The Transformer Short-Circuit Test and the High Power Laboratory in China-the Past,Present,and Future

We review the short-circuit testing of distribution and power transformers, and include a list of 110-220kV power transformers tested up to February 2002.

基于Transformer的DC/DC板级验证状态识别

为满足航天产品的高精度、高可靠性需求,实现元器件自主可控、芯片国产化及应用适应性验证十分必要,设计一种基于FPGA的国产DC/DC板级综合测试平台。在长时间的热学环境适应性板级验证项目中,为实现DC/DC器件应用板卡工作状态的实时监测,提出一种基于Transformer的智能识别算法。分别使用空载、负载电流3 A、负载电流5 A、高输入电压、低输入电压、短路状态下的DC DC输出序列,输入到Transformer模型中并利用注意力机制提取各序列的全局注意力特征,并对深度学习模型进行训练。实验结果表明,对于此6种工作状态数据集,Transformer模型识别的准确率为99.2%,具备良好的分类和监测性能,具有一定的工程应用价值。

Analysis of capacitive voltage rise during off-line partial discharge tests on power transformers

Partial discharge test on a transformer is carried out according to the items in IEC 60. During the test, unproved measuring system is calibrated by proved system at a voltage no less than 50% the rated testing voltage. The result is then extrapolated linearly, leading to an error related to the distribution of stray capacitance, which varies with the testing frequency, especially to large transformers. In this paper a factor, named the capacitive rise fact, is introduced to assess the rise. The factor can be adjusted to some extent by changing the reactance that is connected to the LV side of the testing circuit to lower the capacity of the power source. However, the factor changes when the voltage divider on the high voltage side is removed after the voltage ratio has been calculated, and a great error is resulted under unfavorable conditios.

Testing methods for 1100 kV UHVDC transformer

1 Development of UHVDC transmission capabilities The economical development of China is closely connected with safe and reliable power supply.Load centers e.g.in central and eastern China need huge amounts of electrical power.Available energy resources and consumption areas are often distributed inverse.As a consequence it is necessary to import electrical power to load center areas in an economic and efficient way.

Optimization of short-circuit transition parameters of Q235B steel GMAW based on orthogonal gray relational analysis

In gas metal arc welding(GMAW)process,the short-circuit transition was the most typical transition observed in molten metal droplets.This paper used orthogonal tests to explore the coupling effect law of welding process parameters on the quality of weld forming under short-circuit transition,the design of 3 factors and 3 levels of a total of 9 groups of orthogonal tests,welding current,welding voltage,welding speed as input parameters:effective area ratio,humps,actual linear power density,aspect ratio,Vickers hardness as output paramet-ers(response targets).Using range analysis and trend charts,we can visually depict the relationship between input parameters and a single output parameter,ultimately determining the optimal process parameters that impact the single output index.Then combined with gray the-ory to transform the three response targets into a single gray relational grade(GRG)for analysis,the optimal combination of the weld mor-phology parameters as follows:welding current 100 A,welding voltage 25 V,welding speed 30 cm/min.Finally,validation experiments were conducted,and the results showed that the error between the gray relational grade and the predicted value was 2.74%.It was observed that the effective area ratio of the response target significantly improved,validating the reliability of the orthogonal gray relational method.

A Study on Measurement Error during Alternating Current Induced Voltage Tests on Large Transformers

The large transformer is pivotal equipment in an electric power supply system; Its partial discharge test and the induced voltage withstand test on large transformers are carried out at a frequency about twice the working frequency. If the magnetizing inductance cannot compensate for the stray capacitance, the test sample turns into a capacitive load and a capacitive rise exhibits in the testing circuit. For self-restoring insulation, a method has been recommended in IEC60-1 that an unapproved measuring system be calibrated by an approved system at a voltage not less than 50% of the rated testing voltage, and the result then be extrapolated linearly. It has been found that this method leads to great error due to the capacitive rise if it is not correctly used during a withstand voltage test under certain testing conditions, especiaUy for a test on high voltage transformers with large capacity. Since the withstand voltage test is the most important means to examine the operation reliability of a transformer, and it can be destructive to the insulation, a precise measurement must be guaranteed. In this paper a factor, named as the capacitive rise factor, is introduced to assess the rise. The voltage measurement error during the calibration is determined by the parameters of the test sample and the testing facilities, as well as the measuring point. Based on theoretical analysis in this paper, a novel method is suggested and demonstrated to estimate the error by using the capacitive rise factor and other known parame- ters of the testing circuit.

