Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

Reform of Agricultural Land Transfer of Different Types of Farmers' Willingness

Since forty years of reform and opening up,China's rural landscape has undergone tremendous changes,and agricultural production manner is obviously improved,while farmers' living level is rose significantly.Rural land contracting and management right system plays a vital role in promoting rural economic and social development in China.In this paper,farmers under the background of the transfer of rural land contracting and management right are taken as research objects,and the difference of different types of farmers under the willingness of land transfer is analyzed.Finally,corresponding reform assumptions are proposed for transfer willingness of different types of farmers.

Optioning Water Rights:A Potential Alternative to the Hanjiang-Weihe River Water Transfer Project,China

China has started shifting from relying on supply management to demand management strategy in addressing its water shortage problems.Water option,a financial derivative for water commodity,has been utilized to manage water demands in the United States and Europe since the 1990 s but is still novel to China.In this study we analyzed the pros and cons of China’s existing system for water rights transfers and proposed an alternative,flexible trading instrument-water options for China.Incorporating the uncertainty to water option pricing,this study first conducted an empirical analysis of the water option in the water-receiving area of the Hanjiang-Weihe River Transfer Project of China,and then evaluated the benefits of the water option applications.Results show that water option trading can bring water cost saving and increase the potential industrially added value for industrial enterprises in the receiving area,and trading of short-and-medium term water options is more favorable than the long-term water options trading.The novel water option trading proposed in this study,once verified through pilot studies,will be helpful in addressing water shortage problems in China.

主体资质欠缺之采矿权转让合同效力的裁判路径与规则重塑

主体资质欠缺之采矿权转让合同效力裁判路径的多样性与理论证成的多元性构成了司法实务的难点。主体资质欠缺之采矿权转让合同效力的判断与未经审批之采矿权转让合同效力的判断具有牵连性,但又呈现出独立的规则特征,其裁判路径的多元性以及理论阐释的多样性,决定了研究价值的继续存在。裁判规则的统一、诚信守约人的保护以及采矿权高效流转等价值目标对裁判规则的重塑提出制度供给的需求。《矿产资源法》修订应注意区分采矿权资质对采矿权持有与行使的不同关系,完成主体资质与合同效力的松绑,实现采矿权转让主体资质与采矿权转让合同效力的彻底剥离,同时应明确规定采矿权转让合同原则上自成立之日起生效,避免解释论层面的不必要纷争。此外,《矿产资源法》修订需严格绑定主体资质与采矿权行使的关系,将国家对矿业秩序的要求植入采矿权的具体行权过程。司法实践可考虑适用《民法典》第215条确立的区分原则,采合同有效说作为修法尚未完成的过渡方案。

基于ArcGIS Engine的农田调查数据快速处理系统设计与实现

为实现农村土地承包经营权农田数据日常维护更新,快速处理农田外业调查数据,形成符合要求的数据库,本文基于ArcGIS Engine平台,使用C#语言,针对农村土地承包经营权数据日常维护更新的需求,结合Arcpy模块设计并实现了农田调查数据的构面、属性挂接、存储、成图等一系列调查数据快速处理系统,并选择外业实地采集的地块数据为例,经过验证,该方法能快速处理农村土地承包经营权日常更新数据,确实提高了生产效率。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

农地经营权属性如何影响规模经营户耕地质量保护行为?

基于常州市1532个规模经营户样本数据,采用两阶段估计策略,实证分析农地经营权属性对规模经营者耕地质量保护行为的影响。结果表明:农地经营权债权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性与完整性相对较低,规模经营户更倾向于采取耕地质量保护行为;农地经营权物权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性、完整性较强,规模经营户采取耕地质量保护行为的概率反而较低。此外,农技培训、农地经营规模、参与农业经营组织与农业保险等经历对农地经营者耕地质量保护行为具有促进作用。据此,建议采取农地经营权属性分类引导的耕地质量保护激励措施,促进农地经营权流转法律制度与耕地质量保护协同发展。

农地产权的结构变化·权能功效和规模经营

运用文献研究法、对比分析法和制度分析法等研究方法,从产权结构角度阐释其变化历程和权能功效,进而揭示农地产权结构与农地经营模式的互馈。研究发现:农地产权结构的变化经历了所有权与使用权一体,所有权与使用权初步分离,所有权、资格权及使用权再分离等发展阶段,权能划分越来越细、权能内涵界定更趋清晰。农地产权正持续进行合理性变革,农地权能的分解具有中国特色,更加注重农民权能利益保护,并与农地经营模式关联紧密。未来农地产权结构和农地经营模式的创新需要国家从政策措施、经济措施、法律措施等方面进一步完善和予以保障。

