The Theoretical Foundation and its Mode Transformation of Rural Public Goods Supply in the Perspective of Organizational Competition

Theoretical expositions of public goods supply by the liberalism,new institutionalism and the school of public choice are conducted in the perspective of organizational competition.And the theoretical foundation of rural public goods is put forward.Then,the changes of the supply mode of rural public goods are discussed before and after the tax reform,that is,the "Community Cooperation" supply mode of rural public goods before the tax reform and the "Organization Cooperation" supply mode of rural public goods after the tax reform.Finally,the diversification of rural public goods supply in China in future is forecasted.

Matching mechanism in global public goods games:a case of climate protection

In the setting of dealing with climate change, this article designs a matching mechanism for global public goods provision with the aggregative game approach. Given endowment and the technology of each country, we propose the conditions under which the matching mechanism is able to guarantee full participation and Pareto efficient provision, respectively, in the cases with certain and uncertain preference information. These conditions cannot only be adopted in international negotiation and cooperation, but also refines the theory of matching game. In comparative static analyses, we discover that: First, changes of initial stock of climate goods produce a wealth effect and the crowd-out effect is less than 1. Second, climate tax policies affect the supply and welfare of each country only when they produce wealth effects, and if tax revenue is transferred into climate goods with more advanced technology, they will produce positive wealth effects. Third, modifying matching plans dynamically and appropriately can urge countries to improve technology, and especially given a Pareto optimal mechanism, adjusting the matching plan to keep marginal rates of transformation unchanged as technology changes is still able to ensure full participation and efficient supply of climate goods.

Creating Inclusive Global Value Chains under the BRI from the Perspective of Public Goods Supply and Demand

Supply and demand of public goods provide a brand-new theoretical framework for research on the creation of inclusive global value chains(GVCs)under the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI).The supply of international public goods is an important positive variable for creating global value chains under the BRI,in which China and other developing countries involved,as well as their small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs),are microscopic entities.When the BRI’s supply of instrumental,institutional,and conceptual international public goods is in equilibrium with the demand of GVC entities for public goods,the BRI creates necessary conditions for the extension of GVCs.GVCs created under the BRI are of great value in promoting inclusiveness,fair income distribution,balanced regional development,and the restructuring of international economic governance.Under the current GVC system,some developed countries have been wary about the BRI and even developed misgivings and biases.Nevertheless,developed countries may play an active role in bridging gaps in the BRI’s development and complement their respective strengths with developing countries for win-win cooperation.

Global Development Initiative:An International Public Goods to Promote Common Development

The world today is facing turbulence and change,and global development is at a crossroads.At this critical juncture,President Xi Jinping put forth the Global Development Initiative(GDI)with the theme“implementing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda for more robust,greener and healthier global development”at the 76th General Assembly of the United Nations,which sheds light on the direction of global development.The GDI,proposed by China,has galvanized support from the international community as an international public goods to promote common development.Following the historical trends of human development,the GDI breaks through the limitations of the hegemonic stability theory and the free-riding curse to expand and innovate the theoretical perception of international public goods with the right approach to principles and interests.With a people-oriented approach and the basic principles of green and innovative development,the GDI both addresses urgent challenges and attaches importance to enhancing development capabilities and creating supporting conditions to offer a holistic solution to global challenges.Through the implementation of multiple pathways under international cooperation,the GDI will build a consensus on global development,increase the momentum of global development,and play an important role in creating a community with a shared future for mankind.

The power of the public purse: financing of global health partnerships and acienda setting for sustainability

Public-private partnerships(PPPs) have reshaped the institutional structure of global governance.They have advanced collaboration on core issues such as health, clean energy, the rights of women and children, and access to infrastructure, among others. But which actors create and finance public-private partnerships in global governance to advance such objectives? What are the implications of the agency behind such collaboration for influencing the global agenda on sustainable development? While some scholars and advocacy groups see the growing role of private actors as a powershift away from public institutions, others argue that such arrangements tend to be complementary to public mandates and indeed may provide a new means for international institutions to pursue such mandates. The article probes this debate by analyzing the type of actors that finance global health partnerships, an area in which the influence of hybrid initiatives is particularly prominent. It reveals that public financing remains a core and necessary condition for the emergence and functioning of PPPs. The growing share of private financing,nonetheless, has important implications for shaping partnerships agendas and steering global health and sustainability governance. Rather than a powershift or abdication of responsibilities by the state, there is rather a tendency of deliberate diffusion of power by donors toward hybrid structures.

Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?

