The source of heavy metals and its indication to the sediment transfer in the Hangzhou Bay

-Suspended matters are important carriers of heavy metals in the hydrocycle.In this paper, the field investigation , lab. experiment and 'corresponding analysis' were made to study sources of the heavy metals and the transfer of suspended matters from the Hangzhou Bay.This conclusion shows that the contents of heavy metals in this area are the natural background values ; the distributions of heavy metals are controlled by the plume front.

Welding characteristics of AZ31B magnesium alloy using DC-PMIG welding

Direct current pulsed metal inert-gas （DC-PMIG） welding was carried out on AZ31B magnesium alloy to obtain continuous welding joints of 3 mm and 8 mm thickness with 1.6 mm diameter of filler wire. The behavior and mechanism of metal transfer, the parameter ranges of stable welding process, the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy were investigated. The results show that the metal transfer form of magnesium alloy using DC-PMIG welding is realized in modes of globular transfer, projected transfer and spray transfer. Welding spatter with a large size will be produced in the mode of globular transfer, and high-quality joints with few spatters can be obtained in the mode of projected transfer and spray transfer when the linear energy of filler wire is 242-27l J/cm, droplet diameter is 1.6-0.9 mm tensile strength of weld beads is 94.2% of that of base metals. and transition frequency is 30-69 Hz. The average ultimate

FEM modeling of softened base metal in narrow-gap joint by CMT+P MIX welding procedure

A required finite element method（FEM） model applicable for narrow gap CMT and CMT＋P MIX welding was established based on the interactions between arc,base metal and filler metal.A novel method of simplifying wire feeding pulses and heat input pulses was supposed under the conduction of equivalent input.The method together with composed double-ellipse heat sources was included in the model.The model was employed in the investigation of thermal cycling and the identification of the softened zone of AA7A52 base plates.Low-frequency behavior emerged in the form of low-cooling rate sects,which were not expected under experimental conditions.The softened zone including the quenched zone and averaging zone of the base plate was much wider internal the base plate than that close to the surfaces.The reliability of the predictions in thermal cycling was supported by infrared imaging test results of the thermal cycle process.

Interactive effects of porosity and microstructure on strength of 6063 aluminum alloy CMT MIX + Synchropulse welded joint

The porosity, pore size and softening of 6063 aluminum alloy CMT MIX + Synchropulse welded joint with different welding speeds were studied. The results show that with the increase of welding speed(from 55 to 65 cm/min), the porosity increases dramatically(from 0.1% to 3.9%) and large pores(341.1 μm) appear. The pore size distributions are mainly concentrated at 87.8 and 20.6 μm in the joints produced from weld speeds of 65 and 55 cm/min, respectively. The dissolution and transformation of the β′′ phase in the base metal(BM) result in a significant softening of both the fusion zone and heat-affected zone, and the latter was more serious. The effects of welding speed on the average tensile strength of the full penetration welded joints are minor, which was about 155 MPa(67.4% that of the BM).

Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of steel stud to Al alloy by CMT welding-brazing process

Cold metal transfer （CMT） welding of nickel-coated Q235 steel studs with 606l Al alloy was carried out using ER4043 as filler metal. The welding process was stable, and appearance of weld formed well without surface defect under the parameters of welding current 121 A, welding voltage 15.4 V and welding speed 6 r/min. The microstructure of fiUer metal was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy. The filler metal and 6061 Al alloy were fused to form fusion welding interface, the fusion zone had a good bonding without any micro defect. The steel stud did not melt and brazing interface was formed between the filler metal and steel stud. Two different reaction layers existed in the brazing interface, the Fe2Al5 layer about 10 -12 p^m formed near the steel stud side, and the other layer was mainly composed of FeAl3. Nickel-rich zone was formed in the root toe area of the fillet weld, which was mainly composed of Al3Ni2. The tensile tests showed that the maximum shearing strength of the joints was 129 MPa. The joint was brittle fractured in the intermetallic compound layer where plenty of FeAl3 were distributed continuously.

