Transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in senile acute myeloid leukemia and correlation with prognosis

BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is a disease in which immature hematopoietic cells accumulate in the bone marrow and continuously expand,inhibiting hematopoiesis.The treatment and prognosis of this disease have always been unsatisfactory.AIM To investigate the correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and transforming growth factor-β1(TGFβ1)expression and prognosis in older adults with AML.METHODS This study enrolled 80 patients with AML(AML group),including 36 with complete response(AML-CR),23 with partial response(AML-PR),and 21 with no response(AML-NR).The expression levels of VEGF and TGFβ1 were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in bone marrow mononuclear cells isolated from 56 healthy controls.Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess overall survival(OS)and progression-or disease-free survival(DFS).Prognostic risk factors were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model.RESULTS The AML group showed a VEGF level of 2.68±0.16.VEGF expression was lower in patients with AML-CR than those with AML-PR or AML-NR(P<0.05).TGFβ1 expression in the AML group was 0.33±0.05.Patients with AML-CR showed a higher TGFβ1 expression than those with AML-PR or AML-NR(P<0.05).VEGF and TGFβ1 expression in patients with AML was significantly correlated with the counts of leukocytes,platelets,hemoglobin,and peripheral blood immature cells(P<0.05);Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with high TGFβ1 expression had better OS and DFS than those with low TGFβ1 expression(P<0.05),whereas patients with low VEGF levels showed better OS and DFS than those with high VEGF levels(P<0.05).VEGF,TGFβ1,and platelet count were identified by the Cox proportional hazards model as independent risk factors for OS(P<0.05),while VEGF,TGFβ1,and white blood cell count were independent risk factors for DFS(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Decreased VEGF expression and increased TGFβ1 expression in patients with AML provide valuable references for determining and individualizing clinical treatment strategies.

Plasma Levels of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 in Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Objective: In women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP), decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been shown in POP tissues. However, no studies have evaluated plasma TGF-β1 levels in patients with POP, so it is unknown whether they are also changed or not. Therefore, we compared plasma TGF-β1 levels in women with and without POP. Methods: Participants were 49 women with POP and 23 healthy control women. All participants were postmenopausal. We measured plasma TGF-β1 and compared data between patients with POP and controls, and between patients with uterine prolapse (UP, n = 19) and those with a cystocele (CC, n = 30). In addition, in patients, we assessed the POP quantification system (POP-Q) stage. Results: Plasma TGF-β1 levels were significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls. POP-Q stage was not significantly different between the UP and CC subgroups, but POP-Q stage IV was diagnosed in 63% of patients with UP and 7% of those with CC. Plasma TGF-β1 levels were significantly lower in the CC subgroup than in the UP subgroup. Conclusion: Plasma TGF-β1 is decreased in POP. It remains unclear whether the lower levels indicate a reduction in systemic TGF-β1 activity, but they can be assumed to reflect reduced TGF-β1 expression in POP tissues.

TL1A Promotes Fibrogenesis in Colonic Fibroblasts via the TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling Pathway

Objective Intestinal fibrosis is a refractory complication of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Tumor necrosis factor ligand-related molecule-1A(TL1A)is important for IBD-related intestinal fibrosis in a dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced experimental colitis model.This study aimed to explore the effects of TL1A on human colonic fibroblasts.Methods A trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)-induced experimental colitis model of LCK-CD2-TL1A-GFP transgenic(Tg)or wild-type(WT)mice was established to determine the effect and mechanism of TL1A on intestinal fibrosis.The human colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cell line was treated concurrently with TL1A and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)supernatant.The proliferation and activation of CCD-18Co cells were detected by BrdU assays,flow cytometry,immunocytochemistry and Western blotting.Collagen metabolism was tested by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR).Results The level of collagen metabolism in the TNBS+ethyl alcohol(EtOH)/Tg group was greater than that in the TNBS+EtOH/WT group.Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and p-Smad3 in the TNBS+EtOH/Tg group were upregulated as compared with those in the TNBS+EtOH/WT group.The proliferation of CCD-18Co cells was promoted by the addition of human PBMC supernatant supplemented with 20 ng/mL TL1A,and the addition of human PBMC supernatant and TL1A increased CCD-18Co proliferation by 24.4%at 24 h.TL1A promoted cell activation and increased the levels of COL1A2,COL3A1,and TIMP-1 in CCD-18Co cells.Treatment of CCD-18Co cells with TL1A increased the expression of TGF-β1 and p-Smad3.Conclusion TL1A promotes TGF-β1-mediated intestinal fibroblast activation,proliferation,and collagen deposition and is likely related to an increase in the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.