The massive Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 will have unforeseeable effects on the themes addressed here,from international regime change to infra-structural re-orientation to value changes.Here we concentrate on the positive cycle of effects globalization has brought about before the new war in Europe,mainly economic growth and(some)pressures for democratic development,as well as the negative cycle that originates in(relative)economic decline,elite dissent,even failed states and regime change,often in the direction of counter-democracy.The causal links between 13 independent and intervening variables and public goods as the dependent variable are specified in this explanatory sketch.There is need for broadening the view in explaining causal paths between globalization factors and the production of public goods.In doing that we focus in particular on variables like elite dissent,immigration,and new minorities,all three weakening the capacities of states to respond.Further we state that all four:ecological challenges,economic and social inequality and polarization,regime change,and international terrorism can be viewed as to their joint effects on the production of public goods.Selectorate theory is crucial.It explains political regimes on the base of the size of the selectorate with large(s)electorates producing public goods,as in democracies,and small ones only private ones,as in sultanist regimes and dictatorships.

全球公共产品视角下的对外援助——动机、特点和表现形式

援助活动中的成本承担方与受益方分离,具有准全球公共产品特征,因而面临供给激励不足问题。在回顾主要国家对外援助动机及互动方式的基础上,探讨了现实中用以缓解供给激励不足的手段及其对援助活动的影响。研究发现:“选择性激励”手段常被用以缓解供给激励不足问题,具体表现为援助国经常从自身利益出发对援助对象和方式进行筛选,甚至在援助中捆绑各类附加条件;“选择性激励”手段虽然有助于缓解供给不足,但是却使得援助活动成为援助国自身利益的延伸,甚至会引发多个援助国之间的利益纷争;援助国之间的利益冲突既表现为主导权之争,也表现为议题层面的话语权之争,两方面竞争共同塑造了国际援助格局。以上分析表明,中国一方面要坚定站在广大发展中国家立场上推动国际援助体系变革,另一方面也要积极构建有竞争力的发展议题,应对援助领域的话语权竞争。

公共产品视阈下的中国—拉美全球贸易治理合作

在当前国际格局发生重大变动、全球贸易治理规则遭到破坏的背景下,中国同拉丁美洲和加勒比地区国家在全球贸易治理中的合作体现出南南合作的韧性以及发展中国家团结一致参与公共产品供给的贸易治理观。中国和拉美国家在双边贸易规模不断扩大的现实支撑下,积极开展自由贸易谈判,充分利用服务贸易、产能合作、数字贸易等新模式维持合作基础,共同推进互利共赢的多边议程。面对新一轮的保护主义和经济民族主义压力,中国和拉美国家应摒弃带倾向性的多边合作,强化发展中国家身份认同,维护多边规则,促进自由贸易制度这一公共产品的有效供给。

Research on the Design of International Cooperation System to Supply Global Public Goods:with A View on the Route Selection for China's Participation

Since the 1990 s, GPGs have become one of the questions arousing general concern in the international political and economic relations. It has its unique characteristics different from the public goods domestically supplied in any country in terms of organizational form,incentive mechanisms, implementation means and other aspects. The theory and policy proposal on GPGs mostly reflect the requirements of developing countries to seek an external environment favorable to their stable development, thus it is absolutely necessary to establish an efficient mechanism to supply GPGs for the countries of the world, especially for the developing ones to realize the national benefit and mutual development. The most efficient approach to resolve the problem of supplying GPGs is international cooperation, which raises critical requests on the design of an efficient and reasonable cooperative system. Following the principals of international cooperation system, China must choose an optimal route for supply of GPGs, which conforms to its own interests, by starting from the supply of the regional public goods and in accordance with its own economic development and financial capacity.

全球发展倡议下的全球治理路径与中国方案

在“百年未有之大变局”背景下,新兴国家参与全球治理的意愿与能力显著提升。在全球治理的格局转换阶段,中国具有参与全球治理的积极意愿,全球治理的中国时刻正在到来。传统的霸权稳定论回避了霸权国在全球治理中的负面功能,忽视了新兴大国主动供给新型国际公共产品的能动性。党的十八大以来,中国积极供给国际公共产品的丰富实践,反驳了霸权稳定论与“金德尔伯格陷阱”叙事逻辑,为建构新兴大国的全球治理新路径提供了坚实支撑。全球发展倡议的普惠发展模式超越了“南北发展援助”模式的局限,既是对中国自身发展经验的全球提升,也是中国“南南发展合作”的最佳实践,有助于建设性促进国际发展多边机制提质升级。长期以来,多层次、有步骤、凝特色的中国外交实践,诠释了全球发展倡议的普惠包容理念。中国秉承“授人以渔”的内源性发展哲学,对发展中国家进行技术援助、分享发展模式与经验。国际公共产品供给的“中国智慧”致力于寻求最大共识,秉持增量改进原则,以亚投行为依托对全球金融体系进行升级扩容、以全球数字治理为抓手进行模式创新,塑造中国在国际社会中的领导力。

