Transformation among precipitation,surface water,groundwater,and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity

Coal mining has changed the hydrogeological conditions of river basins,and studying how the relationship among different types of water body has changed under the influence of coal mining is of great significance for understanding the regional hydrological cycle.We analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrochemical properties and environmental isotopes in the Hailiutu River Basin(HRB),China with a mixed model.The results showed that:(1)human activity(e.g.,coal mining and agricultural production)causes considerable changes in the hydrochemical properties of surface water in and around the mining areas,and leads to significant increases in the concentrations of Na^(+)and SO_(4)^(2-);(2)precipitation is the main source of water vapour in the HRB.The transformation between surface water and groundwater in the natural watershed is mainly affected by precipitation;and(3)in the mining areas,the average contribution rates of precipitation to the recharge of surface water and groundwater increased by 2.6%-7.9%and 2.7%-9.9%,respectively.Groundwater in the Salawusu Formation constitutes up to 61.3%-72.4%of mine water.Overall,this study is beneficial for quantifying the effects of coal mining on local hydrological cycles.The research results can provide a reference for local water resources management and ecological environment improvement.

Transformation of Nonlinear Surface Gravity Waves under Shallow-Water Conditions

This article describes transformation of nonlinear surface gravity waves under shallow-water conditions with the aid of the suggested semigraphical method. There are given profiles of surface gravity waves on the crests steepening stages, their leading edges steepening. There are discussed the spectral component influence on the transformation of surface wave profile.

Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Surface Gravity Waves Transformation under Shallow-Water Conditions

This work considers the problems of numerical simulation of non-linear surface gravity waves transformation under shallow bay conditions. The discrete model is built from non-linear shallow-water equations. Are resulted boundary and initial conditions. The method of splitting into physical processes receives system from three equations. Then we define the approximation order and investigate stability conditions of the discrete model. The sweep method was used to calculate the system of equations. This work presents surface gravity wave profiles for different propagation phases.

Developing and introducing of the resourcesaving technologies into the water-supply systems of mining enterprises

The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.

Geostatistical Analysis of Rainfall Temperature and Evaporation Data of Owerri for Ten Years

Rainfall, evaporation and temperature data of Owerri for ten years (Figure 1) (1998-2007) were acquired. The data were analyzed using standard statistical measures and climatological normal (Figure 2). The results show that the rainfall pattern exhibits some oscillations indicating annual bimodal distribution of rainfall. The temperature reached its lowest value of 27.75?C in 1999. Thereafter, a steady increase in temperature was noticed. From 2002, some variation in evaporation data was observed. The potential evapotranspiration shows some correlation with temperature. This variation in weather parameters may be attributed to climate change.

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of the Performance of March to May 2020 Long Rains and Its Socio-Economic Implications in Northern Coast of Tanzania

The spatio-temporal analysis of the performance of the March to May (MAM) 2020 rainfall and its societal implications to Northern Coastal Tanzania (NCT) including Zanzibar was investigated. The uniqueness of the October to December, 2019 (OND) rainfall and the extension of the January to February, 2020 rainfall in Zanzibar which coincided with MAM 2020 rainfall was among the issues which prolonged MAM 2020 rainfall in NCT and Zanzibar. The National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) in collaboration with National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Reanalysis 1 datasets of u (zonal) and v (meridional) winds, sea surface temperatures anomalies, relative humidity, amount of precipitable water and ocean net flux were analyzed. Other datasets include the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) observed rainfall records, maximum and minimum temperatures. Moreover, TMA and Intergovernmental Climate Prediction and Analysis Center (ICPAC). MAM 2020 rainfall and temperature forecast reports were interpreted. Gridded and observed datasets were calculated into monthly and seasonal averages. As for observed data, long-term monthly and MAM percentage changes were calculated. Besides, the correlation between rainfall anomalies with an area-averaged SSTA for defined regions and stations in Zanzibar was performed. Lastly, the calculated monthly and seasonal rainfall was compared to MAM periods of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Results revealed that consecutive five MAM seasonal rainfall was among the highest ones in records with that of 2020 being exceptional. These MAM seasons had percentage contribution ranged from 68% - 212%, 150% - 304%, 22% - 163% and 57% - 170% for stations in Zanzibar and 130% - 230%, 57% - 168% and 230% - 706% for NCT station, respectively. Compared to previous MAM seasons of 2016-2019, MAM 2020 rainfall season was spatially well distributed in our study area with rainfall ranging from 1200 to 2100 mm and up to 900 in most Zanzibar and NCT stations. Indeed, the study revealed that the observed highest rainfall and flooding was enhanced by wet seasons of MAM 2019, OND 2019 and DFJ (2019-2020). Other dynamics which accelerated MAM 2020 rainfall were the higher SSTA ranged from 0.5°C - 1.5°C and 1.5°C - 2.5°C over Southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) and coastal Tanzania and the increased trend of area-averaged SSTA on various SWIO blocks. Besides, parameters including Rhum, PWR and wind regimes were supporting the MAM 2020 rainfall. The socio-economic implications of these rains were strong and spatially well distributed in Zanzibar. For instance, a death toll of about 10 people, a great number of road culverts were washed away, and about 3600 houses were fallen or damaged, leading to a significant number of homeless people. As for NCT, the catastrophes include loss of lives, increased water levels over Lake Victoria leading to flooded islands and re allocation of more than 1000 people. In Kenya, more than 116 people died and 40,000 people were displaced. Conclusively, the study has shown the uniqueness (i.e., strength and societal implications) of MAM 2020 compared to other seasons;hence more studies on understanding the factors affecting extreme rainfall seasons in East Africa are required.

