基于NFAT5介导的EMT研究益糖康改善高血糖对肾脏早期损伤的作用机制

目的探讨活化T细胞核因子5(nuclear factor of activated T cells 5,NFAT5)对高糖诱导人肾小管上皮HK-2细胞上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的影响以及益糖康改善高血糖对肾脏早期损伤的作用机制。方法SD雄性大鼠20只,随机分成生理盐水组和益糖康组,每组10只。生理盐水组给予1 mL/100 g生理盐水灌胃,益糖康组给予2.10 g/100 g益糖康煎剂灌胃,连续5 d,腹主动脉取血,离心分离上清。通过高糖诱导HK-2细胞构建早期糖尿病肾病体外模型,并加入相应的药物进行干预。分别采用qRT-PCR和Western blot实验检测转染NC-siRNA(NC-siRNA组)/NFAT5-siRNA(NFAT5-siRNA组)或生理盐水含药血清处理(NS组)/益糖康含药血清处理(YTK组)以及益糖康含药血清处理同时转染GV492-Empty(YTK+GV492-Empty组)/GV492-NFAT5(YTK+GV492-NFAT5组)细胞中NFAT5、E-cadherin以及Vimentin mRNA和蛋白表达水平的改变。再分别采用划痕和Transwell实验检测各组细胞迁移力和侵袭力的改变。结果转染NFAT5-siRNA能够明显抑制NFAT5 mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白(P<0.05)的表达;与NC-siRNA组相比较,NFAT5-siRNA组细胞中E-cadherin mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白(P<0.01)的表达水平显著升高,Vimentin mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白(P<0.01)的表达水平显著降低,细胞的迁移力(P<0.05)和侵袭力(P<0.01)均明显减弱。与NS组相比较,YTK组细胞中NFAT5 mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白(P<0.05)的表达水平明显降低。转染GV492-NFAT5能够明显促进NFAT5 mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白(P<0.01)的表达;与YTK+GV492-Empty组相比较,YTK+GV492-NFAT5组细胞中E-cadherin mRNA(P<0.01)和蛋白(P<0.01)的表达水平显著降低,Vimentin mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白(P<0.01)的表达水平显著升高,细胞的迁移力(P<0.05)和侵袭力(P<0.05)均明显增强。结论在高糖环境下,NFAT5会促进人肾小管上皮细胞发生EMT;益糖康能够通过下调NFAT5表达抑制肾小管上皮细胞发生EMT从而改善高血糖对肾脏的早期损伤。

解毒消癥饮抑制大肠癌细胞EMT及PD-L1表达相关研究

目的:从上皮间质转化(EMT)及免疫检查点配体-1 (PD-L1)角度探讨解毒消癥饮治疗大肠癌的生物学机制。方法:从TCGA数据库收集267例大肠癌患者相关数据,采用生物信息学分析大肠癌患者肿瘤特异性生存期与EMT和PD-L1的相关性;采用热图分析EMT相关转录因子与PD-L1之间的相关性,划痕实验检测解毒消癥饮对大肠癌细胞HCT-15和HCT-116愈合能力的影响,Western blot实验检测解毒消癥饮对大肠癌细胞HCT-15和HCT-116 EMT相关因子ZEB1、Snail、PD-L1、ZO-1和E-cadherin等蛋白表达的影响。结果:高表达EMT和高表达PD-L1显著降低了CRC患者生存期(P<0.01,P<0.05);PD-L1基因的表达与EMT相关因子基因(TWIST1、TWIST2、ZEB1、ZEB2、Snail1、Snail2、Vimentin等)表达呈正相关;解毒消癥饮干预后的大肠癌细胞愈合能力显著降低(P<0.05);同时,解毒消癥饮抑制肠癌细胞中EMT因子蛋白ZEB1、Snail、PD-L1的表达,上调ZO-1和E-cadherin蛋白的表达。结论:解毒消癥饮抑制肠癌EMT和免疫检查点配体PD-L1表达,对肠癌的抑制作用与抗肿瘤转移和调节免疫微环境相关。