中国国际疫苗合作优先国家筛选指标体系构建研究

目的:构建中国国际疫苗合作优先国家筛选指标体系,为中国选择疫苗合作国家提供筛选工具和指标参考。方法:根据PESTEL分析模型,通过文献研究和专家访谈初步确定指标体系,借助专家咨询完善并确定指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重。结果:构建了中国国际疫苗合作优先国家筛选指标体系。该指标体系涵盖了经济、政治、社会、科技、法律与规章5个因素,下设15个二级指标,细分了34个三级指标。法律与规章因素权重最高,为0.48,经济因素权重为0.23,政治因素权重为0.15,社会因素权重为0.095,科技因素权重为0.045。专家权威程度和意见协调程度均较好。层次分析法中所有判断矩阵均通过一致性检验,指标权重结果可信。结论:研究构建了中国开展国际疫苗合作优先国家筛选指标体系,构建过程科学可靠,可为中国疫苗合作国家的筛选提供参考。

市场塑造策略在全球公共卫生产品供应治理中的应用及其对中国的启示

卫生公共产品供应是新冠疫情下全球卫生治理的重要议题,其核心是如何更有效地实现全球公共卫生产品的有效、平等供给。市场塑造策略作为促进全球公共卫生产品可及和有效使用的重要手段,对中国参与全球卫生治理和提供卫生公共产品具有重要借鉴意义。作为世界第二经济体,中国秉持人类命运共同体理念,应更加积极参与全球公共卫生产品供应。后疫情时代下,中国应立足于自身实力与责任,积极借鉴国外市场塑造策略,激励国内企业提高全球公共卫生产品供应能力,为全球提供更多卫生公共产品,从而使得全球公共卫生产品市场和全球卫生治理变得更高效。

公共产品理论视野下中华文化走出去传播研究——以国际公共产品为例

在推动中华文化走出去的背景下,数字文化产品成为重要展示内容。尤其是在公共产品理论视野下的国际公共产品,凭借满足受众需求、消费的非竞争性以及受益的非排他性优势,推动中华文化走出去的效果显著。与此同时,国际公共产品反映了主要供给主体未定、媒介议程设置以及白搭车问题,一定程度上影响了国际公共产品的传播。因此,未来可以尝试从国际公共产品的供给主体、媒介环境与经济效益机制入手改进,以期为国际公共产品与数字文化产品发展提供借鉴意义,推动中华文化更好地走出去。

全球安全倡议与国际安全公共产品的供应创新

百年未有之大变局下,和平赤字不断加深,安全赤字日益凸显,集中表现为国际安全公共产品的供应赤字,覆盖理念逻辑、器物基础和制度设计等所有维度。全球安全倡议是中国为国际社会提供的重要公共产品,可为有效缓解上述赤字作出贡献:理念逻辑方面,全球安全倡议坚持共同安全观和可持续安全观,可改善国际安全公共产品供应的空间公共性和时间可持续性;器物基础方面,全球安全倡议坚持合作安全观,通过应用加总技术和单边匹配效应实现成本管理创新,可动员更为充分、优质和稳定的国际安全公共产品供应;制度建设方面,全球安全倡议坚持共商共建共享的全球治理观,倡导基于能力比较优势的供应分工合作,以联合国为核心构建多层次和多样化的供应制度复合体,推动全球安全共同体构建。全球安全倡议是中国特色国际公共产品的有机组成部分,在有效揭示西方主流理论误导性的同时,也指明了理论重构的正确方向。

全球公共产品视域下大科学工程的全球化有组织科研

大科学工程是大科学领域的基础研究项目,政治逻辑是民族国家投资建设大科学工程的主要逻辑,通过发挥基础研究的先导性和风险评估功能,将纯科学价值融入到政治逻辑之中。由于大科学工程本质上是一种全球公共产品,具有非竞争性和非排他性特征,先发国家和后发国家在大科学等全球公共产品供给中会产生搭便车和供给不足的难题。大科学工程能够在高端制造、科学研究、人才培养、形象构建、区域均衡和合法性提升方面提供正向效用,随着中国综合国力的提升,需要在风险防控的前提下,通过大科学工程推动国家协同创新体系建设。要实现全球协作的大科学工程持续高质量发展,需要推动大科学工程由政治逻辑转向科学逻辑,将大科学工程全球化协作责任化,创新大科学工程的全球化经费供给机制,对大科学工程全球化有组织科研进行选择性激励。

