The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

A Probe into the Mortgage Rates of Land Contract Management Rights Based on Unified Annual Output Value

The mortgage of land contract management rights has launched a pilot project in Ningxia,Hubei,Henan,Guizhou,Chongqing and other provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions,which provides a good solution to the problem of funds for rural development and plays a huge role in promoting local rural economic development.In the mortgage financing of land contract management rights implemented in various regions,how to determine a scientific,accurate and reasonable mortgage rate of land contract management rights becomes a difficulty troubling the mortgage financing of land.On the basis of unified annual output value of land,this article uses survey method,income capitalization method,and comparison method to analyze the value of land contract management rights,and finally determine the mortgage rates of land contract management rights.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

Reform of Agricultural Land Transfer of Different Types of Farmers' Willingness

Since forty years of reform and opening up,China's rural landscape has undergone tremendous changes,and agricultural production manner is obviously improved,while farmers' living level is rose significantly.Rural land contracting and management right system plays a vital role in promoting rural economic and social development in China.In this paper,farmers under the background of the transfer of rural land contracting and management right are taken as research objects,and the difference of different types of farmers under the willingness of land transfer is analyzed.Finally,corresponding reform assumptions are proposed for transfer willingness of different types of farmers.

Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights:Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China

Henan is a large agricultural province and one of China’s major grain-producing areas. Agricultural land transfer and large-scale operations will have a profound impact on regional economic development and food security. This is a case study taken in Xiwan village in Qinyang city, Henan. This paper builds a transferring pricing model using land use rights assessment and characteristic correction of land contract and management rights. Results show that the transferring price of land contract and management rights should include the economic price, social price and corrected price. The use of a price model should focus on the distinction of theory and practical application. If there is no change in agricultural project,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price and social security price. If there is a change in agricultural projects,such as cropland into cash crops,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price, social price and corrected price. Because of the complexity of income distribution following the transfer, transferring gains should follow a rational distribution in the outflow side, inflow side, managers and land owner. The government should establish reasonable and orderly contracted management of land circulation transferring and use this to build a land transferring price system.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

基于集体所有制对农村体育的历史审视及学术反思

新中国成立后,在中国共产党领导下迅速形成的具有社会主义性质的集体所有制,既是组织农业生产的一项基本经济制度,也是治理农村社会的一项基本政治制度,还是改善农民生活的一项基本民生制度。因此,新中国成立后70多年来农村集体所有制的形成、改革与完善,必然左右着农村体育发展的方向和路径,决定着农村体育发展的组织与机制,制约着农村体育发展的规模与形式。该研究采用历史阐释和社会批判的方法,分析集体所有制在不同的历史时期对农村体育发展以何种原因和何种方式产生影响。结果显示:社会主义改造和“农业合作化运动”,使广大农民走上了集体化的合作道路,加速了农民对体育的社会主义认知;社会主义建设和人民公社体制,奠定了农村集体所有制的制度基础,为推动农村体育开展提供了基本的组织方式;改革开放和“家庭联产承包责任制”,重塑了农村的生产关系和社会结构,为农村体育提供了内在的需求与动力;新时代和农村土地制度改革的深化,推进了新型农业经营体系的形成,为农村体育提供了新的发展路径和走向。

从经营方式演化看中国农业现代化的前沿问题

在对家庭联产承包责任制改革确立农户主体地位及土地流转和规模化过程进行梳理的基础上,研究了正在蓬勃发展的几种有代表性的农业组织形式的特点和现代农业演化趋势,针对租佃高成本、超大规模垄断性经营和政府补贴等方面的问题,提出了相应的政策建议。

再流转中土地经营权的登记效力规则研究

再流转中的两种土地经营权在登记能力、登记效力上采区分原则。再流转阶段,基于土地承包经营权的土地经营权承继土地承包经营权的流转规则而采登记对抗效力,“未经登记,不得对抗善意第三人”应解释为未登记可以对抗恶意第三人以及能对抗善意第三人的必要条件为已登记,登记对抗效力表现为登记公示相较于其他公示方式的优先性与相对公信力,占有使用及向发包人备案作为认定第三人善意的实质调查内容在司法实践中发挥作用。以其他方式承包取得的土地经营权再流转须“经依法登记取得权属证书”为管理性规定,同时暗含登记连续性的目的,采登记生效效力的形式正当性在于此类土地经营权再流转的物权变动在实证法上的相对独立性,进而适用不动产物权公示的原则性规定,实质正当性在于通过市场机制高效利用农村“四荒地”土地资源的价值取向。另外,可结合此类土地经营权再流转的特殊规制目的适用善意取得制度。

土地经营权入股的隐性失地风险与制度应对

担心失地是制约土地经营权入股的重要因素。基于制度文本和实践纠纷的解析,土地经营权入股的失地风险主要为隐性失地风险——虽然在法律上享有收回土地的权利,但实际上难以收回、有效利用。其主要成因包括入股合同的约定欠周延,农地流转和土地股份组织制度衔接不足,政府投资建设的农业设施的处置规则不明,以及农地纠纷解决机制效能不高。在风险应对方面,不应固守单一的组织法视角,而是需要坚持系统性思维,综合施策予以现实应对,重点包括强化合同治理提高入股合同的周延性,深化农地流转和土地股份组织制度的衔接,健全政府投资建设的农业设施的处置规则,以及构筑更加便捷高效的农地纠纷调处机制。

