Transient Air-Fuel Ratio Control in a CNG Engine Using Fuzzy Neural Networks

The fuzzy neural networks has been used as means of precisely controlling the air-fuel ratio of a lean-burn compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. A control algorithm, without based on engine model, has been (utilized) to construct a feedforward/feedback control scheme to regulate the air-fuel ratio. Using fuzzy neural networks, a fuzzy neural hybrid controller is obtained based on PI controller. The new controller, which can adjust parameters online, has been tested in transient air-fuel ratio control of a CNG engine.

Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Control with MLP Network

This paper presents an application of adaptive neural network model-based predictive control (MPC) to the air-fuel ratio of an engine simulation. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained using two on-line training algorithms: a back propagation algorithm and a recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. It is used to model parameter uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamics of internal combustion (IC) engines. Based on the adaptive model, an MPC strategy for controlling air-fuel ratio is realized, and its control performance compared with that of a traditional PI controller. A reduced Hessian method, a newly developed sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for solving nonlinear programming (NLP) problems, is implemented to speed up nonlinear optimization in the MPC. Keywords Air-fuel ratio control - IC engine - adaptive neural networks - nonlinear programming - model predictive control Shi-Wei Wang PhD student, Liverpool John Moores University; MSc in Control Systems, University of Sheffield, 2003; BEng in Automatic Technology, Jilin University, 2000; Current research interests automotive engine control, model predictive control, sliding mode control, neural networks.Ding-Li Yu obtained B.Eng from Harbin Civil Engineering College, Harbin, China in 1981, M.Sc from Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, China in 1986 and PhD from Coventry University, U.K. in 1995, all in control engineering. He is currently a Reader in Process Control at Liverpool John Moores University, U.K. His current research interests are in process control, engine control, fault detection and adaptive neural nets. He is a member of SAFEPROCESS TC in IFAC and an associate editor of the IJMIC and the IJISS.

Influence of porosity distribution on nonlinear free vibration and transient responses of porous functionally graded skew plates

This article deals with the investigation of the effects of porosity distributions on nonlinear free vibration and transient analysis of porous functionally graded skew(PFGS)plates.The effective material properties of the PFGS plates are obtained from the modified power-law equations in which gradation varies through the thickness of the PFGS plate.A nonlinear finite element(FE)formulation for the overall PFGS plate is derived by adopting first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT)in conjunction with von Karman’s nonlinear strain displacement relations.The governing equations of the PFGS plate are derived using the principle of virtual work.The direct iterative method and Newmark’s integration technique are espoused to solve nonlinear mathematical relations.The influences of the porosity distributions and porosity parameter indices on the nonlinear frequency responses of the PFGS plate for different skew angles are studied in various parameters.The effects of volume fraction grading index and skew angle on the plate’s nonlinear dynamic responses for various porosity distributions are illustrated in detail.

Effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave of saturated silty clay in an open system

Frost heave in seasonally frozen regions is a one-dimensional process that could severely damage infrastructure subgrades.Stress state,temperature and water migration are important factors for frost heave.This work investigated the effects of soil temperature and volumetric water content on the transient frost heave ratio during the freezing of saturated silty clay in an open system and analyzed the relationships between the transient frost heave ratio and freezing rate and between temperature gradient and frost heave rate.The results show that the frost heave ratio,frost heave rate,and freezing rate are positively correlated with the temperature gradient since the temperature gradient drives the water migration during freezing,indicating the transient temperature gradient could be used to evaluate the frost heave of saturated silty clay.The transient freezing rate and transient frost heave ratio are logarithmically related to the transient frost heave ratio and transient temperature gradient,respectively.The effects of transient temperature gradient on frost heave are the principal mechanism responsible for different frost heave characteristics and uneven frost heave along a subgrade of the same soil type.