DARS2调控EGFR促进膀胱癌的EMT、迁移及侵袭

目的探讨线粒体天冬氨酰-tRNA合成酶2(DARS2)对膀胱癌细胞上皮间质转化(EMT)、迁移及侵袭的作用及其机制。方法利用TIMER和GEPIA数据库分析DARS2在膀胱尿路上皮癌(BLCA)中的表达及其与临床病理分期的关系。RT-qPCR检测人正常膀胱上皮细胞SV-HUC-1,膀胱癌细胞5637、T24和TCCSUP中DARS2 mRNA水平。TCCSUP细胞分为:control组(未转染)、si-NC组(转染阴性对照siRNA)、si-DARS2-1组(胞转染DARS2 siRNA-1)、si-DARS2组(转染DARS2 siRNA-2)、si-DARS2+Vector组(转染DARS2 siRNA-2+空载质粒)和si-DARS2+OE-EGFR组(转染DARS2 siRNA-2+EGFR过表达质粒)。Western blot检测DARS2,EMT标志蛋白E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin及EGFR的表达水平。Transwell侵袭和细胞划痕实验分别检测细胞侵袭能力和迁移能力。结果DARS2 mRNA水平在BLCA中显著上调,并与病理分期正相关(F=3.57,P=0.0289)。与永生化人正常膀胱上皮SV-HUC-1细胞相比,DARS2在5637、T24和TCCSUP膀胱癌细胞中表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与si-NC组相比,si-DARS2组中E-cadherin表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),N-cadherin、Vimentin和EGFR蛋白表达水平显著下调(P<0.05);与si-NC组相比,si-DARS2组细胞侵袭数目和细胞迁移率显著降低(P<0.01)。与si-DARS2+Vector组相比,si-DARS2+OE-EGFR组E-cadherin蛋白表达水平显著下降(P<0.05),N-cadherin和Vimentin蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),细胞侵袭数目和细胞迁移率显著增加(P<0.01)。结论敲低DARS2通过下调EGFR表达抑制膀胱癌的EMT、侵袭及迁移。

EMT在肝细胞肝癌耐药中的分子机制研究进展

肝细胞肝癌肿瘤组织的高度异质性使得肝细胞肝癌患者经常对化疗药物及靶向药物产生耐药。研究表明,上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)过程中调控EMT的转录因子、细胞因子及相关的信号通路和一些非编码RNA介导了肝细胞肝癌的耐药。此外,发生EMT的肝细胞显示出类似癌症干细胞的特征—对药物原发耐药。EMT在肝癌耐药的发展中起着不可忽视的作用,为此我们就EMT在肝细胞肝癌耐药机制中的作用及靶向EMT治疗肝细胞肝癌的可行性进行综述。

Highly Elastic,Bioresorbable Polymeric Materials for Stretchable,Transient Electronic Systems

Substrates or encapsulants in soft and stretchable formats are key components for transient,bioresorbable electronic systems;however,elastomeric polymers with desired mechanical and biochemical properties are very limited compared to nontransient counterparts.Here,we introduce a bioresorbable elastomer,poly(glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone)(PGCL),that contains excellent material properties including high elongation-at-break(<1300%),resilience and toughness,and tunable dissolution behaviors.Exploitation of PGCLs as polymer matrices,in combination with conducing polymers,yields stretchable,conductive composites for degradable interconnects,sensors,and actuators,which can reliably function under external strains.Integration of device components with wireless modules demonstrates elastic,transient electronic suture system with on-demand drug delivery for rapid recovery of postsurgical wounds in soft,time-dynamic tissues.

Multi-circular formation control with reinforced transient profiles for nonholonomic vehicles:A path-following framework

This article investigates a multi-circular path-following formation control with reinforced transient profiles for nonholonomic vehicles connected by a digraph.A multi-circular formation controller endowed with the feature of spatial-temporal decoupling is devised for a group of vehicles guided by a virtual leader evolving along an implicit path,which allows for a circumnavigation on multiple circles with an anticipant angular spacing.In addition,notice that it typically imposes a stringent time constraint on time-sensitive enclosing scenarios,hence an improved prescribed performance control(IPPC)using novel tighter behavior boundaries is presented to enhance transient capabilities with an ensured appointed-time convergence free from any overshoots.The significant merits are that coordinated circumnavigation along different circles can be realized via executing geometric and dynamic assignments independently with modified transient profiles.Furthermore,all variables existing in the entire system are analyzed to be convergent.Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the utility of suggested solution.