农村承包经营户破产能力证成与实现路径

我国“三农”领域基础法律制度是“三农”法治化发展的重要支撑和保障,但在回应建设高效农村市场、健全统一市场规则和制度体系方面仍显不足。农村承包经营户作为我国农村市场中占据绝对多数的生产经营主体,其市场退出机制至今仍处于缺位状态,一旦陷入债务危机,则难以顺利退出市场。因而,有必要对农村承包经营户破产能力问题进行证成,探讨其破产能力的实现路径。对此,一方面应从经济学理论维度、国家政策维度与法学维度,论证农村承包经营户的破产能力;另一方面,应在公法视域下,确定赋予农村承包经营户破产能力的基本遵循,探寻农村承包经营户破产的立法模式,明确《个人破产法》中农村承包经营户破产适用规则的特殊性以及农户破产后的土地经营权处置,全面保障我国农村承包经营户的合法权益。

放活土地经营权的法典表达述评及其体系化解释

我国《民法典》关于土地经营权流转的基本规范,需要结合“三权分置”改革的政策目标进行体系化解释。土地经营权的性质应采纳“二元说”。土地经营权的流转或者再流转未向农地所属集体经济组织备案的,不影响土地经营权流转或者再流转的效力。但土地经营权的再流转未经承包方书面同意的,该流转行为无效。土地经营权向工商企业等社会资本流转的,未经县级以上人民政府的行政许可,该流转行为亦无效。是否登记取得权属证书,应不影响土地经营权的流转。物权性土地经营权可以进行抵押,债权性土地经营权可以进行质押。其他方式承包产生的土地经营权的流转,可以部分参照适用家庭承包语境中土地经营权的流转规则。

清水江文书中的“用益物权”

清水江文书中的“用益物权”,以“讨”字文书的形式呈现。清水江文书中的地役权存在着“需役物”与供役地等不典型的地役权以及需役地与供役地的典型地役权两种模式;清水江文书中的居住权同样具有典型的“居住权”以及“保留占有、使用权买卖”的居住权两种模式;清水江文书中所呈现出的土地承包经营权则在占有、使用、收益的权利方面存在明显的限制性。纵观清水江文书中的三种用益物权,其背后蕴涵了以“礼”为主的法治观念价值和以“和谐”为主的法治实践价值,其对解决目前民法典用益物权编的某些现实问题以及建设中国特色社会主义法治体系均可能做出有益贡献。

发包方终止土地经营权流转合同探究

《农村土地承包法》第64条赋予了发包方终止土地经营权流转合同的权利,目的在于切实保护集体土地所有权,避免集体土地遭受损害。发包方终止土地经营权流转合同的权利属于形成权,但不是合同解除权,不仅适用于土地经营权流转合同,也适用于土地经营权再流转合同以及融资担保实现后流转的土地经营权,不适用于其他方式承包的承包合同。在土地经营权人擅自改变土地的农业用途、弃耕抛荒连续两年以上、给土地造成严重损害或者严重破坏土地生态环境的情形下,若承包方不行使合同解除权,则发包方有权终止土地经营权流转合同。发包方行使终止土地经营权流转合同的权利可以采取通知终止与诉讼终止两种方式行使。在合同终止后,土地经营权人应当向承包方返还承包地,地上物应当按照充分发挥物的效用原则处理,承包地的权利负担随之消灭,同时应当办理注销登记。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

农户承包地“小田并大田”改革中的法律风险及其应对

“小田并大田”是针对现实中承包地细碎化问题而实施的改革措施,对于优化土地资源配置、提高耕地利用效率和保障农户承包经营权益意义颇大。但“小田并大田”改革也面临着土地权属、流转合同、流转收益分配等方面的法律风险。为确保“小田并大田”改革在法治轨道内进行,并最大程度化解法律风险,应着重从法治底线和疏解路径两个层面采取应对措施。一方面,应当坚持农村土地集体所有、农村基本经营制度、保障集体成员权益的基本法治底线;另一方面,应当发挥农村集体经济组织“统”的功能,保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变,依法规范土地经营权流转行为,确保集体成员公正合理地分配集体收益并构建多元化的承包地纠纷解决机制。

农地产权再造:路径与形态

围绕为何农地产权经“两权分离”后还需再造的议题,该研究从比较基于市场交易和无偿分配的两种“两权分离”形式入手,剖析了农地“三权分置”的本质、困境及优化路径,探讨了农地产权可能的终极形态。研究表明:①“两权分离”的形式决定了农地产权的变迁路径。通过对比城市土地产权和农地产权在“两权分离”形式上的差异,可以发现,基于市场机制的“两权分离”无须进一步的产权细分,而基于无偿分配的“两权分离”却需产权再造。因此,农地“两权分离”的症结不在于权利分离的架构,而在于权利分离的形式。②虽然“三权分置”能降低产权不稳定的危害,并使产权交易不再封闭,但是建立在土地流转基础上的“三权分置”面临流转合约不稳定和产权主体多重的治理难题,导致流转型土地经营权难以发展成物权性质的产权,并造成承包权与经营权间的分置不彻底。③短期或局部来看,农地“三权分置”的制度设计需要适应流转合约不稳定的阶段特征,应赋予流转型土地经营权有限权能。长期而言,可通过改变经营权流转的组织形式,或变换“三权分置”的产权交易形式,实现承包权与经营权彻底分置,促进土地经营权物权化。④如同基于无偿分配的“两权分离”只是农地产权的早期形态,“三权分置”也可能是农地产权在特定阶段的形式,农地产权最终可能演变为基于市场机制的“两权分离”。一种可能是通过土地承包权的市场化改革迂回到基于无偿分配的“两权分离”,另一种可能是基于市场机制直接从集体产权中实现所有权与经营权的分离。