计及短路比提升与暂态过电压抑制的含高比例风电送端电网两阶段式调相机优化配置

随着送端电网中大规模风电机组的接入及常规同步机组的置换淘汰,电网短路比水平下降,电压支撑能力削弱,故障时易导致新能源机组暂态过电压而发生脱网事故。面向含高比例风电的送端电网,研究综合计及短路比提升和暂态过电压抑制的调相机优化配置方法。首先,利用新能源多场站短路比(multiple renewable energy stations’short-circuit ratio,MRSCR)分析了调相机接入对风电场短路比的提升作用,并基于调相机暂态快速无功响应特性揭示了其对风电机组暂态过电压的抑制机理;然后,提出一种同时计及短路比提升和暂态过电压抑制的两阶段式调相机优化配置策略,第一阶段以风电场短路比提升为核心约束优化配置调相机位置与基础容量,第二阶段以暂态过电压安全为关键约束进行调相机配置容量修正,并引入量子遗传算法(quantum genetic algorithm,QGA)进行优化求解。最终,基于PSD-BPA在含高比例风电的送端电网进行算例分析,验证了所提出的调相机优化配置方法能够显著提升风电机组多场站短路比水平并有效抑制风电机端暂态过电压。

基于限流电抗器两侧特定频段暂态能量比的MTDC电网单端量保护方案

柔性直流输电技术有利于未来大量分布式能源接入电网,而配置快速、可靠的保护方案是柔性直流技术发展的关键。基于直流电网等效模型,提出一种基于限流电抗器两侧电压特定频段暂态能量比差异性的单端量故障区域识别方法。该方法依据贝瑞隆等效模型计算出限流电抗器两侧电压比,通过广义S变换提取限流电抗器两侧特定频段电压,根据故障时正负极限流电抗器的电压幅值差的差异性实现故障选极。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建仿真模型,分析出发生区内外故障时差异性明显,具备较强的耐过渡电阻与抗噪声干扰能力。

瞬变电磁接收线圈响应过程分析: 以阻尼比与谐振频率为例

以电磁感应为原理的接收线圈是测量瞬变电磁信号的核心器件, 研究其响应特性对于瞬变电磁装备研发与校准具有重要意义.本文基于空心线圈的传感器方程与瞬变电磁的理论信号, 分析了阻尼比与谐振频率这两个关键参数对瞬变电磁感应线圈响应过程的影响规律, 并给出了选取建议.在讨论阻尼比选取的过程中提出了两种定量计算方法, 首先计算了纯二次场接收时间中不同阻尼比的累计积分误差, 发现在阻尼比取0.6411时整体积分误差最小;但考虑到瞬变电磁方法观测信号应尽早摆脱震荡达到稳定输出的特点, 又引入了线圈响应值与理论值的比值η曲线以及稳定截止时间参数tc, 比较不同阻尼比下进入稳定输出的时间点, 发现能够最早达到稳定输出的阻尼比为0.9118, 并将其作为本文的阻尼比选取建议.针对线圈谐振频率, 通过对比不同谐振频率下的线圈输出曲线发现随着线圈谐振频率增加, 输出曲线的响应速度与完成震荡过程的速度均会提升, 可以提前到达稳定截止时间, 能够提前观测瞬变电磁有效信号.还发现随着谐振频率的增加, 曲线的响应速度不断加快, 且线圈中接收到的能量随之增加, 但通过提高线圈谐振频率来提升响应速度或者增加接收能量都存在明显的边际递减效应, 因此建议线圈谐振频率设置在增速拐点之上以保证线圈的综合性能.本文研究对瞬变电磁接收线圈传感器设计具有参考价值.