Pressure transient characteristics of non-uniform conductivity fractured wells in viscoelasticity polymer flooding based on oil-water two-phase flow

Polymer flooding in fractured wells has been extensively applied in oilfields to enhance oil recovery.In contrast to water,polymer solution exhibits non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior such as effects of shear thinning and shear thickening,polymer convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and reduced effective permeability.Meanwhile,the flux density and fracture conductivity along the hydraulic fracture are generally non-uniform due to the effects of pressure distribution,formation damage,and proppant breakage.In this paper,we present an oil-water two-phase flow model that captures these complex non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior,and non-uniform fracture characteristics in fractured polymer flooding.The hydraulic fracture is firstly divided into two parts:high-conductivity fracture near the wellbore and low-conductivity fracture in the far-wellbore section.A hybrid grid system,including perpendicular bisection(PEBI)and Cartesian grid,is applied to discrete the partial differential flow equations,and the local grid refinement method is applied in the near-wellbore region to accurately calculate the pressure distribution and shear rate of polymer solution.The combination of polymer behavior characterizations and numerical flow simulations are applied,resulting in the calculation for the distribution of water saturation,polymer concentration and reservoir pressure.Compared with the polymer flooding well with uniform fracture conductivity,this non-uniform fracture conductivity model exhibits the larger pressure difference,and the shorter bilinear flow period due to the decrease of fracture flow ability in the far-wellbore section.The field case of the fall-off test demonstrates that the proposed method characterizes fracture characteristics more accurately,and yields fracture half-lengths that better match engineering reality,enabling a quantitative segmented characterization of the near-wellbore section with high fracture conductivity and the far-wellbore section with low fracture conductivity.The novelty of this paper is the analysis of pressure performances caused by the fracture dynamics and polymer rheology,as well as an analysis method that derives formation and fracture parameters based on the pressure and its derivative curves.

Recurrent Transient Ischemic Attacks Revealing Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: A Comprehensive Case

This case report investigates the manifestation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) through recurrent Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) in an 82-year-old patient. Despite initial diagnostic complexities, cerebral angiography-MRI revealed features indicative of CAA. Symptomatic treatment resulted in improvement, but the patient later developed a fatal hematoma. The discussion navigates the intricate therapeutic landscape of repetitive TIAs in the elderly with cardiovascular risk factors, emphasizing the pivotal role of cerebral MRI and meticulous bleeding risk management. The conclusion stresses the importance of incorporating SWI sequences, specifically when suspecting a cardioembolic TIA, as a diagnostic measure to explore and exclude CAA in the differential diagnosis. This case report provides valuable insights into these challenges, highlighting the need to consider CAA in relevant cases.

A Transient-Pressure-Based Numerical Approach for Interlayer Identification in Sand Reservoirs

Almost all sandstone reservoirs contain interlayers. The identification and characterization of these interlayers iscritical for minimizing the uncertainty associated with oilfield development and improving oil and gas recovery.Identifying interlayers outside wells using identification methods based on logging data and machine learning isdifficult and seismic-based identification techniques are expensive. Herein, a numerical model based on seepageand well-testing theories is introduced to identify interlayers using transient pressure data. The proposed modelrelies on the open-source MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox. The effects of the interlayer thickness, position,and width on the pressure response are thoroughly investigated. A procedure for inverting interlayer parametersin the reservoir using the bottom-hole pressure is also proposed. This method uses only transient pressuredata during well testing and can effectively identify the interlayer distribution near the wellbore at an extremelylow cost. The reliability of the model is verified using effective oilfield examples.