Arc characteristics of submerged arc welding with stainless steel wire

The arc characteristics of submerged arc welding （SAW） with stainless steel wire were studied by using Analysator Hannover （AH）. The tests were carded out under the same preset arc voltage combined with different welding currents. By comparing the probability density distribution （PDD） curves of arc voltage and welding current, the changes were analyzed, the metal transfer mode in SAW was deduced, and the characteristics of a stable arc were summarized. The analysis results show that, with an increase of welding parameters, the short-circuiting peak in the PDD curves of arc voltage decreases gradually until it disappears, and the dominant metal transfer mode changes from flux-wall guided transfer to projected transfer and then to streaming transfer. Moreover, when the PDD curves of arc voltage are both unimodal and generally symmetrical, the greater the peak probability and the smaller the peak span, the more stable the arc becomes.

Effect of deposition rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V components

Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)is a novel manufacturing technique by which high strength metal components can be fabricated layer by layer using an electric arc as the heat source and metal wire as feedstock,and offers the potential to produce large dimensional structures at much higher build rate and minimum waste of raw material.In the present work,a cold metal transfer(CMT)based additive manufacturing was carried out and the effect of deposition rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM Ti-6Al-4V components was investigated.The microstructure of WAAM components showed similar microstructural morphology in all deposition conditions.When the deposition rate increased from 1.63 to 2.23 kg/h,the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)decreased from 984.6 MPa to 899.2 MPa and the micro-hardness showed a scattered but clear decline trend.

Mechanism of Metal Transfer in DE-GMAW

Modification of conventional gas metal arc welding （GMAW） process is of great potential to achieve high productivity with low cost and strong usability. Double-Electrode GMAW （DE-GMAW） is such a modified arc welding process which is formed by adding a bypass torch （gas tungsten arc welding torch） to a conventional GMAW system. The mechanism of metal transfer in DE-GMAW was proposed and verified in this paper. Experiments show that the critical current is decreased so that spray transfer can be obtained at a lower current level in DE-GMAW. Analysis of this significant change in metal transfer phenomena is conducted, and explanation is given out. It is found that the bypass arc in DE-GMAW lifts the anode point on the droplets such that the electromagnetic force becomes larger and squeezes the droplets so that spray transfer can take place under welding current lower than that in conventional GMAW.

Wire and arc additive manufacturing of 4043 Al alloy using a cold metal transfer method

Cold metal transfer plus pulse(C+P)arc was applied in the additive manufacturing of 4043 Al alloy parts.Parameters in the manufacturing of the parts were investigated.The properties and microstructure of the parts were also characterized.Experimental results showed that welding at a speed of 8 mm/s and a wire feeding speed of 4.0 m/min was suitable to manufacture thin-walled parts,and the reciprocating scanning method could be adopted to manufacture thick-walled parts.The thin-walled parts of the C+P mode had fewer pores than those of the cold metal transfer(CMT)mode.The thin-and thick-walled parts of the C+P mode showed maximum tensile strengths of 172 and 178 MPa,respectively.Hardness decreased at the interface and in the coarse dendrite and increased in the refined grain area.

Experimental Study on Metal Transfer and Welding Spatter Characteristics of Cellulose Electrode

