Research on the Reason for Transformer Differential Protection Mal-operation Caused by Sympathetic Inrush

The paper is concerned with whether CT transient saturation, which caused by sympathetic inrush, is the direct reason for mal-operation of transformer differential relays. In order to analyze transforming characteristics of saturated CT, the gain of each harmonic current transforming from primary winding to secondary winding of transient saturation CT is calculated. Based on the fact that series sympathetic inrush is easier to lead differential relay mal-operation than parallel sympathetic inrush, the effect of CT saturation on differential relay?in the case of both parallel sympathetic inrush and series sympathetic inrush are investigated respectively. Theory analysis and simulation show that higher harmonic will be transferred by saturated CT more easily than lower harmonic, and then the second harmonic proportion of CT secondary side is higher than that of CT primary side. Thus CT transient saturation itself is not essential reason for differential relay mal-operation. Parallel sympathetic inrush and series sympathetic inrush will lead to different location CT saturated. Parallel sympathetic inrush will lead to CT located system side saturated;second harmonic ratio of differential current increase and dead angle is large. Series sympathetic inrush will lead to CT located load side saturated;second harmonic ratio of differential current decrease and dead angle is small.

Study on the Effect of Multi-Type Current Transformers Hybrid Operation on Differential Protection of the Bus Based on Dynamic Simulation

This paper analyzes characteristics of multi type current transformers hybrid operation for each branch of the bus and their effects on differential protection of the bus. By theoretically analyzing transmission characteristics of multi type current transformers and their influence factors, we study the dynamic model testing method of multi type current transformers for the bus, and design 3 kinds of testing schemes by making the equivalent model based on the field of P-level current transformer, TPY-level current transformer and electronic current transformer, and build the hybrid operation testing platform of multi type current transformers. Finally, we compare and analyze the transmission characteristics difference of multi type current transformers on the same branch and the characteristics difference of hybrid operation in two successive external faults, analyze the cause behind the differences, and put forward the corresponding improvement measures.

Research on the Differential Protection Algorithm of Multi-Tap Special Transformer

Compared with conventional transformers, the rectiformer is special in connection mode, which is multi-tap and not equipped with the differential protection. In this paper, the differential protection algorithm for Multi-tap special transformer was derived. The regulating methods for the rectiformer were studied first, and then the rectiformer model of one electrolytic aluminium plant was built by PSCAD/EMTDC, characteristics of the rectiformer bank were also analyzed. The algorithm was derived on the basis of the per-unit system, and the processing methods of the regulating transformer’s tap position information were proposed. Finally, a contrast of differential protection algorithm between the multi-tap special transformer and the conventional transformer was made.

A Testing Method for Ratio Restraint Characteristics of Differential Relay Protection of Transformers

In this paper, a method to calculate the slope of the ratio restraint characteristic of a transformer differential relay protection is proposed. The method allows using some concise but effective means to get the slope. Modulating the argument of current output from ONLLY testing equipment can make the relay protection device operate, thus, the data used for calculation would be obtained naturally after several trails. In order to make sure how effective that method could be, some experiment data is given as well.

Transmission Lines Distance Protection Using Differential Equation Algorithm and Hilbert-Huang Transform

This paper proposed the scheme of transmission lines distance protection based on differential equation algorithms (DEA) and Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). The measured impedance based on EDA is affected by various factors, such as the distributed capacitance, the transient response characteristics of current transformer and voltage transformer, etc. In order to overcome this problem, the proposed scheme applies HHT to improve the apparent impedance estimated by DEA. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used to decompose the data set from DEA into the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and the residue. This residue has monotonic trend and is used to evaluate the impedance of faulty line. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves significantly the accuracy of the estimated impedance.

Waveform feature monitoring scheme for transformer differential protection

We propose a new scheme for transformer differential protection. This scheme uses different characteristics of the differential currents waveforms (DCWs) under internal fault and magnetizing inrush current conditions. The scheme is based on choosing an appropriate feature of the waveform and monitoring it during the post-disturbance instants. For this purpose, the signal feature is quantified by a discrimination function (DF). Discrimination between internal faults and magnetizing inrush currents is carried out by tracking the signs of three decision-making functions (DMFs) computed from the DFs for three phases. We also present a new algorithm related to the general scheme. The algorithm is based on monitoring the second derivative sign of DCW. The results show that all types of internal faults, even those accompanied by the magnetizing inrush, can be correctly identified from the inrush conditions about half a cycle after the occurrence of a disturbance. Another advantage of the proposed method is that the fault detection algorithm does not depend on the selection of thresholds. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm does not require burdensome computations.