Mutation in the Agrobacterium his I gene enhances transient expression in pepper

Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is widely used in plant genetic engineering.However,its efficiency is limited by plant immunity against Agrobacterium.Chili pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is an important vegetable that is recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.In this work,Agrobacterium was found to induce a strong immune response in pepper,which might be the reason for T-DNA being difficult to express in pepper.An Agrobacterium mutant screen was conducted and a point mutation in the hisI gene was identified due to a weak immune response and enhanced transient expression mediated by this Agrobacterium mutant in pepper leaves.Further genetic analysis revealed that histidine biosynthesis deficiency caused by mutations in many genes of this pathway led to reduced pepper cell death,presumably due to reduced bacterial growth.However,mutation analysis of threonine and tryptophan biosynthesis genes showed that the biosynthesis of different amino acids may play different roles in Agrobacterium growth and stimulating the pepper immune response.The possible application of Agrobacterium amino acid biosynthesis mutations in plant biology was discussed.

Emission and capture characteristics of deep hole trap in n-GaN by optical deep level transient spectroscopy

Emission and capture characteristics of a deep hole trap(H1)in n-GaN Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)have been investigated by optical deep level transient spectroscopy(ODLTS).Activation energy(Eemi)and capture cross-section(σ_(p))of H1 are determined to be 0.75 eV and 4.67×10^(−15)cm^(2),respectively.Distribution of apparent trap concentration in space charge region is demonstrated.Temperature-enhanced emission process is revealed by decrease of emission time constant.Electricfield-boosted trap emission kinetics are analyzed by the Poole−Frenkel emission(PFE)model.In addition,H1 shows point defect capture properties and temperature-enhanced capture kinetics.Taking both hole capture and emission processes into account during laser beam incidence,H1 features a trap concentration of 2.67×10^(15)cm^(−3).The method and obtained results may facilitate understanding of minority carrier trap properties in wide bandgap semiconductor material and can be applied for device reliability assessment.

Transient receptor potential channels as predictive marker and potential indicator of chemoresistance in colon cancer

Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels are strongly associated with colon cancer development and progression.This study leveraged a multivariate Cox regression model on publicly available datasets to construct a TRP channels-associated gene signature,with further validation of signature in real world samples from our hospital treated patient samples.Kaplan-Meier(K-M)survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were employed to evaluate this gene signature’s predictive accuracy and robustness in both training and testing cohorts,respectively.Additionally,the study utilized the CIBERSORT algorithm and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis to explore the signature’s immune infiltration landscape and underlying functional implications.The support vector machine algorithm was applied to evaluate the signature’s potential in predicting chemotherapy outcomes.The findings unveiled a novel three TRP channels-related gene signature(MCOLN1,TRPM5,and TRPV4)in colon adenocarcinoma(COAD).The ROC and K-M survival curves in the training dataset(AUC=0.761;p=1.58e-05)and testing dataset(AUC=0.699;p=0.004)showed the signature’s robust predictive capability for the overall survival of COAD patients.Analysis of the immune infiltration landscape associated with the signature revealed higher immune infiltration,especially an increased presence of M2 macrophages,in high-risk group patients compared to their low-risk counterparts.High-risk score patients also exhibited potential responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy,evident through increased CD86 and PD-1 expression profiles.Moreover,the TRPM5 gene within the signature was highly expressed in the chemoresistance group(p=0.00095)and associated with poor prognosis(p=0.036)in COAD patients,highlighting its role as a hub gene of chemoresistance.Ultimately,this signature emerged as an independent prognosis factor for COAD patients(p=6.48e-06)and expression of model gene are validated by public data and real-world patients.Overall,this bioinformatics study provides valuable insights into the prognostic implications and potential chemotherapy resistance mechanisms associated with TRPs-related genes in colon cancer.