A comparison study of the start-up of a MnO_x filter for catalytic oxidative removal of ammonium from groundwater and surface water

As an efficient method for ammonium（NH4~＋）removal,contact catalytic oxidation technology has drawn much attention recently,due to its good low temperature resistance and short start-up period.Two identical filters were employed to compare the process for ammonium removal during the start-up period for ammonium removal in groundwater（Filter-N）and surface water（Filter-S）treatment.Two types of source water（groundwater and surface water）were used as the feed waters for the filtration trials.Although the same initiating method was used,Filter-N exhibited much better ammonium removal performance than Filter-S.The differences in catalytic activity among these two filters were probed using X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,and compositional analysis.XRD results indicated that different manganese oxide species were formed in Filter-N and Filter-S.Furthermore,the Mn3p XPS spectra taken on the surface of the filter films revealed that the average manganese valence of the inactive manganese oxide film collected from Filter-S（FS-MnOx）was higher than in the film collected from Filter-N（FN-MnOx）.Mn（IV）was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FS-MnOxand Mn（III）was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FN-MnOx.The results of compositional analyses suggested that polyaluminum ferric chloride（PAFC）used during the surface water treatment was an important factor in the mineralogy and reactivity of MnOx.This study provides the theoretical basis for promoting the wide application of the technology and has great practical significance.

A THEORY OF DETERMINING MASS TRANSFERPARAMETERS FOR WOOD PARTICLE MATERIALS

The transient mass transter processes in the natural drying of wood particle materials were experimental;y studied A new theory tio determme the mass transfer parameters in the Materials was developed in terms of gradient transformation method(GTM).By making use of GTM.Thewater vapour diffusion coefficient and the surtaee emission coefficent of wood chip were expermentally determined both in air phase and in solid phase.It Was found that the internal resistance to water vapour diffusion in the air phase of wood partiele aggregates is around ten to the third power as large as that in common air The drag coefficient was given to quantify the effect The phenomenon of undersurface diffusion in wood partiele bed was quantitatively modelled.The dimensionless Fourier snumber and the Biot's number for mass transfer were theoretically derived.The study showed that Biot's number for the problem investigated was the ratio of the characteristie length of wood partiele bed to the penetrating depth of the undersurface.An analytical solution of the nonlinear goveming equation for water transport process in the aggregates of wood chip was obtained by introducing the variable coefficients measured in the study into the governing equation.The comparison between the analytical solution and the observed moisture content of wood chip showed that the deviation was less than ±7%.The thermophysieal properties of wood particle materials are little known at present.The knowledge provided in the paper will be and in the handling.researeh or engineering application of wood chip.wood shavingsete.