Expression of transforming growth factor-β_1 and its typeⅠ receptor in different phases of post-burn hypertrophic scars

Objective: To analyze and compare the expression pattern of the transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and its type I receptor (TGF-β RI ) in nounal human skin and various phases of post-burn hypertrophic scars (HTS). Method: The immunohistochemical ABC method was employed. Results: In nounal human skin, no evident immunoreactivity of TGF-β1 and TGF-β R I was observed. In activation phase of post-burn HTS, TGF-β R I and TGF-β1 were highly expressed in most dermal fibroblasts which seemed to be the same subset. However, in remission phase, no staining was seen in der mal fibroblasts. Conclusion: The formation of all may involve the increase of TGF-β responsiveness in fibroblasts The ac cumulation at the wound site and failure of apoptosis of over-resposive fibroblasts may contribute to the formation of HTS.

Effects of Heparin on Transforming Growth Factor-β_1 and Extracellular Matrix Components in the Glomeruli of Diabetic Rats

The effects of heparin on the expression of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1) and two extracellular matrix components laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN) in diabetic rat glomeruli were investigated. Twenty-six rats were randomly divided into control group (C, n=8), diabetic group (D, n=9), and diabetes+heparin group (DH, n=9). After 8-week therapy of heparin (200 U once daily by abdominal injection), TGF-β 1, LN and FN expression in glomeruli was detected by immunohistochemical method. The results showed that the expression levels of TGF-β 1, LN and FN were higher in group D than in group C. It was found that heparin could reduce 24-h urinary albumin excretion and inhibit overexpression of TGF-β 1, LN and FN in glomeruli of diabetic rats. It suggested that the inhibitory effect of heparin on diabetic glomerular sclerosis was at least partly related with the inhibition of TGF-β 1 expression.

PVT1通过TGF-β1/SMAD通路促进子宫内膜基质细胞过度纤维化的研究

目的探讨长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)浆细胞瘤多样异位基因1(PVT1)在调控子宫内膜基质细胞纤维化中的病理生理作用及分子机理。方法通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测人子宫内膜基质细胞(HESCs)中PVT1、胶原蛋白Ⅰ、胶原蛋白Ⅲ、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、SMAD2及SMAD3的表达水平。结果PVT1过表达促进HESCs增殖(P<0.05),而PVT1沉默抑制HESCs增殖(P<0.05)。过表达PVT1在HESCs中上调胶原蛋白Ⅰ和胶原蛋白ⅢmRNA的表达(P<0.05),而PVT1被敲除时,胶原蛋白Ⅰ和胶原蛋白ⅢmRNA的表达水平被显著下调(P<0.05)。过表达PVT1在HESCs中可以进一步上调TGF-β1/SMAD信号相关基因(TGF-β1、SMAD2、SMAD3)的表达(P<0.05)。当PVT1被敲除时,TGF-β1/SMAD信号相关基因胶原蛋白Ⅰ和胶原蛋白ⅢmRNA的表达水平被显著下调(P<0.05)。PVT1可诱导HESCs上清液中TGF-β1的产生(P<0.05)。结论PVT1可通过TGF-β1/SMAD通路促进子宫内膜基质细胞过度纤维化而产生胶原蛋白。同时,PVT1可能是一个用于治疗子宫内膜粘连的新靶点。