基于正弦同源-概率空间协同互补的涌流闭锁方案

为了取消正弦相似性原理中的最小二乘法等中间环节,获得直接固定标准正弦波形所需要的能量信息。借鉴时域概率分布的方法论,从优势互补的角度出发,设计了一种基于Wasserstein距离算法的变压器励磁涌流闭锁方案。该方案采用特征离散化的方式,提取目标对象和模板信号并转化为状态向量作为样本标签,以此来判别两者之间的能量分布差异,从而达到正弦场景同源识别的效果。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该方法实现简便,不需要频域计算。相比于现有正弦相似性原理,降低了保护流程的复杂程度,具有更强的实际应用价值和速动性能。通过PSCAD/MATLAB平台对现场合闸的录波数据进行测试分析,验证了所提方案对促进变压器保护性能的积极意义。

通信限制下多DG接入配网的新型电流差动保护

差动保护是解决分布式电源(distributed generation, DG)接入下配电网保护难题的有效手段,然而配网现有通信建设水平很大程度上制约了差动保护的构建。首先,融合电流相位与相量差动保护思想,同时将电流相位信息进行变换,实现通信信息降容。应用递推最小二乘法实现短路电流相位参数的快速估计,提出了短路电流相位修正策略,以应对CT饱和与直流分量对保护的干扰。最后,提出适用于含多DG配网的新型电流差动保护构建原则与保护判据。基于PSACD/EMTDC平台搭建仿真模型,验证了所提出的电流相位参数预测方法的精度与新型差动保护的性能。算例结果表明:所提电流相位参数预测方法速度快、精度高,具有良好的抗CT饱和能力;所提新型差动保护原理具有良好的性能。

分接开关可控移相变压器保护配置及故障特征分析

移相变压器是一种经济型的潮流调节设备,可提高电网运行的安全性和经济性。为了实现分接开关可控移相变压器工程化应用,首先,针对电流电压互感器配置情况,提出了移相变压器的主保护配置方案,并分析了各保护元件的保护范围。其次,提出了基于控保协同的差动计算自适应调整策略,可根据分接开关的实时档位实现移相变压器差动保护计算的自适应调整。接着,给出了基于移相变压器差动平衡的各侧电流校验方法,可用于校验电流互感器的接入极性和参数。最后,通过仿真和实际波形,分析了不同故障下和空充时的波形特征以及保护的适应性,并证明了所提方法和保护配置的有效性。

海上风电柔性直流输电换流变差动保护的适应性分析

海上风电柔性直流输电系统的故障特性有别于常规电力系统,因此常规继电保护方案应用于海上风电柔性直流输电系统时可能存在适应性不足的风险。分析了海上风电柔性直流输电系统故障情形下,不对称的电气量引发的谐波分量以及故障穿越过程中的负序抑制、限流措施对差动保护的影响。推导了计及序分量的差动保护灵敏度计算式并进行适应性分析,指出故障情形下的奇次谐波容易对差动保护产生影响,负序抑制及限流措施也将导致差动保护灵敏度下降。结合实际示范工程的仿真系统进行了大量仿真计算,结果表明,常规差动保护方案的灵敏性、可靠性均存在下降的问题。

DL/T 684—2012《大型发电机变压器继电保护整定计算导则》修订探讨

DL/T 684—2012《大型发电机变压器继电保护整定计算导则》(以下简称“2012版《导则》”)对提高发电机变压器继电保护装置的正确动作率、保障发电厂电气设备的安全运行发挥了重要作用。然而随着我国发电机组单机容量的增大以及一些新故障情况的出现,2012版《导则》也暴露了一些不适应的问题,需要对其进行修订,以便更好地指导工程实践。为此,分析2012版《导则》存在的问题,并提出具体的修订建议,以解决发电机比率差动保护在和应涌流情况下误动作、经消弧线圈接地的发电机组定子接地保护在系统侧接地故障切除后误动作、误上电保护在同期条件较差时误动作、主变间隙零序电流保护在线路瞬时性单相接地故障重合闸前跳开主变压器等问题。所提建议可为2012版《导则》修订提供参考。