微生物矿化边坡格构内植被土优先流试验及数值模拟

为探究微生物矿化石漠化边坡格构内填土表层进行蓄水型植被恢复的可行性,制作纯土、表层弱矿化土、表层强矿化土、纯土+植株、表层强矿化土+植株这5种叠合式土柱试样,进行降雨-干燥试验及数值模拟。通过测试降雨阶段土柱的降雨优先流渗入、渗出量,干燥阶段表层土的裂隙发育情况及两阶段土柱内部的水力特性,探究微生物矿化格构内填土表层进行蓄水型植被恢复的降雨优先流规律。同时对土柱试件进行原型降雨-干燥数值模拟,提取土柱各深度含水率和吸力的计算值与实测值进行对比分析。结果表明:降雨阶段积雨优先蓄满蓄水孔植被土,土体的湿润饱和区也主要分布在此处,发挥了蓄水漏斗的作用,边坡格构内表层矿化+植株土柱12~32 cm深土体的平均含水率可达24%;干燥阶段表层矿化土较纯土减少约95%的裂隙,距表层2 cm处实测含水率由大到小依次为表层强矿化(25%),表层矿化+植株(22%),纯土(20.2%),植株(18%),表土硬壳层抑裂锁水效果明显,能够减少填土降雨存蓄水分的蒸发流失,增强填土的持水效果;微生物矿化石漠化边坡格构内填土表层具有良好的蓄水能力,有利于石漠化边坡的植被恢复。

百色水利枢纽剥隘镇滑坡特征及降雨影响地表监测数据分析

广西百色水利枢纽剥隘镇四、七、九片区位于古滑坡上,滑坡的变形给周围居民生命及财产安全带来了严重威胁。对此,通过对该区地质进行详细勘察,确定该滑坡体基本特征,同时对其进行长期动态监测,从而获得大量监测数据,为滑坡应急抢险和综合治理提供依据;为探究滑坡变形影响因素及变化规律,结合滑坡基本特征和日降雨量数据,对表面监测点变化进行分析。通过分析监测点过程线变化情况,掌握滑坡体近几年位移变化特点,为深入研究滑坡变形失稳模式、预测发展趋势、保证人民生命和财产安全提供重要数据支撑。

地表水中20种四环素类抗生素及其转化产物的同时检测方法研究和应用

四环素类抗生素(TCs)由于水解和光解等作用容易生成多种转化产物、且有些转化产物具有更强的毒性效应,因此,TCs转化产物的环境存在引起的风险不容忽视.本研究建立了超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测地表水体中7种TCs及13种转化产物的分析方法,细致研究了TCs及其转化产物的质谱碎裂和液相色谱分离规律.水样添加5 g·L^(-1)Na_(2)EDTA后经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱富集净化、1%甲酸甲醇洗脱后用UPLC-MS/MS测定.流动相为甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液,在Waters BEH C18柱上采用梯度洗脱,实现了20种TCs及其转化产物的准确鉴定.实际水样中绝大多数目标污染物的加标回收率为60%—130%,方法检出限在24.5—927 pg·L^(-1)之间.应用此方法于永定河(北京段)27个样品,检测出6种原型TCs(平均浓度70.0—560 pg·L^(-1);检出频率3.7%—29.6%)和9种转化产物(70.0—1980 pg·L^(-1);3.7%—37%),转化产物与原型物质的检出浓度和检出频率在同一水平上、甚至稍高,应该重视与TCs同时存在的转化产物所引起的环境和健康风险.

稳定化垃圾飞灰的力学特性及填埋体稳定性分析

垃圾飞灰颗粒细、堆积密度较小、易吸水,与一般的固体废弃物具有完全不同的力学特性.针对南京某垃圾飞灰填埋场工程,对稳定化飞灰的力学特性和填埋体的稳定性进行了研究.结果发现,稳定化飞灰的黏聚力随着含水率的增加而先增大后减小,而摩擦角呈现单调减小的趋势;随着初始含水率的增加,飞灰填埋体的稳定性逐渐降低,提出了最优化的飞灰初始含水率建议;降雨对飞灰堆体的稳定性具有一定程度的影响,通过对本地区暴雨工况的模拟,在降雨5 d的情况下,填埋体稳定性系数降低了0.13~0.26,但填埋体仍能保证稳定状态;填埋体底部渗滤液对填埋体的稳定性具有较大影响,在渗滤液深度超过3 m的情况下,填埋体即有发生失稳破坏的可能性.研究结果可以为飞灰填埋的设计和施工提供参考.