Expression of Mesenger RNA for Transforming Growth Factor-β_1 in Bovine Trabecular Meshwork

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and primary open-angle glaucoma, we have determined whether trabec-ular tissues have the expression of messenger RNA for TGF-β1.Methods: Total RNA of 24 newborn bovine trabecular tissue were extracted byGuanidine isothiocyanate method. The TGF-β33 plasmid was brought into E. col-ibacillius HB101 and amplificated. After Bam HI endolase degradation and labelwith a-32p-dATP the RNA was hybridized with the cDNA (complementary DNA)probe and examined by autoradiography.Results: The presence of mRNA for TGF-β1 in bovine trabecular meshwork wasconfirmed.Conclusions: The TGF-β1 present in normal aqueous humor must be at least partlyderived from the trabecular meshwork. It offered a basis for understanding therelationship between abnormal synthesis, activation and clearance of TGF-β1 andthe pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in molecular biology.Eye Science 1996; 12:1-4.

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β1 AND SMAD4 SIGNALING PATHWAY DOWN-REGULATES RENAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION IN DIABETIC RATS

Objective To investigate the role of transforming growth factor-131 （TGF-β1）/Smad4 pathway in development of renal fibrosis in streptozotocin （STZ）-induced diabetic nephropathy （DN） rats and explore its possible mechanism. Methods Male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were divided into 5 groups： group A （ normal control）, group B [ diabetes mellitus （DM） 2 weeks ], group C （ DM 4 weeks）, group D （ DM 8 weeks）, and group E （ DM 16 weeks）. Except for the normal control group, other groups were induced DM by single injection of STZ （55 mg/kg） respectively. Blood glucose level, serum creatinine, and 24-hour urine protein were examined. Expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad4 protein and mRNA in kidney were detected using immunohistochemical technique, Western blot, and real-time PCR. mRNA expressions of stromelysin-1 （ MMP-3 ）, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 （ TIMP-1 ）, and collagen Ⅲ in kidney were also detected by real-time PCR. Results The levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine, and 24-hour urine protein in rats of group B, C, D, and E were higher than those of the control group. With the progression of renal fibrosis, the expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad4 protein and mRNA in kidney of diabetic rats elevated. In addition, the renal MMP-3 mRNA expression diminished in diabetic rats, while TIMP-1 and collagen Ⅲ mRNA increased. Conclusions In STZ-induced diabetic rats, the TGF-β1/Smad4 appears to play an important role in renal fibrosis of DN. The increased expression of TGF-β1 and Smad4 might result in the transcriptional regulation of downstream target genes of TGF-β1/Smad4 pathway, which contributes to the progression of renal fibrosis in diabetic rats.

Roles of Smad3 and Smad7 in rat pancreatic stellate cells activated by transforming growth factor-beta 1

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a major role in promoting pancreatic fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a critical mediator of this process. This study aimed to determine the expression of the Smad3 and Smad7 genes in the process of PSC activation, and explore the mechanisms of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: The expressions of Smad3 and Smad7 in PSCs before and after TGF-beta 1 treatment were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Smad3 expression was detected in PSCs after treatment with 5 ng/ml of TGF-beta 1 for 24 hours. RESULTS: Smad7 expression was decreased in TGF-beta 1 -activated PSCs (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. When TGF-beta 1 concentration reached 10 ng/ml, the expression of p-Smad3, Smad3, and Smad7 was inhibited (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TGF-beta 1 promotes the expression of Smad3 and inhibits the expression of Smad7 during the activation of PSCs. In contrast, high-dose TGF-beta 1 downregulates the expression of Smad3 in completely activated PSCs.