多源频率域地震勘探技术及应用

在城市地球物理勘探中,因受到城市中各种强电磁机械干扰和交通建筑阻隔,诸多地球物理勘探技术勘探效果不佳。本文基于瞬态面波、微动台阵和微动谱比,采用多点三分量低频传感器获取的多源频率域地震数据,综合提取两种特征曲线后进行联合反演,实现融合3种技术的多源频率域地震勘探。其中,提出了双源综合频散谱提取技术、双源特征曲线联合反演技术和基于非均匀介质的等效均匀介质正演技术,勘探成果的精度和效率均得到了提高,在工程实践中得到验证。

不同厚宽比矩形截面柱体涡激振动的数值研究

厚宽比的变化将导致矩形截面柱体周边流场的变化,进而影响结构气动性能及其涡激振动响应。基于Fluent软件平台,以雷诺数22 000的二维矩形截面柱体为对象,结合重叠网格技术与四阶龙格-库塔法,研究了厚宽比对其涡激振动的影响,从流场角度进行了影响机理分析。首先,选择厚宽比D/B=0.25的矩形截面,将计算结果与相关文献试验与模拟对比,验证了模拟方法及参数设置的有效性;然后,从气动力系数统计值及自谱、流向与横风向振幅变化以及相位转变等角度,对比分析了厚宽比对结构涡激振动响应的影响;最后,从瞬态流场的角度,分析了不同折减风速对柱体尾涡脱落的影响。结果表明,在柱体截面面积不变时,较小厚宽比柱体的涡振响应极为微弱,气动性能也明显低于大厚宽比柱体,大厚宽比柱体的气动性能及涡振响应高于标准方柱,振幅也会在较低折减风速下发生突变,但会在较高折减风速下达到振幅峰值。比起圆柱等结构,分离角固定的矩形柱体的尾涡脱落模式对折减风速的变化并不敏感,这一特征在大厚宽比方柱上表现更为明显。

分布式调相机对大规模新能源直流送端系统的稳定特性影响

针对大规模新能源接入直流送端系统,典型直流故障引起的系统暂态过电压和频率稳定问题,分析分布式调相机接入直流送端新能源场站对系统的稳定特性影响。首先,介绍分布式调相机无功调压和转动惯量作用原理;其次,介绍新能源机组过电压保护原理及直流送端系统典型故障引发暂态过电压的原因,并分析分布式调相机对系统强度即直流短路比、新能源直流外送系统暂态过电压及动态频率稳定水平的影响。最后,通过时域仿真验证分布式调相机在提升送端直流输电系统强度、暂态电压水平和频率稳定性中的作用。

计及新能源幅相特性的新型多馈入短路比指标

为了合理评估高比例新能源并网的多馈入高压直流输电(multi-infeed HVDC,MIDC)系统电压支撑能力,该文首先分析MIDC系统结构特点,随后基于多馈入短路比(multi-infeed short circuit ratio,MISCR)指标,并结合新能源短路电流幅值和相位随机端电压变化的特性(以下简称“幅相特性”),提出多馈入暂态短路比(multi-infeed transient short circuit ratio,MITSCR)指标;其次,根据国家标准的要求分析以双馈风机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)为代表的新能源在不同控制模式下的幅相特性,并通过MITSCR指标分析DFIG接入对MIDC系统节点电压支撑能力影响;最后,利用PSACD/EMTDC软件进行时域仿真分析,结果表明,MITSCR指标能有效表征节点的电压支撑能力,验证了该指标的有效性与优越性。

考虑新能源多场站短路比的暂态过电压风险评估

为解决电力系统暂态过电压风险评估中输入特征集构建合理性不足、强相关性差等问题,提出一种考虑新能源多场站短路比MRSCR(multiple renewable energy stations short circuit ratio)的暂态过电压风险评估方法。首先,通过分析暂态过电压数学模型,发现MRSCR与暂态过电压呈负相关性;然后,综合考虑MRSCR与其他影响系统暂态过电压的关键因素,构建多维输入特征集;最后,通过卷积神经网络建立输入特征与暂态过电压的高维映射,实现系统暂态过电压风险的快速、准确评估,并通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性、可行性。