A transient production prediction method for tight condensate gas wells with multiphase flow

Considering the phase behaviors in condensate gas reservoirs and the oil-gas two-phase linear flow and boundary-dominated flow in the reservoir,a method for predicting the relationship between oil saturation and pressure in the full-path of tight condensate gas well is proposed,and a model for predicting the transient production from tight condensate gas wells with multiphase flow is established.The research indicates that the relationship curve between condensate oil saturation and pressure is crucial for calculating the pseudo-pressure.In the early stage of production or in areas far from the wellbore with high reservoir pressure,the condensate oil saturation can be calculated using early-stage production dynamic data through material balance models.In the late stage of production or in areas close to the wellbore with low reservoir pressure,the condensate oil saturation can be calculated using the data of constant composition expansion test.In the middle stages of production or when reservoir pressure is at an intermediate level,the data obtained from the previous two stages can be interpolated to form a complete full-path relationship curve between oil saturation and pressure.Through simulation and field application,the new method is verified to be reliable and practical.It can be applied for prediction of middle-stage and late-stage production of tight condensate gas wells and assessment of single-well recoverable reserves.

Transient Stability Preventive Control of Wind Farm Connected Power System Considering the Uncertainty

To address uncertainty as well as transient stability constraints simultaneously in the preventive control of windfarm systems, a novel three-stage optimization strategy is established in this paper. In the first stage, the probabilisticmulti-objective particle swarm optimization based on the point estimate method is employed to cope with thestochastic factors. The transient security region of the system is accurately ensured by the interior point methodin the second stage. Finally, the verification of the final optimal objectives and satisfied constraints are enforcedin the last stage. Furthermore, the proposed strategy is a general framework that can combine other optimizationalgorithms. The proposed methodology is tested on the modified WSCC 9-bus system and the New England 39-bussystem. The results verify the feasibility of the method.

Discussion on the application prospect of the transient electromagnetic method based on the dual launcher and mine advanced detection

The dual transmitter implements the equivalent anti-magnetic flux transient electromagnetic method, which can effectively reduce the scope of the transient electromagnetic detection blind area. However, this method is rarely reported in the detection of pipelines in urban geophysical exploration and the application of coal mines. Based on this, this paper realizes the equivalent anti-magnetic flux transient electromagnetic method based on the dual launcher. The suppression effect of this method on the blind area is analyzed by physical simulation. And the detection experiment of underground pipelines is carried out outdoors. The results show that the dual launcher can significantly reduce the turn-off time, thereby effectively reducing the impact of the blind area on the detection results, and the pipeline detection results verify the device’s effectiveness. Finally, based on the ground experimental results, the application prospect of mine advanced detection is discussed. Compared with other detection fields, the formation of blind areas is mainly caused by the equipment. If the dual launcher can be used to reduce the blind area, the accuracy of advanced detection can be improved more effectively. The above research results are of great significance for improving the detection accuracy of the underground transient electromagnetic method.

Electromechanical Transient Modeling Analysis of Large-Scale New Energy Grid Connection

The synchronous virtual machine uses inverter power to imitate the performance of the conventional synchronous machine.It also has the same inertia,damping,frequency,voltage regulation,and other external performance as the generator.It is the key technology to realize new energy grid connections’stable and reliable operation.This project studies a dynamic simulation model of an extensive new energy power system based on the virtual synchronous motor.A new energy storage method is proposed.The mathematical energy storage model is established by combining the fixed rotor model of a synchronous virtual machine with the charge-discharge power,state of charge,operation efficiency,dead zone,and inverter constraint.The rapid conversion of energy storage devices absorbs the excess instantaneous kinetic energy caused by interference.The branch transient of the critical cut set in the system can be confined to a limited area.Thus,the virtual synchronizer’s kinetic and potential energy can be efficiently converted into an instantaneous state.The simulation of power system analysis software package(PSASP)verifies the correctness of the theory and algorithm in this paper.This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the transient stability of new energy-connected power grids.

Research of transient rotor dynamic characteristic of magnetic liquid double suspension bearing in double collision state

During the operation of magnetic liquid double suspension bearing(MLDSB),due to rotor resonance,assembly error and other factor,the vibration amplitude of the rotor in resonance state exceeds the original design clearance,resulting in the collision damage between the rotor and the stator,the rotor and the casing.This paper presents a method to simulate the influence of different factors on the dynamic characteristics of 5 degrees of freedom(DOF)rotor based on the dynamic model of MLDSB.Firstly,according to the second Lagrange equation,the dynamic equation of 5 DOF rotor is derived,and the mathematical model is established.Then,based on 5 DOF rotor dynamic equation,the rotor transient dynamic equation under collision state is obtained,and the rotor transient collision dynamic simulation model is established.Finally,the key influencing factors of rotor dynamic characteristics are extracted,and the influence mapping relationship of rotor displacement,axis locus and stress distribution under different factors is simulated by using ANSYS Workbench software.The experimental results show that this method can effectively reflect the influence of various factors on the dynamic characteristics of the rotor.This method can provide theoretical reference for the design and control of MLDSB.

