downcomer and the uprising vapor from the underneath tray spacing are uniform. In Case Ⅱ, the distribution of the incoming liquid is non-uniform but the uprising vapor is uniform. In Case Ⅲ, the distribution of the incoming liquid is uniform but the uprising vapor is non-uniform.In Case IV, the distributions of both the incoming liquid and the uprising vapor are non-uniform. The details of velocity and concentration distributions on a multiple sieve tray distillation column in four different cases were simulated using the proposed model. It is found that the shape of the simulated concentration profiles of vapor and the liquid is quite different from case to case. The computed results also show that the tray efficiency is highly reduced by the maldistribution of velocity and concentration of the incoming liquid and uprising vapor. The tray efficiency for Case Ⅰ is higher than Case Ⅱ or Case Ⅲ, and that for Case Ⅳis the lowest. It also reveals that the accumulated effect of maldistribution becomes more pronounced when the number of column trays increased. The present study demonstrates that the use of computational method to predict the mass transfer efficiency for the tray column, especially for the large one, is feasible.

Optimization of Dividing Wall Column with Heat Transfer Process Across the Wall for Feed Properties Variation

This paper investigates the thermal-coupled effect across the wall and the optimal heat transfer region of the wall for enhancing the energy saving effect of dividing wall column (DWC), and also studies the effects of feed thermal condition (q) and middle component composition of feed (cB) on the heat transfer process, the optimal heat transfer region, and the maximum heat transfer quantity across the wall. The simulation results show that the maximum heat transfer quantity across the wall and the potential for energy saving increase with the increase of q, while with the limitation of temperature difference across the wall, the beneficial heat transfer effect between certain range of stages, which are involved in the optimal heat transfer region, cannot be realized completely for a specific value of q. Besides, compared with q, a changing cB does not change the degree of realizing the beneficial heat transfer effect, but can bring about the variation of liquid split ratio (RL) and vapor split ratio (Rv). Thus, for achieving a maximum energy-saving effect of DWC, different q and cB need to find its own corresponding suitable heat transfer process across the wall.

Heat Transfer Investigation and Modeling of Heat Integrated Distillation Column

The high degree of reversibility of heat integrated distillation column(HIDiC) has been thermodynamically interpreted by the entropy method. In this paper, a heat transfer model and a more universal method were proposed, through which the overall heat transfer coefficient at different height of column under different operating conditions could be obtained before the experiment. Then the separation of a binary ethanol-water system was carried out experimentally as a case study to verify the heat transfer model and the aforementioned calculation method. The close results between the calculation, the simulation, and the experiments suggested that the proposed model and the calculation method in this paper were accurate and applicable. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated that the HIDiC shows obvious effect of reducing entropy increase and improving thermodynamic efficiency as compared to conventional distillation column.

Measurement of Mass Transfer Coefficients and Their Modelling of Continuous Counter-Current Aqueous Two-Phase System in a Packed Extraction Column

Overall dispersed side volumetric mare transfer coeffcieats for protein and amino acids were measured in continuous countercurreat PEG4000/KHP aqueous two-phase systems in a 57 mm I.D. packed extraction column. A model for overall dispersed side volumetric mass transfer coefficients was derived by describing the motion of the drops based upon Navier-Stokes equation combined with the relationship between mass transfer coefficients and the drop velocity. The model provides good predictions and can be successfully used in aqueous two-phase extraction. The awrage relative deviation between calculated values and experimental date ranges from 8% to 14%.

A General Equation for Calculating the‘True’Height of Transfer Unit in Extraction Columns

Based on single drop mass transfer models and two phase flow equation,a general equationfor calculating the‘true’height of transfer unit of extraction columns was derived and tested withfour types of extraction columns with some different working systems.The calculated results fittedwell with those obtained by experiments.

Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in a Slurry Bubble Column Reactor under High Temperature and High Pressure

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure,superficial gas velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations are proposed to predict kLa values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffln/solid particles slurry bubble column reactors.

Mass Transfer Characteristics of H_2 and CO in Mimicked F-T Slurry Bubble Column Reactor

The equilibrium solubilities,volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients kLa of H_2 and CO were measured as functions of temperature(298―513 K),pressure(1―3 MPa),superficial gas velocity(0.5―3 cm/s) and solid volume fraction(5%―25%) in liquid paraffin/iron-based catalyst slurry bubble column reactor.The volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa were obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H_2 and CO.The influences of the operation conditions,such as pressure,temperature,superficial gas velocity and catalyst concentration on kLa,were investigated.Two empirical correlations were proposed to predict kLa values of H_2 and CO in liquid paraffin/solid particles slurry bubble column reactor.The results showed that the equilibrium solubilities of H-2 and CO increased with an increasing temperature and pressure,and the solubility of CO was greater than that for H_2.It was found that the equilibrium solubility can be expressed by Henry's law.The volumetric mass transfer coefficients of H_2 and CO were of the same order of magnitude,and increased with the increase of pressure,temperature and superficial gas velocity.The presence of solid particles decreased kLa values of both H_2 and CO.