Cautionary Remarks When Testing Agreement between Two Raters for Continuous Scale Measurements: A Tutorial in Clinical Epidemiology with Implementation Using R

Background: When continuous scale measurements are available, agreements between two measuring devices are assessed both graphically and analytically. In clinical investigations, Bland and Altman proposed plotting subject-wise differences between raters against subject-wise averages. In order to scientifically assess agreement, Bartko recommended combining the graphical approach with the statistical analytic procedure suggested by Bradley and Blackwood. The advantage of using this approach is that it enables significance testing and sample size estimation. We noted that the direct use of the results of the regression is misleading and we provide a correction in this regard. Methods: Graphical and linear models are used to assess agreements for continuous scale measurements. We demonstrate that software linear regression results should not be readily used and we provided correct analytic procedures. The degrees of freedom of the F-statistics are incorrectly reported, and we propose methods to overcome this problem by introducing the correct analytic form of the F statistic. Methods for sample size estimation using R-functions are also given. Results: We believe that the tutorial and the R-codes are useful tools for testing and estimating agreement between two rating protocols for continuous scale measurements. The interested reader may use the codes and apply them to their available data when the issue of agreement between two raters is the subject of interest.

Research on Numerical Simulation of 3D Leakage Magnetic Field and Short-circuit Impedance of Axial Dual-low-voltage Split-winding Transformer

It is difficult to accurately calculate the short-circuit impedance, due to the complexity of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer winding structure. In this paper, firstly, the leakage magnetic field and short-circuit impedance model of axial dual-low-voltage split-winding transformer is established, and then the 2D and 3D leakage magnetic field are analyzed. Secondly, the short-circuit impedance and split parallel branch current distribution in different working conditions are calculated, which is based on field-circuit coupled method. At last, effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model is verified by comparison between experiment, analysis and simulation. The results showed that the 3D analysis method is a better approach to calculate the short-circuit impedance, since its analytical value is more closer to the experimental value compared with the 2D analysis results, the finite element method calculation error is less than 2%, while the leakage flux method maximum error is 7.2%.

Calculation of Eddy Current Loss and Short-circuit Force in SSZ11-50000/110 Power Transformer

The ?method is used in this paper to calculate the leakage magnetic field of SSZ11-50000/110 Power transformer, and by which the structures’ influences to the main leakage flux are analyzed. Through the combination of the product and TEAM Problem 21B, the surface impedance method shows its great advantage in the calculation of eddy current loss.

A Testing Method for Ratio Restraint Characteristics of Differential Relay Protection of Transformers

In this paper, a method to calculate the slope of the ratio restraint characteristic of a transformer differential relay protection is proposed. The method allows using some concise but effective means to get the slope. Modulating the argument of current output from ONLLY testing equipment can make the relay protection device operate, thus, the data used for calculation would be obtained naturally after several trails. In order to make sure how effective that method could be, some experiment data is given as well.

Determination of failure degree of 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs after short-circuit test using an improved test setup

Analysis of the short-circuit characteristics of SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs)is very important for their practical application.This paper studies the SiC MOSFET short-circuit characteristics with an improved test setup under different conditions.A high-current Si insulated gate bipolar transistor is used as a circuit breaker in the test circuit rather than the usual short-circuit test conducted without a circuit breaker.The test platform with a circuit breaker does not influence the calculation results regarding the shortcircuitwithstand time and energy,but the SiCMOSFETwill switch off after failure in a very short time.In addition,the degree of failure will be limited and confined to a small area,such that the damage to the chip will be clearly observable,which is significant for short-circuit failure analysis.

Study on the Effect of Multi-Type Current Transformers Hybrid Operation on Differential Protection of the Bus Based on Dynamic Simulation

This paper analyzes characteristics of multi type current transformers hybrid operation for each branch of the bus and their effects on differential protection of the bus. By theoretically analyzing transmission characteristics of multi type current transformers and their influence factors, we study the dynamic model testing method of multi type current transformers for the bus, and design 3 kinds of testing schemes by making the equivalent model based on the field of P-level current transformer, TPY-level current transformer and electronic current transformer, and build the hybrid operation testing platform of multi type current transformers. Finally, we compare and analyze the transmission characteristics difference of multi type current transformers on the same branch and the characteristics difference of hybrid operation in two successive external faults, analyze the cause behind the differences, and put forward the corresponding improvement measures.

Calculation of phase transformation latent heat based on cooling curves in end-quench test and its application in nickel-based superalloy

To obtain the phase transformation latent heat corresponding to different cooling rates with low test workload and cost,the Newton thermal analysis method and the improved Newtonian thermal analysis method were discussed based on the cooling curve obtained in the end-quench test.The validity of two methods was given by the latent heat calculation of 45^(#) steel.The results show that the relative error of latent heat is 5.20%through the improved Newtonian thermal analysis method,which is more accurate than the Newtonian thermal analysis method.Furthermore,the latent heat release of phase transformation of the self-designed CSU-A1 powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy increases from 4.3 to 12.29 J/g when the cooling rate decreases from 50.15 to 33.40℃/min,because there is more sufficient time for the alloy microstructure to complete the phase transformation process when the cooling rate is smaller.