降雨影响下道路交通应急疏散优化研究

为了在降雨情景下更安全地组织交通应急疏散,提出考虑降雨影响的动态网络加载路段传输模型,引入“降雨强度-路面积水深度-交通自由流速度”关系方程,建立道路交通应急疏散优化模型并设计分阶段算法,研究降雨强度与路面积水深度对应急疏散优化效果的影响规律。研究结果表明:不同程度降雨和道路积水深度对疏散效率影响不同,引发交通拥堵或加剧拥堵程度。研究结果可为制定降雨影响下交通疏散应急预案提供参考。

秦岭北麓沣河流域地下水-地表水化学特征及转化关系

秦岭北麓沣河是“长安八水”之一,对其水环境现状、影响因素及地表水-地下水转化关系进行深入研究是河流生态修复的关键。根据2022年7月在沣河流域采集的62个地下水样和17个地表水样的分析结果,采用数理统计法、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比法和氢氧同位素分析了地下水和地表水化学特征及其影响因素,探究了地下水和地表水的转化关系。结果表明:①研究区地下水为弱碱性,约有50%为极硬水、25%为硬水,溶解性总固体(TDS)较大,最大值高达1916 mg·L^(-1),NO_(3)^(-)浓度较高;地表水为弱碱性,为软水或微硬水,溶解性总固体较小,有机物含量较高;地表水和地下水阳离子均以Ca^(2+)为主,阴离子均以HCO_(3)^(-)为主,地表水基本是HCO_(3)-Ca型水;地下水化学类型主要有HCO_(3)-Ca、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca、HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg和HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Mg型,分别占比24.19%、24.19%、16.13%和9.68%,且水化学类型空间变化较大。②研究区水化学特征主要受到岩石风化作用的控制,蒸发浓缩和大气降水也有一定影响;水中Na^(+)除岩盐溶解外,还有硅酸盐风化的影响,Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)和HCO_(3)^(-)主要来源于方解石、白云石等碳酸盐的风化溶解;地下水中阳离子交替吸附作用普遍发生,对Ca^(2+)和Na^(+)浓度影响较大;人类活动增加了部分地下水中SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)和Cl^(-)浓度,相比之下地表水受到人类活动的影响较小。③研究区洪积扇扇顶-扇中主要是地表水补给地下水,补给比例为46.62%;洪积扇前缘主要是地下水补给地表水,补给比例为13.62%;下游平原主要是地表水补给地下水,补给比例为38.39%。

不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化分析

以离子型稀土矿边坡为研究对象,研究了不同降雨强度条件下降雨、停雨阶段离子型稀土矿边坡孔隙水压力变化情况,并利用有限元Morgenstern-Price法研究了各时间段临界滑移面的变化。结果表明,降雨强度是影响离子型稀土矿浅层边坡孔隙水压力的显著因素;雨水在离子型稀土矿边坡中的传递具有滞后性,是停雨阶段造成离子型稀土矿边坡不稳定隐患的内在原因;降雨强度越大,进入289滑移面的时间越快,安全系数变化的“加速度”波峰越高,影响时间越长。首次提出降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡发展可能历经的4个阶段为:较为安全阶段、内部剧烈变化阶段、极易滑坡阶段及相对安全阶段。

基于全球卫星导航系统的海洋环境监测方法研究综述

实时、准确、可靠地监测海洋环境信息,对于海洋灾害预警预报、防灾减灾、海洋资源开发、保障海洋安全等具有至关重要的作用。近年来,随着全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)不断发展与升级,基于GNSS导航信号进行大气和海洋环境信息探测发展成为新技术新方法,并成为海洋环境监测技术研究热点,已在海洋气象监测、数值预报、科学研究等领域得到了广泛应用。系统综述了GNSS技术在海面有效波高、风速、降雨强度、水汽及潮位监测等海洋环境监测领域的应用研究现状,对新技术新方法进行了系统总结,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期对相关领域的研究提供参考。

Surface Flood and Underground Flood in Xiangxi River Karst Basin： Characteristics, Models, and Comparisons

Xiangxi River Basin, located in western Hubei Province in central China, is a karst ridge-trough area with an inhomogeneous and complicated distribution of water resources. This paper compares the characteristics of surface and subsurface floods in this karst basin, utilizing a one-parameter Darcian model and the traditional exponential model. The observed hydrographs and inferred water components are strikingly similar for surface and subsurface floods. The Darcian model and the exponential model are based on different views of the flood generation process, with the former fitting the entire hydrograph with a single time constant, and the latter fitting only the recession limb with multiple time constants. Due to the anisotropy and heterogeneity of karst media, a combination of physical and chemical techniques including the use of 3S（remote sensing, geographical information system, global positioning system） method is proposed for an enhanced hydrological investigation to assess and characterize karst water resources in mountainous areas.