基于长短时记忆神经网络的励磁涌流与故障电流识别方法

变压器空载合闸时产生励磁涌流导致差动保护误动作的问题至今仍未能被完全解决.针对该问题,提出一种利用长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络识别励磁涌流与故障电流的方法.首先,在PSCAD软件平台上搭建变压器空载合闸及内部故障仿真模型,通过仿真产生大量三相电流瞬时采样数据作为训练神经网络的样本集;然后,利用Keras平台搭建LSTM神经网络模型并完成训练;最后,利用新的仿真数据和现场故障录波数据对训练好的LSTM神经网络进行测试.结果表明LSTM神经网络可以快速准确地区分各种情况下的励磁涌流和故障电流,从而证实该方法的有效性.

基于单芯移相变压器的差动保护配置研究

移相变压器能够有效调控潮流,为保障电力系统安全可靠运行,为移相变压器配置性能优良的保护不可或缺。以某示范工程的35 kV单芯对称型移相变压器为研究对象,提出相应的本体保护方案。首先,基于基尔霍夫电流定律和电磁感应定律分析其运行特性。然后,结合其拓扑结构,设计了保护用电流互感器的安装位置,构建了电平衡差动保护和磁平衡差动保护方案。此方案可覆盖单芯移相变压器内部各绕组和绕组引线相间故障以及各绕组匝间故障。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台搭建单芯移相变压器模型,通过设置本体内部典型故障,验证了提出的两种差动保护配置方案的有效性。

某地区220kV输电线路雷害事故分析及差异化防雷改造

针对某地区220kV输电线路发生的雷害事故,建立输电线路反击和绕击的计算模型,结合典型雷击事故,进行事故复现,分析已有防雷措施的有效性,发现该地区由于接地电阻超标造成的反击跳闸事故占总雷击跳闸的43.75%。并针对故障杆塔给出防雷改造方案。

大容量冲击短路试验发电机组继电保护方案

随着实验室容量不断提高,大容量冲击短路试验发电机组应用日益增加,其继电保护配置对机组与电网安全十分重要。以冲击短路试验发电机组继电保护为研究对象,描述了冲击短路试验发电机的主要故障类型,介绍了故障的继电保护原理,对比了电磁式电流互感器和全光纤电流互感器特点。同时以额定容量100 MVA冲击短路试验发电机为例,设计了适用于冲击短路试验发电机的继电保护方案,并详细分析了发电机差动保护、定子过负荷保护、转子接地保护参数整定方式,可为冲击短路发电机组继电保护配置提供参考。

35 kV不接地系统开关柜内故障TA饱和波形分析

电流互感器饱和引起的区内故障拒动、区外故障误动在电网运行中是存在的,发生此类故障对电网和用户的影响比较严重,特别是66 kV及以下电压等级电流互感器,由于制造、成本等原因,TA饱和现象比110 kV以上电压等级普遍。本案例是一110 kV用户35 kV开关柜故障两组35 kV电流互感器先后饱和造成区内故障拒动,区外故障误动,使工厂停产,直到恢复正常供电。

变压器故障中的继电保护技术分析

阐述电力变压器继电保护技术的特点,分析电力变压器继电保护技术中的气体变化保护、过电流动作与变压器电量保护措施、电力变压器的差动保护技术应用。探讨继电保护措施,包括瓦斯保护、纵差保护与电流速断保护、接地保护和过载保护。

主变压器长距离保护方案的研究

文章在主变压器、各侧一次设备与二次设备的布置存在长距离的特殊场景下,对主变压器保护进行了探讨。从电流互感器的选择及计算入手,结合线路光纤电流差动保护的二次接线特点等方面,对主变压器长距离保护进行了全面分析。主变压器长距离保护方案的快速保护、后备保护以及保护范围,均可替代典型方案,而且对电流互感器的选择不会提出少见的参数需求。对市面上成熟的保护设备进行灵活组合,调整电流互感器二次绕组和保护装置的二次接线,可有效解决长距离特殊场景下的主变压器保护配置问题。