Bubble and Heat Transfer Phenomena in Viscous Slurry Bubble Column

Heat transfer and bubble phenomena were investigated by adopting the drift flux model in a viscous slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR), having a diameter of 0.0508 m(ID) and height 1.5 m. The effects of superficial gas velocity (0.002 -0.164 m/s), solid concentration (0 - 20 wt%) and liquid viscosity (paraffin oil;16.9 mPa•s and squalane;25.9 mPa•s) on the gas holdup and heat transfer characteristics were examined. It was observed that the gas holdup increased with increasing superficial gas velocity (UG), but decreased with increasing solid concentration (SC) or slurry viscosity. The degree of non-uniformity in a SBCR could be determined by the modified drift flux model at the heterogeneous flow regime. The local heat transfer coefficient (h) between the immersed heater and the bed decreased with increasing liquid viscosity and SC, but it increased with increasing UG. The modified Nusselt number including the gas holdup and local heat transfer coefficient was well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups such as Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN A NEW TYPE(FG)STACK PACKED EXTRACTION COLUMN

1 INTRODUCTIONOne of the major objectives in the study of extraction column is to minimize column di-mensions to fulfill a certain specific separation process.This has led to the intensiveemployment of structured packings in extraction columns [1].One of the recentdevelopments targeted for greater interfacial areas without excessive dispersion is the useof structure packings contactive claiming advantages,such as lower fluid flow

Axial mixing and mass transfer characteristics of pulsed extraction column with discs and doughnuts

The axial mixing is a key factor for design and scaling up of the pulsed extraction column which has strong influence on the mass transfer performances of the pulsed extraction column with discs and doughnuts. A steady-state concentration profile measurement was used to evaluate the mass transfer and axial mixing coefficients for the nitric acid/water/30%TRPO (in kerosene) system in the pulsed extraction column with the diameter of 38 mm on the condition of the TRPO-kerosene solution as the continuous phase and the flow ratio of 1∶1. Experimental results indicate that Ey evaluated by the experiments is in good agreement with that given by Burratti’s correlation; the axial mixing is far smaller for the continuous phase than that for the dispersed phase. However the empirical correlation for HOX is only given based on the present data.

深圳京基东滨时代大厦超限高层塔楼结构设计

深圳京基东滨时代大厦塔楼为框架-核心筒结构,结构高度194.35m,属于超B级高度的超限高层建筑,四角及南北两侧均设有L形墙或一字形墙与框架梁平面外相接。为满足建筑功能需求,2层取消了大量楼板和外框架与核心筒相连的框架梁,形成跃层柱。41层东西两侧外框柱均往内收进,需设置托柱转换梁。以上难点增加了结构设计难度。采用性能化设计,有针对性地对关键部位采取相应的加强措施,并对特殊部位进行专项分析,如L形墙或一字形墙等特殊墙体、跃层柱、托柱转换梁等。通过弹塑性动力时程分析考察整体结构的抗震性能。计算结果表明:该结构抗震性能均能达到设计的预期目标。

地铁车站嵌套式隔振柱的动力特性分析

为减小车辆-轨道系统产生的竖向振动波通过站台柱传递到车站上部结构,研发了一种地铁车站嵌套式隔振柱。以雄安至北京大兴国际机场快线(R1线)金融岛站为研究背景,在站台柱下部设置异形U状嵌套式钢结构,于嵌套结构间隔处设置橡胶减振柱,进行模态分析以及频域下的加速度传递率分析。研究结果表明:嵌套式隔振柱较传统站台柱在0~200 Hz频率范围内增加了97个隔振频率点,实现了60%以上频率的隔振效果;适当提高异形U状嵌套钢结构底部长宽比、中部支撑宽度以及降低橡胶减振体截面半径会带来基频下隔振性能的提升。以异型U状嵌套式钢结构为主设计的隔振柱能够有效降低地铁车辆-轨道系统产生的竖向振动传递。

含肋柱微通道换热器内纳米氧化铝流体流动传热特性研究

陶瓷工业的节能降碳对于环境保护和可持续发展具有重要意义,而余热回收是实现节能降碳的有效途径,为了提升陶瓷窑炉中烟气余热的回收效率,研究将纳米陶瓷氧化铝粉和水组成的Al_(2)O_(3)-水纳米陶瓷流体与肋柱结合来协同强化微通道换热器换热性能。采用了非正交多松弛(MRT)格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)研究了含肋柱的微通道内Al_(2)O_(3)-水纳米陶瓷流体的流动传热特性,并通过与前人相关工作结果进行对比验证了该模型的准确性与可靠性。具体研究了在肋柱换热总面积不变的情况下,不同肋柱高度hi以及纳米颗粒体积分数φ对微通道流动传热特性的影响。研究结果表明,与平直流道相比,肋柱的加入显著增强了微通道的换热性能。此外,随着φ增大,微通道换热性能增强。在肋柱换热总面积不变的情况下,随着hi的增大,微通道换热性能逐渐减弱,当hi为0.3125时热性能因数TPF最大,综合传热性能与压力损失的表现最好。虽然添加肋柱使得微通道传热性能得到提升,但综合压力损失与传热性能却小于平直表面。研究结果能对微通道换热器内的结构设计与优化提供一定参考。

某酒店项目塔楼结构设计与分析

某酒店项目因规划指标的控制要求,占地面积较小而容积率较高,设备管线的变化和转换给结构设计带来较大影响。结构设计出现了扭转不规则、穿层柱、转换、刚度突变、净高受限等多种不利情况。本文通过多种结构方案的比选,确定了既能满足净高需要又能满足结构指标的布置方案;分析了各项不规则情况,并对不规则情况进行详细计算与分析,找出潜在的抗震薄弱部位,对关键部位(构件)采取相应的构造加强措施,保证建筑结构的安全可靠。

地铁车辆段上盖的全框支剪力墙结构设计探讨

根据地铁车辆段上盖全框支剪力墙结构设计实践,提出该结构按现行规范设计存在的问题,包括重力二阶效应验算,周期折减系数影响,框支柱剪力调整和厚板设计验算等问题。针对上述问题,建议重力二阶效应验算采用屈曲因子不小于20作为不考虑条件;少砌体墙的(框支)框架层考虑周期折减系数的影响,对(框支)框架层楼层剪力作折减;对于特一级或一级的框支柱的弯矩或剪力调整系数下调,避免调整后剪力远大于中震剪力的不合理情况;盖上剪力墙对厚板的冲切验算用作图法验算。