风煤比对超超临界机组变负荷瞬态特性的影响

为获得风煤比对燃煤机组变负荷瞬态调峰特性的影响规律,基于660 MW超超临界二次再热燃煤机组动态模型,研究了风煤比对主再热汽温、减温水喷水量及瞬态发电能耗的影响,提出了在不同变负荷速率下汽温控制效果和发电能效的风煤比优化控制方案。结果表明:变负荷瞬态过程中,采用较大的风煤比有利于提高主再热汽温控制效果,但瞬态过程的平均发电煤耗率高。当变负荷速率在1%/min以内时,优先采用较小的风煤比可使机组瞬态过程平均发电煤耗率下降1.2 g/(kW·h);当变负荷速率在2%~3%/min时,优先采用较高的风煤比,可保证主再热汽温偏差控制在10℃以内。

基于暂态数据戴维南等值参数辨识的时变广义短路比计算方法

广义短路比能有效反映多馈入直流系统受端交流电网的强度,其计算通常基于直流馈入节点处受端交流电网的戴维南等值导纳矩阵,忽略了交流电网各元件动态对电网强度的影响。本文提出了一种基于暂态数据戴维南等值参数辨识的时变广义短路比计算方法,将隐含系统元件动态特性的端口节点电压与注入端口节点功率作为辨识数据,基于多端口戴维南等值模型与最小二乘法辨识受端交流电网时变导纳矩阵,进而计算出时变广义短路比,准确地反映了系统动态对受端交流电网强度的影响。最后,以单馈入直流系统算例验证了方法的精确性,以某省级电网算例验证了其实用性,分析了负荷动态特性对时变广义短路比的影响。

基于电流行波高频能量比值的全并联AT牵引网单端故障定位方法

针对现有全并联AT牵引网单端故障定位方法存在故障区段识别灵敏度低、行波第二波头易受故障点折反射影响的问题,提出了一种基于电流行波高频能量比值的全并联AT牵引网单端故障定位方法。首先,分析了自耦变压器绕组对地电容对高频分量的衰减特性,论证了相邻线路故障电流行波高频能量幅值的差异性,构建了能量比值差异度判据,利用差异度实现了故障区段定位。然后,分析了行波在全并联AT牵引网故障区段内的传播特性,揭示了反向量电流对端母线行波具有明显的故障突变奇异性。最后,提出了基于反向量电流行波的故障定位方法,通过准确标定行波初始波头、第二波头的到达时间,实现了故障的精确定位。仿真结果表明,所提方法在噪声环境下能准确辨识弱故障特征,提高了全并联AT牵引网故障定位的精确性。

基于实时戴维南等值参数估计的短路比分析

针对风电接入多场站电力系统暂态稳定问题,依托短路比对系统的暂态稳定性进行判定。首先,建立新能源并网系统等效模型,运用时域仿真的戴维南等值参数法来求解系统暂态的戴维南等值参数;在此基础上,计算交流系统短路容量,推导得出新能源并网系统短路比,并构建短路比与节点电压的代数关系,得到系统短路比关于节点电压的计算式;最后,基于系统最大传输功率计算得出临界短路比,通过对比实现对系统暂态稳定的实时评估。仿真结果表明,基于时域仿真的戴维南短路比计算准确,算法的适应性强。当短路比小于临界短路比时,系统处于特性不稳定区域,反之则处于稳定区域。

考虑电压支撑强度约束的区域新能源出力分布优化方法

建设大规模新能源基地,并经特高压直流送出已成为新能源开发利用的重要形式,但随着新能源接入占比的抬升,系统电压支撑强度不足并引发暂态过电压问题凸显,已严重制约直流送电能力及新能源接纳能力。新能源多场站短路比是衡量系统电压支撑强度的有效手段,通过揭示新能源出力对短路比的影响规律,明确了新能源出力分布优化的可行性,进而构建基于新能源多场站短路比约束的区域新能源出力分布优化问题的实施框架,提出基于模拟退火算法的出力优化方法。以国内某省级电网为例,仿真验证了算法对提升区域新能源消纳能力的效果。仿真表明,所提出的出力优化方法可以提升新能源消纳能力70%以上。