某桥梁锚碇区地表水-地下水交互作用下涌水量预测

工程建设中地下水与地表水的交互作用对建设区域水位变化、水流情况、水质问题等水文地质条件与工程设施的建设及运行具有重要影响。本文以某桥梁锚碇区基础工程为研究对象,综合分析区域工程地质条件,基于水位监测结果揭示地表水与地下水交互作用,综合抽水试验确定的渗透系数,对基坑不同季节涌水量进行预测。结果显示:基坑平均总涌水量Q在高枯水位达到248643.03 m^(3)/d,常态枯水水位在232355.12 m^(3)/d,低位枯水为221667.78 m^(3)/d。雨季低位洪水基坑总涌水量为277195.44 m^(3)/d,常态洪水为287451.68 m^(3)/d,高位洪水位为368451.04 m^(3)/d;在地表水与地下水交互作用下,该锚碇基坑涌水量极大,实施单纯的降水方案不但风险大且无法保证长时间维持,难以保障锚碇基础安全施工,需根据实际工程情况设计合理施工方案。本研究对类似工程涌水量预测具有一定参考意义。

西南丘陵地区水田湿地磷污染的“源-汇”效应研究

以重庆市大足区典型水田为研究对象,在冬水田-水稻种植模式下,探究水田湿地的面源污染“源-汇”效应及磷拦截效果。在施肥期(3—5月)、生长期(6—9月)及冬水田期(10—12月及次年1—2月)开展水田田面水和淋溶水磷素浓度原位观测,结果显示:在施肥期,田面水和淋溶水中的磷素浓度大幅度升高,总磷平均浓度分别为0.20 mg/L和0.12 mg/L,易产生面源污染。在生长期,田面水中的磷素浓度保持较高水平,总磷平均浓度为0.18 mg/L。此时,田面水流失是面源污染的“源”。在生长期,淋溶水中的磷素浓度特别是溶解态总磷浓度呈下降趋势,总磷、溶解态总磷平均浓度分别为0.07、0.02 mg/L。此时,增加水田蓄水量,将田面水转化为淋溶水,能有效控制溶解态总磷的流失。在冬水田期,田面水和淋溶水中的磷素浓度较低,总磷平均浓度分别为0.09 mg/L和0.03 mg/L。此时,水田成为面源污染的“汇”。因此,在西南丘陵地区,推广开展冬水田蓄积工程建设能起到控制农业面源污染的作用。

园子沟煤矿顶板离层突水机制及地面井下联合防治技术

园子沟煤矿隶属黄陇侏罗系煤田永陇矿区,地处鄂尔多斯盆地中南部,主要水害类型为离层突水。采用钻孔冲洗液漏失量和钻孔电视观测方法,通过设计采前和采后对比钻孔,确定了2号煤层综放开采工作面裂采比;为了确保1012102工作面的安全回采,根据采动覆岩破坏实测成果和岩层地质结构特征,基于关键层理论和薄板理论,评价离层发育层位、离层突水及溃泥溃砂的危险性;针对该类离层突水具有滞后性、周期性且伴随溃砂、顶板来压等次生灾害的特点,提出了基于地面直通式泄水孔和井下疏放水孔联合的离层水治理技术。研究结果表明:该地质和采矿条件下裂采比为23.68,在洛河组、宜君组及安定组均具备形成离层的条件,且离层空腔体积大,矿井主要受顶板离层水害的威胁,一旦发生突水将会携带泥沙;通过以地面泄水孔为主,井下泄水孔为辅,结合地面泄水孔风流、水位数据观测及回采过程中地面电法补充探测,实现了对覆岩离层水进行全方位监测,形成了离层水的预控技术体系,保证了矿井的安全回采。