Dab2 attenuates brain injury in APP/PS1 mice via targeting transforming growth factor-beta/SMAD signaling

Transforming growth factor-beta （TGF-β） type II receptor （TβRⅡ） levels are extremely low in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer＇s disease. This receptor inhibits TGF-β1/SMAD signaling and thereby aggravates amyolid-beta deposition and neuronal injury. Dab2, a specific adapter protein, protects T RII from degradation and ensures the effective conduction of TGF-β 1/SMAD signaling. In this study, we used an adenoviral vector to overexpress the Dab2 gene in the mouse hippocampus and investigated the regulatory effect of Dab2 protein on TGF-β1/SMAD signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer＇s disease, and the potential neuroprotective effect. The results showed that the TβRⅡ level was lower.in APP/PS1 mouse hippocampus than in normal mouse hippocampus. After Dab2 expression, hippocampal TβRⅡ and p-SMAD2/3 levels were signifi- cantly increased, while amyloid-beta deposition, microglia activation, tumor necrosis factor- and interleulin-6 levels and neuronal loss were significantly attenuated in APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue. These results suggest that Dab2 can exhibit neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer＇s disease by regulating TGF-β1/SMAD signaling.

柴芩肾安方对IgA肾病大鼠肾组织TGF-β_1和Smad 7的影响

目的:探讨柴芩肾安方对IgAN大鼠肾组织TGF-β1和Smad 7表达的影响。方法:采用灌服并定时静脉注射BSA复合感染SEB的方法制成大鼠IgAN模型,并用柴芩肾安方治疗,以氯沙坦为对照。第15周末,观察肾组织形态学变化和免疫复合物的沉积情况;采用免疫组化和RT-PCR的方法,分别检测肾组织TGF-β1和Smad 7蛋白及其mRNA的表达。结果:与正常组相比,模型组大鼠肾小球系膜细胞和系膜基质轻度增生,伴见弥漫的IgA和少量IgG沉积;TGF-β1和Smad 7蛋白及其mRNA表达均明显升高(P<0.01)。柴芩肾安方治疗后上述指标均明显减轻(P<0.01),且作用效果与氯沙坦类似。结论:抑制肾组织TGF-β1和Smad 7蛋白及其mRNA的表达,可能是柴芩肾安方延缓IgAN肾脏病变进展的机制之一。

加味当归补血汤对肾小管上皮细胞TGF-β_1/SMADs信号转导通路的影响

目的：观察加味当归补血汤对转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）刺激的小鼠肾小管上皮细胞Smad3、Smad4、Smad7信号通路的影响，探讨该方防治肾间质纤维化的细胞分子生物学机制。方法：原代培养BalB／C小鼠肾小管上皮细胞．用TGF-β（1ng／ml）刺激24h，加味当归补血汤及洛汀新含药血清干预。共分6组：正常组、模型组、加味当归补血汤低中高剂量组（含药血清浓度分别为2．5％、5％、10％）、洛汀新组，观察各组细胞形态学变化，检测细胞Smad3、Smad4、Smad7的mRNA和蛋白质表达情况（PT—PCR、Western-Blotting）。结果：（1）TGF-β1刺激后，肾小管上皮细胞部分形态发生变大，伸长，呈梭形，经中药加味当归补血汤和洛汀新干预后，细胞形态又恢复正常；（2）TGF-β1刺激肾小管上皮细胞后，Smad3、Smad4 mRNA和蛋白质表达显著增加，Smad7 mRNA和蛋白质则显著减少（P〈0、05～0、01）；（3）各浓度加味当归补血汤能显著下调异常增高的Smad3，上调Smad7的基因和蛋白质表达水平（P〈0．05～0．01），能显著下调Smad4基因表达。结论：加味当归补血汤防治肾间质纤维化可能与调控肾小管上皮细胞TGF-β1／Smads信号转导途径相关。

TGF-β_1及其信号蛋白Smad2,3在大鼠心肌细胞肥大中的作用

目的 探讨转化生长因子 β1(transforminggrowthfactor β1,TGF β1)及其信号蛋白Smad2 ,3在诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大中的作用。方法 培养新生大鼠心肌细胞 ,用不同剂量TGF β1刺激 ,检测 [3 H] Leu掺入量 ,RT PCR检测信号蛋白Smad2 ,3mRNA的表达。结果 不同剂量的TGF β1均能明显增加心肌细胞 [3 H] Leu掺入量 ,TGF β1增加肥大心肌细胞Smad2 ,3mRNA的表达。结论 TGF β1能诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大 ,信号蛋白Smad2 ,3在其中发挥了重要作用。