Welding spatter cause many problems during the welding process and this issue is particularly important for cellulose electrode welding. The hot flying spatter balls often deteriorate the working environment, and decrease the welding efficiency. Many factors affect the welding spatter, and metal transfer behavior is one of the main factors. Many studies concerning the spatter mechanism in arc welding process were made; most of them focused on the solid wire welding and the study on cellulose electrode is rarely reported. In this paper the metal transfer behavior and the weld spatter characteristics of three commercial cellulose electrodes were studied experimentally by using a high speed camera for visually capturing the metal transfer. The relationship between the metal transfer and the welding spatter was analyzed experimentally by comparing the spatter loss coefficient, which is for quantitative evaluation of welding spatter, with the statistical analysis of the large droplet transfer mode. The results showed that short circuiting transfer, large droplet spray transfer, fine droplet spray transfer and explosive transfer govern the metal transfer modes in cellulose electrode welding. Weld spatter occurred mainly in the deflection of large droplet process, explosive transfer process and fine droplet spraying process. Different metal transfer modes lead to different spatter. The deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer are the main factors of the spatter formation. Minimizing the droplet size and reducing the deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer leads to the reduction the amount of spatter in cellulose electrode welding.

Microstructure and Properties of an Al 6061/Galvanized Plate Fabricated by CMT Welding

Aluminum alloy 6061 was welded with zinc coated low carbon steel by cold metal transfer (CMT).The microstructure composition,morphology and growth process of the welding joint and the HAZ were researched.The weld area on the side of the galvanized steel sheet mainly contains Fe2Al5.And on the side of the aluminum alloy substrate,it is mainly filled with a needle-like FeAl3.At the same time,Al8Fe2Si is formed at the edge of FeAl3.The zinc-rich region on the side of the aluminum alloy mainly contains an aluminum-zinc solid solution and an aluminum-zinc co-crystal,and the current size had no significant effect on the type and morphology of the compounds produced in the interface layer.

Development and preliminary study on the ultrasonic assisted GMAW method

The ultrasonic assisted GMAW （U-GMAW） method is proposed to achieve a more stable welding process and better weld quality. Tbe U-GMA W system is dereloped, which consists of power supplies, ultrasonic vibration system and specially designed u＇elding torch. The U-GMA W process and eonventional GMA W process are compared through bead-on-plate welding. The weld beads arc continuous and well protected, while the weld surface appearances by GMA W and U-GMA W are apparently diffierent. The metal transfe ,node changes from globular transfer to short-circuiting transfer after ultrasonic wave is applied onto the arc.

Analysis of metal transfer during electron beam welding with filler wire

The metal transfer mode of electron beam welding （EBW） with filler wire was studied experimentally. The spatial position between the electron beam and the filler wire was defined. Basing on the charge coupled device （CCD） visual sensing system, the metal transfer mode of filler wire was investigated. The results showed that there were five transfer modes during EBW process due to different wire feed rates and spatial positions between beam and filler wire, such as short-circuiting mode, molten metal bridge mode, small droplet mode, big droplet mode and mixed mode. By comparing the weld appearance of different transfer modes, the molten metal bridge transfer was proved to be the best transfer mode.

Effects of Active Gases on Droplet Transfer and Weld Morphology in Pulsed-Current NG-GMAW of Mild Steel

The current research of narrow-gap gas metal arc welding(NG-GMAW)primarily focuses on improving the sidewall fusion and avoiding the lack-of-fusion defect.However,the high cost and operation difficulty of the methods limit the industrial application.In this study,small amount of active gases CO_(2) and O_(2) were added into pure argon inert shielding gas to improve the weld formation of pulsed-current narrow-gap gas metal arc welding(NG-GMAW)of mild steel.Their effects on droplet transfer and arc behavior were investigated.A high-speed visual sensing system was utilized to observe the metal transfer process and arc morphology.When the proportion of CO_(2),being added into the pure argon shielding gas,changes from 5%to 25%,the metal transfer mode changes from pulsed spray streaming transfer to pulsed projected spray transfer,while it remains the pulsed spray streaming transfer when 2%to 10%O_(2) is added.Both CO2 and O_(2) are favorable to stabilizing arc and welding process.O_(2) is even more effective than CO_(2).However,O_(2) is more likely to cause slags on the weld surface,while CO_(2) can improve the weld appearance in some sense.The weld surface concavity in NG-GMAW is greatly influenced by the addition of active gas,but the weld width and weld penetration almost keep constant.This study proposes a new method which is beneficial to improving the weld bead formation and welding process stability.