POSTN对人下咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡和EMT的影响

目的研究骨膜蛋白(Periostin,POSTN)对人下咽癌细胞增殖、凋亡和上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的影响和机制。方法通过TIMER2数据库分析POSTN基因在头颈部肿瘤中的表达情况。培养人下咽癌FaDu细胞,构建转染si-POSTN的实验组(si-POSTN1组、si-POSTN2组、si-POSTN3组)和转染阴性对照序列si-NC的对照组(NC组),然后通过PCR实验筛选出POSTN基因敲低效率较高的两组,用于后续的实验。CCK-8和细胞集落形成实验检测增殖情况;划痕和Transwell实验检测迁移和侵袭能力;Western blot实验检测凋亡相关蛋白(Bax、Bcl-2)和EMT相关蛋白(N-cadherin、E-cadherin、Vimentin、Snail)的表达情况;PCR实验检测TGF-β/Smad通路相关基因(TGF-β1、SMAD2、SMAD3)mRNA的表达情况。结果PCR实验发现si-POSTN1组和si-POSTN2组POSTN mRNA表达量比si-POSTN3组低(P<0.05),故选择si-POSTN1和si-POSTN2序列进行后续实验。与NC组相比,si-POSTN1组和si-POSTN2组POSTN的蛋白表达量下降(P<0.001)。与NC组相比,si-POSTN1组和si-POSTN2组细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力均明显降低(P<0.05)。与NC组相比,si-POSTN1组和si-POSTN2组凋亡相关蛋白Bax的表达量上升而Bcl-2的表达量减少(P<0.01),EMT相关蛋白E-cadherin的表达量增加而N-cadherin、Vimentin和Snail的表达量均减少(P<0.05)。与NC组相比,si-POSTN1组和si-POSTN2组TGF-β1、SMAD2、SMAD3的mRNA表达量均降低(P<0.01)。结论POSTN会增强下咽癌细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖的能力,促进EMT的进程,抑制细胞凋亡,其机制可能是通过TGF-β/Smad通路来调控。

New perspectives in prognostication of hepatocellular carcinoma:The role and clinical implications of transient receptor potential family genes

The study titled“Transient receptor potential-related risk model predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients”is a significant contribution to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)research,highlighting the role of transient receptor potential(TRP)family genes in the disease’s progression and prognosis.Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database,it establishes a new risk assessment model,emphasizing the interaction of TRP genes with tumor proliferation pathways,key metabolic reactions like retinol metabolism,and the tumor immune microenvironment.Notably,the overexpression of the TRPC1 gene in HCC correlates with poorer patient survival outcomes,suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a target for personalized therapy,particularly in strategies combining immunotherapy and anti-TRP agents.

Application of transient Rayleigh wave in detection of tunnel lining void area

Transient Rayleigh wave detection is a high-precision nondestructive detection method.At present,it has been widely used in shallow exploration,but rarely used in tunnel lining quality detection.Through the tunnel lining physical model experiment,the layout defects of the double-layer reinforcement lining area were detected and the Rayleigh wave velocity profile and dispersion curve were analyzed after data process-ing,which finally verified the feasibility and accuracy of Rayleigh wave method in detecting the tunnel lining void area.The results show that the method is not affected by the reinforcement inside the lining,the shallow detection is less disturbed and the accuracy is higher,and the data will fluctuate slightly with the deepening of the detection depth.At the same time,this method responds quite accurately to the thickness of the concrete,allowing for the assessment of the tunnel lining’s lack of compactness.This method has high efficiency,good reliability,and simple data processing,and is suitable for nondestructive detection of internal defects of tun-nel lining structure.