Smad 1/5和TGF-β_1 mRNA在舌鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达

目的研究舌鳞状细胞癌(SCC)组织中Smad 1/5和转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1) mRNA的表达,探讨其与肿瘤临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移的关系。方法采用原位杂交法检测49例舌SCC、20例上皮异常增生以及10例正常口腔舌黏膜组织中Smad 1/5和TGF-β1 mRNA的表达。运用χ2检验,分析Smad 1/5和TGF-β1 mRNA表达与临床病理指标的关系;应用Spearman等级相关分析,检验Smad 1/5 mRNA与TGF-β1 mRNA表达间的相关性。结果舌SCC、上皮异常增生和正常黏膜组织中,Smad 1/5 mRNA的表达阳性率分别为73.5%、35%和30%;TGF-β1 mRNA表达阳性率分别为67.3%、25%和20%。Smad 1/5和TGF-β1 mRNA在癌组织中的表达显著高于正常黏膜组织(P<0.05)。Smad 1/5 mRNA表达阳性率,在有或无淋巴结转移及不同TNM分期间有显著差异(P<0.05)。Smad 1/5 mRNA与TGF-β1 mRNA表达呈显著正相关(r=0.405,P=0.039)。结论舌SCC的发生和发展可能与TGF-β mRNA及其下游信号通路相关。

Vascular endothelial growth factor A, secreted in response to transforming growth factor-β1 under hypoxic conditions, induces autocrine effects on migration of prostate cancer cells

Hypoxia and transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） increase vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA） expression in a number of malignancies. This effect of hypoxia and TGF-β1 might be responsible for tumor progression and metastasis of advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, TGF-β1 was shown to induce VEGFA165 secretion from both normal cell lines （HPV7 and RWPE1） and prostate cancer cell lines （DU 145 and PC3）. Conversely, hypoxia-stimulated VEGFA165 secretion was observed only in prostate cancer cell lines. Hypoxia induced TGF-β1 expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells, and the TGF-β1 type I receptor （ALK5） kinase inhibitor partially blocked hypoxia-mediated VEGFA16s secretion. This effect of hypoxia provides a novel mechanism to increase VEGFA expression in prostate cancer cells. Although autocrine signaling of VEGFA has been implicated in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, the associated mechanism is poorly characterized. VEGFA activity is mediated via VEGF receptor （VEGFR） 1 （Fit-l） and 2 （FIk-I/KDR）. Whereas VEGFR-1 mRNA was detected in normal prostate epithelial cells, VEGFR-2 mRNA and VEGFR protein were expressed only in PC3 cells. VEGFA165 treatment induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERKI/2） in PC3 cells but not in HPV7 cells, suggesting that the autocrine function of VEGFA may be uniquely associated with prostate cancer. Activation of VEGFR-2 by VEGFA165 was shown to enhance migration of PC3 cells. A similar effect was also observed with endogenous VEGFA induced by TGF-β1 and hypoxia. These findings illustrate that an autocrine loop of VEGFA via VEGFR-2 is critical for the tumorigenic effects of TGF-β1 and hypoxia on metastatic prostate cancers.