A Tool for the Assessment of the Electromagnetic Forces in Power Distribution Transformers

This paper compares the estimated electromagnetic forces due to short circuits in power transformers using two computational models. The first model is based on approximate analytical expressions of the electromagnetic lbrces as they have been compiled in earlier versions of the IEC standard 60076-5. The second model is based on a finite element model of the transformer using the software FEMM （Finite Element Method Magnetics）. The paper shows how valid the analytical model is for design purposes. Results have been obtained and compared from both models in a number of actual power distribution transformers. It is possible to conclude that the analytical formulation provides satisfactory results for the design of power transformers compared to detailed finite element models. A tool has been designed for this purpose and the main features of it will be described in the paper.

基于虚拟靶场的渗透测试实践教学机制探索

渗透测试实践教学是为信息安全相关专业学生开设的少数攻击类课程,是必不可少的教学环节。随着《中华人民共和国网络安全法》等法律法规的不断完善,渗透测试教学的实践模式需要不断创新。针对实践教学中资源和时间方面的难题,设计并实现基于OpenStack的虚拟靶场系统,从教学过程、教学方法 、考核方式等角度分别提出开放式线上线下混合教学、引导式基础实验过程、赛学融合的考核方式等具体改革方法,探索渗透测试实践教学的新机制。

环境规制、数字化转型与绿色技术创新——来自中国工业企业的数据分析

在工业强国战略日益深化的背景下,环境规制对工业企业绿色技术创新的影响已成为研究的热点问题。利用2007—2021年中国A股工业上市公司为研究样本的有效数据,构建非线性模型进行实证研究,研究发现:环境规制强度与工业企业绿色技术创新呈“U形”关系,环境规制在低强度范围内抑制了绿色技术创新,而在达到最佳环境强度范围时则促进了绿色技术创新。数字化转型对工业企业绿色技术创新有正向影响。数字化转型是环境规制强度促进绿色技术创新关系的重要途径,政府环境规制驱动企业数字化转型进而作用于绿色技术创新。异质性检验发现,环境规制对绿色技术创新的影响在东西部地区、政府补贴程度高和非国有工业企业中的影响更为显著。未来应适度加强环境规制强度,同时通过企业数字化转型,持续推动工业企业绿色技术创新,构建绿色低碳循环发展经济体系。

变压器温度和机械振动特性的仿真与分析

为了进一步分析变压器的温度场分布特性与变压器铁心振动特性,作者以一台10kV油浸变压器为样机,进行仿真分析与振动试验测试。首先建立变压器温度场仿真模型,得到变压器铁心的最大温升,最大温度区域集中在B相铁心柱和铁心窗。然后搭建电磁固多物理场耦合的变压器铁心磁致伸缩振动模型,得到铁心磁场大小和ABC三相的振动加速度。最后搭建变压器铁心磁致伸缩采集平台,对变压器进行了空载振动信号监测,由此分别得到了铁心A、B两相的振动的加速度,仿真结果和试验结果两者相互比较,数值大小相同。

美军试验鉴定即连续体概念研究

试验鉴定改革是美国国防采办体系改革和美军数字化转型的重要组成。面对人工智能、自主等新兴技术发展,以及多域战、全域战等体系化作战要求给武器装备能力交付带来的试验鉴定挑战,美国国防部积极推动试验鉴定领域的数字化转型,其中一项重要举措便是提出试验鉴定即连续体概念,以期借助数字工程理念,持续开展试验策略与鉴定流程优化,进一步提升武器装备采办效率与质量。本文简述了试验鉴定即连续体的发展情况,分析研究了其框架内容、概念内涵,以及具体实施所需的能力要素,给出了有关武器装备试验鉴定数字化转型发展的启示。

改进贝叶斯网络在变压器故障诊断中的应用

针对变压器故障诊断精度低的问题,文中提出一种基于改进黏菌优化算法(Improved Slime Mould Algorithm,ISMA)优化贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)的变压器故障诊断方法。通过爬山算法对定向最大支撑树搜索得到贝叶斯网络初始结构即初始种群,在改进黏菌优化算法中引入反向学习策略,增加种群多样性。添加正弦-余弦算法(Sine Cosine Algorithm,SCA),更新解的位置以避免种群陷入局部最优。根据改良的无编码比值法选取变压器故障状态的特征,利用改进黏菌优化算法优化贝叶斯网络结构,提高基于贝叶斯网络的变压器故障诊断的准确率,并利用不同种类的测试函数验证了改进黏菌优化算法具有收敛速度快、收敛精度高的优良性能。仿真结果表明,ISMA-BN诊断模型的训练集和测试集准确率分别为98.2%和97.14%,具有一定的研究价值。