农民专业合作社农地金融的法治保障研究

农民专业合作社农地金融实践的顺利展开,激发了农村土地资本运作功能,是助推农村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的题中应有之义。目前农民专业合作社农地金融的成效不如预期,究其本质原因在于既有立法对于实践探索自发形成的法秩序缺乏有效回应。确保农地金融法律关系主体的金融利益,并促进其所承载的社会公共利益之实现,亟待发挥法律对保障农民专业合作社农地金融实践顺利开展所具有的长效作用。实现农民专业合作社农地金融的法治化,必然要基于农地融资权的社会化向度,以完备农地金融的利益平衡机制为核心任务,以构建农民专业合作社的内部治理结构、完善风险防控和激励保障机制为关键进路。

再流转中土地经营权的登记效力规则研究

再流转中的两种土地经营权在登记能力、登记效力上采区分原则。再流转阶段,基于土地承包经营权的土地经营权承继土地承包经营权的流转规则而采登记对抗效力,“未经登记,不得对抗善意第三人”应解释为未登记可以对抗恶意第三人以及能对抗善意第三人的必要条件为已登记,登记对抗效力表现为登记公示相较于其他公示方式的优先性与相对公信力,占有使用及向发包人备案作为认定第三人善意的实质调查内容在司法实践中发挥作用。以其他方式承包取得的土地经营权再流转须“经依法登记取得权属证书”为管理性规定,同时暗含登记连续性的目的,采登记生效效力的形式正当性在于此类土地经营权再流转的物权变动在实证法上的相对独立性,进而适用不动产物权公示的原则性规定,实质正当性在于通过市场机制高效利用农村“四荒地”土地资源的价值取向。另外,可结合此类土地经营权再流转的特殊规制目的适用善意取得制度。

放活土地经营权的法典表达述评及其体系化解释

我国《民法典》关于土地经营权流转的基本规范,需要结合“三权分置”改革的政策目标进行体系化解释。土地经营权的性质应采纳“二元说”。土地经营权的流转或者再流转未向农地所属集体经济组织备案的,不影响土地经营权流转或者再流转的效力。但土地经营权的再流转未经承包方书面同意的,该流转行为无效。土地经营权向工商企业等社会资本流转的,未经县级以上人民政府的行政许可,该流转行为亦无效。是否登记取得权属证书,应不影响土地经营权的流转。物权性土地经营权可以进行抵押,债权性土地经营权可以进行质押。其他方式承包产生的土地经营权的流转,可以部分参照适用家庭承包语境中土地经营权的流转规则。

土地经营权入股的隐性失地风险与制度应对

担心失地是制约土地经营权入股的重要因素。基于制度文本和实践纠纷的解析,土地经营权入股的失地风险主要为隐性失地风险——虽然在法律上享有收回土地的权利,但实际上难以收回、有效利用。其主要成因包括入股合同的约定欠周延,农地流转和土地股份组织制度衔接不足,政府投资建设的农业设施的处置规则不明,以及农地纠纷解决机制效能不高。在风险应对方面,不应固守单一的组织法视角,而是需要坚持系统性思维,综合施策予以现实应对,重点包括强化合同治理提高入股合同的周延性,深化农地流转和土地股份组织制度的衔接,健全政府投资建设的农业设施的处置规则,以及构筑更加便捷高效的农地纠纷调处机制。

农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值的溢价影响

在中国农地经营权抵押实践中,出于管控经营风险的考量,金融机构一般采用市场法而不是收益法评估被抵押农地经营权的价值,这种评估法往往忽视务农人力资本禀赋创造财富的价值作用,低估了农地经营权价值,从而潜在性诱致农户面临生产性融资约束。利用2022年中国西部4省原国务院、地方政府授权农地经营权抵押试点区1 539份实地调研数据,结合收益和市场两种评估法核算出的农地经营权抵押价值溢价差值,探究农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值的溢价影响。研究结果表明:在控制其他变量后,农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值溢价具有显著的正向影响。务农人力资本数量禀赋显著降低农地经营权抵押价值溢价影响概率和影响程度,而务农人力资本质量禀赋的影响则与之相反,经内生性和稳健性检验后,该结论依然成立。进一步研究发现,农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值溢价的正向影响在户主为青年、中年与农地经营规模大的家庭中更明显。因此,应当建立务农人力资本禀赋评价制度、创新“抵押+务农人力资本禀赋”评估方法,在农地经营权抵押实践中量化、变现并最终认可农户务农人力资本禀赋创造的经济价值。

土地转出的决定:非农就业调节农地确权效果的研究

文章以2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据为依托,从非农就业对农地确权和土地转出关系影响的理论分析出发,运用Logit模型实证检验农地确权对土地转出的影响和非农就业的调节作用。研究表明:(1)农地承包经营权登记颁证对农户土地转出有显著的正向影响,但影响具有时间的滞后性;(2)调节效应检验表明,非农就业对农地确权和土地转出的关系具有显著的调节作用,非农就业增强了农地确权对土地转出的正向影响。因此,为激活土地资源,推进乡村振兴,在保证农户的耕地权益和健全现行的耕地流转制度的基础上,还应多渠道促进农民实现非农就业,从而提升农户土地流转面积,实现农地规模经营。