Prognostic significance and relationship of SMAD3 phosphoisoforms and VEGFR-1 in gastric cancer:A clinicopathological study

BACKGROUND The TGF-β/SMAD3 and VEGFR-1 signaling pathways play important roles in gastric cancer metastasis.SMAD3 phosphorylation is a crucial prognostic marker in gastric cancer.AIM To determine the prognostic value and relationship of SMAD3 phospho-isoforms and VEGFR-1 in gastric cancer.METHODS This was a single-center observational study which enrolled 98 gastric cancer patients and 82 adjacent normal gastric tissues from patients aged 32-84 years(median age 65)between July 2006 and April 2007.Patients were followed up until death or the study ended(median follow-up duration of 28.5 mo).The samples were used to generate tissue microarrays(TMAs)for immunohistochemical(IHC)staining.The expressions of TGF-β1,pSMAD3C(S423/425),pSMAD3L(S204),and VEGFR-1 in gastric cancer(GC)tumor tissue and normal tissue were measured by IHC staining using TMAs obtained from 98 GC patients.Prognosis and survival information of the patients was recorded by Outdo Biotech from May 2007 to July 2015.The relationship between TGF-β1,pSMAD3C(S423/425),pSMAD3L(S204),and VEGFR-1 protein expression levels was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.The relationship between protein expression levels and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed using the Chi-squared test.A survival curve was generated using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.RESULTS TGFβ-1 and VEGFR-1 expression was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer tissue compared to adjacent noncancerous tissue.The positive expression of phosphorylated isoforms of Smad3 varied depending on the phosphorylation site[pSMAD3C(S423/425):51.0%and pSMAD3L(S204):31.6%].High expression of pSMAD-3L(S204)was significantly correlated with larger tumors(P=0.038)and later N stages(P=0.035).Additionally,high expression of VEGFR-1 was closely correlated with tumor size(P=0.015)and pathological grading(P=0.013).High expression of both pSMAD3L(S204)and VEGFR-1 was associated with unfavorable outcomes in terms of overall survival(OS).Multivariate analysis indicated that high expression of pSMAD3L(S204)and VEGFR-1 were independent risk factors for prognosis in GC patients.VEGFR-1 protein expression was correlated with TGF-β1(r=0.220,P=0.029),pSMAD3C(S423/425)(r=0.302,P=0.002),and pSMAD3L(S204)(r=0.201,P=0.047),respectively.Simultaneous overexpression of pSMAD3L(S204)and VEGFR-1 was associated with poor OS in gastric cancer patients.CONCLUSION Co-upregulation of pSMAD3L(S204)and VEGFR-1 can serve as a predictive marker for poor gastric cancer prognosis,and pSMAD3L(204)may be involved in enhanced gastric cancer metastasis in a VEGFR-1-dependent manner.

Total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition via interfering transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in Crohn's disease intestinal fibrosis

AIM To explore the role and mechanism of total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot(TFA) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) progress of Crohn's disease(CD) intestinal fibrosis.METHODS First,CCK-8 assay was performed to assess TFA on the viability of intestinal epithelial(IEC-6) cells and select the optimal concentrations of TFA for our further studies.Then cell morphology,wound healing and transwell assays were performed to examine the effect of TFA on morphology,migration and invasion of IEC-6 cells treated with TGF-β1.In addition,immunofluorescence,real-time PCR analysis(q RT-PCR) and western blotting assays were carried out to detect the impact of TFA on EMT progress.Moreover,western blotting assay was performed to evaluate the function of TFA on the Smad and MAPK signaling pathways.Further,the role of co-treatment of TFA and si-Smad or MAPK inhibitors has been examined by q RTPCR,western blotting,morphology,wound healing andtranswell assays.RESULTS In this study,TFA promoted transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)-induced(IEC-6) morphological change,migration and invasion,and increased the expression of epithelial markers and reduced the levels of mesenchymal markers,along with the inactivation of Smad and MAPK signaling pathways.Moreover,we revealed that si-Smad and MAPK inhibitors effectively attenuated TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells.Importantly,co-treatment of TFA and si-Smad or MAPK inhibitors had better inhibitory effects on TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells than either one of them.CONCLUSION These findings could provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of TFA on TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells and TFA is expected to advance as a new therapy to treat CD intestinal fibrosis.