Influence of longitudinal magnetic field on metal transfer in MIG arc welding

Metal transfer is an important phenomenon in metal inert gas （MIG） arc welding with longitudinal alternating magnetic field. It is of great significance to observe the metal transfer modes under different excitatory currents and frequencies. However, it is very difficult to view the metal transfer process directly during welding, due to the strong interference from the arc light. To obtain the relationship between the metal transfer modes and the different magnetic fields, a high-speed video camera was used to acquire the images of globules. Different metal transfer modes under the conditions of different magnetic fields and welding parameters were studied. The experiment shows clear images of droplet transfer as well as influence of longitudinal magnetic field on both metal transfer and globule shape.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON METAL TRANSFER OF CELLULOSE ELECTRODE IN VERTICAL DOWN WELDING

A high-speed photographic method is mainly used to analyze metal transfer ofa cellulose covered electrode in the vertical down welding. The experimental results show that finedroplets spraying transfer and globular transfer are the dominant transfer characteristic. The largedroplet spatter, especially the upwards spatter, is a particular phenomenon. It is found that thecombination action of gas blow force, surface tension, gravitational force and electromagnetic forcelead to globular transfer. Gravitational force and electromagnetic force, which hasten big dropletspatter, should not be neglected.

Research on arc characteristics and metal transfer modes of ultrasonic assisted GMAW process

Ultrasonic assisted GMAW （U-GMAW） method is a novel process, which combines the ultrasonic wave with gas metal arc welding to improve the process stability and weld quality. The U-GMAW system is developed and the ultrasonic wave is applied by means of acoustic radiation. The arc characteristics and metal transfer modes are studied in comparison with conventional GMAW process. The arc plasma is compressed and the arc length is shorter than that in conventional GMAW process after the ultrasonic is applied onto the arc. The parameter range of short-circuiting mode is extended and the range of unstable transfer is minimized. The changes in arc characteristics are responsible for changes in metal transfer modes.

Computer-based sensing and visualizing of metal transfer mode in gas metal arc welding

Using Xenon lamp lights to overcome the strong interference from the welding arc, a computer-based system is developed to sense and visualize the metal transfer in GMAW. This system combines through-the-arc sensing of the welding current and arc voltage with high speed imaging of the metal transfer. It can simultaneously display the metal transfer processes and waveforms of electrical welding parameters in real-time The metal transfer videos and waveforms of electrical welding parameters can be recorded. Metal transfers under various welding conditions have been investigated with the system developed.

Metal transfer characteristics of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position

A series of experiments of tandem narrow gap GMAW for flat welding position were carried out. The arc behavior and metal transfer process were observed by a high-speed photography system. The effects of the welding parameters on the metal transfer were investigated. The results show that the arc behavior and metal transfer process of tandem narrow gap GMA W are different from these of bead-on-plate tandem GMA W. The arc behavior and metal transfer process are influenced by the distance between the two wires, the peak voltage, the pulse frequency and the peak time. With the increase of the distance between the two wires, the metal transfer mode gradually transforms from one pulse-multi droplets into one pulse-one droplet, and the average welding current increases. With the increase of the peak voltage, pulse frequency or peak time, the metal transfer mode transforms from one pulse-one droplet into one pulse-multi droplets, and the arc tends to occur between the wire and the sidewall.

Study on the all position automatic pipeline backing weld machine

As a result of the lower backing weld efficiency, the applying of automatic welding is seriously limited. So a kind of special automatic welder is designed and manufactured for backing weld. This paper introduces the character of the assembled pulse CO2 arc welding machine which has strong penetrability. It specifies the technology of controlling the parameters of all position automatic welding by computer and multi-axis controller. Moreover typical welding procedure parameters are provided. It is proved by examination that the economical and practical equipment and technology are suitable for the long-distance transmission pipeline, and it has a good foreground of spreading and applying.