中国有效参与北极规则塑造的“低政治性”话语权场域与路径研究

依据场域理论,北极规则塑造难题反映的是北极的利益分野、叙事身份的“自我—他者”对抗以及新规构建的复杂性。我国应当将目光转向法律性强的“低政治性”议题,寻求构筑新的话语场域。目前,北极“低政治性”领域的规则塑造的不足包括:区域与多边治理的区隔与排斥、制度性全球公共产品供给缺陷、区域内外规则的非融合性与不协调性、“高政治性”规则传导影响“低政治性”规则等。中国应当构建新型的“冰上丝绸之路”话语场域,在不同规则塑造环境中分述“自我”身份,包括以合作者身份促进规则多边化转移、以主导者身份推动通用性规则移植,以主要提供者身份供给全球公共产品,倡导非北极国家优惠条款,以及善意解释“高政治性”规则等。

中国国际公共产品供给成效、挑战及对策建议

中国在全球治理、经贸合作、国际金融、应对气候变化、公共卫生、数字经济、安全发展等领域提供了诸多具有中国特色的国际公共产品,不仅赢得了国际社会高度赞誉,也不断提升了中国国际影响力和国际话语权。当前,中国国际公共产品面临自身供给能力有待加强、国际社会内生阻力较大、外部压力上升的挑战。为此,中国应增强自身公共产品供给能力,提升国际公共产品供给质量成色;以制度型开放加快中国参与国际规划的制定,创造国际公共产品供给的良好环境;加强国际传播,赢得国际公共产品供给的战略主动。

国际角色定位与国际公共产品供给——基于对中国国际公共产品供给演变状况的分析

国家的国际角色定位及衍生的外部行为是由内部认知和他者期望的双向互动建构而成的,同时具备稳定性与可变性。一国的国际公共产品供给路径深刻体现着国家的国际行为方式与对外政策倾向,并受到国家的国际角色定位影响。角色理论能够为解释国家对外行为提供合理的视角,一国国际公共产品供给的范围、内容、偏好及方式都与供给国的国际角色定位直接相关。古代中国、改革开放伊始的中国以及当前处于变局之下的中国的国际角色定位分别为“天朝上国”、参与者及建设者,相比古代中国的被动,当代中国更加注重在公共产品供给过程中融入开放、平等、合作的理念,对外推介具有中国特色的发展道路,其所处的国际体系和外交行为都更加成熟,但始终不变的是,中国从古至今始终重视对周边国家的产品供给,宣扬传承“和合”理念,并以“不干涉”原则为指导思想为区域乃至全球提供公共产品。新时代,中国是全球治理的积极推动者,也是多边合作的重要引领者,创新国际公共产品供给的中国方案已经成为中国“软平衡”方略的重要一环,这无论对历史的传承、自身发展、全球和地区建设,还是多边体制的变革都有重要意义。

The Theoretical Innovation and Exemplary Value of the Belt and Road Initiative

As a global public good, the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by the Chinese government features being "non-rivalrous" and "non-excludable," which are two essential characteristics of public goods. From design philosophy to operational framework, from vision to action, distinct Chinese characteristics, style and temperament are fully demonstrated by this initiative. In theory, the Belt and Road Initiative promotes multiple innovations in global governance and enriches and develops international cooperation and the global value chain. The "Silk Road spirit" inherits and innovates the core philosophy of China's diplomacy since 1949; more importantly, its principle of achieving shared growth through discussion and collaboration is a key contribution to global governance theory. In practice, the Belt and Road Initiative highlights both regional cooperation and international agreement, and initiates a new model for China's diplomatic practice and international cooperation. Therefore, it is of exemplary value in terms of development, peace, culture and cooperation, while offering a new solution to dealing with international relations in the era of Reform and Opening-up. The past three years has generated marked achievements. The Belt and Road construction is at a critical stage of transition from quantitative change to qualitative change, from small achievements to significant success. In the future, China should take the initiative to promote the construction of two principal axes, further integrate with the philosophy underpinning China's diplomacy as a major country, innovate the theoretical system of the Belt and Road Initiative and forge a corresponding security system. As the old Chinese saying goes, "Big countries should treat small countries with kindness and justice, while small countries should treat big countries with wisdom." China should properly address the competition and cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road and further advance institutional construction within the framework of its major country diplomacy.

全球海洋可持续发展公共产品发展现状、挑战与建议

全球海洋可持续发展公共产品在全球海洋可持续发展中具有重要作用,是推动全球海洋可持续发展的关键因素之一。为了解全球海洋资源的利用和保护情况,以及各国在海洋可持续发展领域的合作情况和发展趋势,本文对全球海洋可持续发展公共产品的发展现状和趋势进行了梳理,剖析了我国在相关领域面临的重大科技问题和挑战;提炼了我国工程科技在全球海洋可持续发展公共产品领域的优先发展方向。为解决全球海洋可持续发展公共产品领域存在的问题与挑战,提出我国需要继续加强海洋科技和综合国力建设;建立有效的海洋观测和数据共享机制;加强国际合作和战略规划,提高在全球海洋可持续发展公共产品领域的地位和影响力,促进全球海洋的可持续发展。