The Effect of Simvastatin on mRNA Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1,Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Tooth Extraction Socket

Aim To determine the effect of local simvastatin application on the mRNA expression level of transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）, bone morphogenetic protein-2 （BMP-2） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in the tooth sockets of rat. Methodology Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups （n=24）. Polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid copolymer carriers, with or without simvastatin, were implanted into extraction sockets of right mandibular incisors. The expression of TGF-β1, BMP-2 and VEGF mRNA was determined by in situ hybridization in the tooth extraction socket at five days, one week, two weeks and four weeks after implantation. Results The fusiform stroma cells in the tooth extraction socket began to express TGF-β1, BMP-2 and VEGF mRNA in both experimental and control groups from one week after tooth extraction until the end of experiment. The expression of TGF-131 and BMP-2 mRNA in the experimental group was significantly up-regulated after one, two and four weeks, and expression of VEGF mRNA was significantly increased after one and two weeks compared with that in the control group. Conclusion The findings indicate that local administration of simvastatin can influence alveolar bone remodeling by regulating the expression of a school of growth factors which are crucial to osteogenesis in the tooth extraction socket.

补肾除湿联合富血小板血浆调控血清TGF-β1及Smad-1水平治疗膝骨关节炎

目的:探讨补肾除湿联合富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)治疗早中期膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)的临床疗效及对患者血清中转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)和Smad-1水平的影响。方法:选取2020年5月至2022年4月收治的45例早中期KOA患者,分为对照组和观察组。对照组30例,男12例,女18例;年龄43~69(57.3±6.5)岁;Kellgren-Lawrence(K-L)分级Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级9例;病程1.5~5.0(3.8±1.7)年;分别于1、3周时向患膝关节腔注射5 ml的PRP 1次,共2次。观察组15例,男7例,女8例;年龄45~70(56.7±6.2)岁;K-L分级Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级2例;病程1.8~5.7(4.0±1.8)年;注射PRP 5 ml,时间、次数与对照组相同,同时口服补肾除湿方水煎剂,每日1剂,共28剂。两组疗程均为4周。分别于治疗前后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)和Lequesne MG评分评估患膝疼痛及关节功能改善情况。分别于治疗前、治疗结束后1 d采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测TGF-β1、Smad-1的含量,并观察两组患者并发症发生情况。结果:45例患者获得随访,时间26~30(28.0±0.6)d。治疗前两组VAS和膝关节Lequesne MG评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗结束后1 d,两组VAS和膝关节Lequesne MG评分均低于治疗前(P<0.05);治疗结束后1 d,观察组VAS和膝关节Lequesne MG评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗结束后1 d,TGF-β1含量均较治疗前降低(P<0.05);治疗结束后1 d,观察组TGF-β1含量低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗结束后1 d的Smad-1含量与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗结束后1 d,观察组Smad-1含量高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组并发症情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:补肾除湿联合关节腔注射PRP治疗早中期KOA疗效确切,优于单纯关节腔内注射PRP,并在一定程度上降低患者血清TGF-β1水平,升高Smad-1水平,抑制炎症反应,促进软骨修复,这可能是补肾除湿联合PRP治疗KOA的作用机制之一。

Promoter polymorphism of transforming growth factor-β1 gene and ulcerative colitis

AIM: To elucidate the possible difference in two promoter polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene (-800G > A, -509C > T) between ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and normal subjects.METHODS: A total of 155 patients with established ulcerative colitis and 139 normal subjects were selected as controls. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter region of TGF-β1 gene (-509C > T and -800G > A) were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in genotype and allele frequency distributions between UC patients and controls for the -800G > A polymorphism of the TGF-β1 gene (P < 0.05). The frequency of the TGF-β1 gene polymorphism at position -800 showed that the AA genotype and the allele A frequencies significantly differed between the patients and healthy controls (P < 0.05). At position -509, there was no statically significant difference in genotype and allele frequency between the patients and control subjects.CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that there is a significant difference in both allele and genotype frequency at position -800G > A of TGF-β1 gene promoter between Iranian patients with UC and normal subjects.