含大规模光储系统的电网暂态稳定特性分析

大规模光伏和储能接入电网使电网的暂态特性复杂化、暂态稳定问题多样化。为了明确大规模光伏和储能对电网暂态稳定性的影响,在仿真软件中搭建了含大规模光储系统的某地区电网仿真模型,分析了不同系统结构参数和变流器控制参数对含大规模光储系统的电网暂态稳定特性的影响:对于系统结构参数,研究光伏渗透率和储能光伏容量比对系统暂态稳定性的影响;对于变流器控制参数,分析光伏低电压穿越控制参数对系统暂态稳定性影响。并基于此研究了提升系统暂态稳定性的控制参数调整措施,可为光伏储能并网规划和运行提供实证参考。

超高比例新能源弱电网系统供电关键问题研究

随着电力系统中新能源并网规模快速增加,系统形态特征与运行机理发生深刻变化,特别对远离主网、缺乏传统能源的地区,面临电力保供和系统安全稳定等严峻挑战。现有研究多从源网荷储某一环节切入,提出中高比例新能源电力系统供电可靠性提升方法,缺乏对超高比例新能源弱电网系统特有难题的针对性考虑及系统性、前瞻性解决方案。为此,文中以新能源电量占比超过80%、新能源并网点短路比低于1.5的弱电网系统为研究对象,提出含电源及灵活调节资源优化配置、电网组网模式、暂态稳定运行分析的总体研究框架,并以我国西部某超高比例新能源弱电网系统为例开展实证研究。研究成果表明,所提方案以超高比例新能源发电为基础,以弱联电网为载体,以多元储能及负荷柔性调节为灵活性支撑,以构网控制技术为安全支撑,能有效保障系统可靠供电,为未来超高比例新能源新型电力系统的构建提供借鉴参考。

Transient elastography: A non-invasive tool for assessing liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV patients

AIM: To assess the prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis (ALF) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV/HCV patients using transient elastography, and to identify factors associated with ALF. METHODS: Between September 2008 and October 2009, 71 HIV mono-infected, 57 HIV/HCV co-infected and 53 HCV mono-infected patients on regular follow-up at our Center were enrolled in this study. Alcohol intake, the main parameters of liver function, presence of HCV-RNA, HIV-RNA, duration of highly active anti-retroviraltherapy (HAART) and CD4 cell count were recorded. ALF was defined as liver stiffness (LS) ≥ 9.5 kPa. To estimate liver fibrosis (LF) a further 2 reliable biochemical scores, aspartate aminotransferase platelet ratio index (APRI) and FIB-4, were also used. RESULTS: LS values of co-infected patients were higher than in either HIV or HCV mono-infected patients (χ 2M H = 4, P < 0.04). In fact, LS ≥ 9.5 was significantly higher in co-infected than in HIV and HCV mono-infected pa-tients (χ 2 = 5, P < 0.03). Also APRI and the FIB-4 index showed more LF in co-infected than in HIV mono-infect-ed patients (P < 0.0001), but not in HCV mono-infected patients. In HIV?HCV co-infected patients, the extent of LS was significantly associated with alcohol intake (P < 0.04) and lower CD4+ cell count (P < 0.02). In HCV pa-tients, LS was correlated with alcohol intake (P < 0.001) and cholesterol levels (P < 0.03). Body mass index, dia-betes, HCV-and HIV-viremia were not significantly cor-related with LS. In addition, 20% of co-infected patients had virologically unsuccessful HAART; in 50% compliance was low, CD4+ levels were < 400 cells/mm 3 and LS was > 9.5 kPa. There was no significant correlation between extent of LF and HAART exposure or duration of HAART exposure, in particular with specific dideoxynucleoside analogues. CONCLUSION: ALF was more frequent in co-infected than mono-infected patients. This result correlated with lower CD4 levels. Protective immunological effects of HAART on LF progression outweigh its hepatotoxic effects.