Formation process, microstructure and mechanical property of transient liquid phase bonded aluminium-based metal matrix composite joint

The formation process, microstructure and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase (TLP) bonded aluminium based metal matrix composite (MMC) joint with copper interlayer were investigated. The formation process of the TLP joint comprises a number of stages: plastic deformation and solid diffusion (stage 1), dissolution of interlayer and base metal (stage 2), isothermal solidification (stage 3) and homogenization (stage 4). The microstructure of the joint depends on the joint formation process (distinct stages). The plastic deformation and solid diffusion in stage 1 favoure the intimate contact at interfaces and liquid layer formation. The microstructure of joint consists of aluminium solid solution, alumina particle, Al 2Cu and MgAl 2O 4 compounds in stage 2. The most pronounced feature of joint microstructure in stage 3 is the alumina particle segregation in the center of the joint. The increase of joint shear strength with increasing bonding temperature is mainly attributed to improving the fluidity and wettability of liquid phase and decreasing the amount of Al 2Cu brittle phase in the joint. The principal reason of higher bonding temperature (>600 ℃) resulting in lowering obviously the joint shear strength is the widening of alumina particle segregation region that acts as a preferential site for failure. The increase of joint shear strength with increasing holding time is mainly associated with decreasing the amount of Al 2Cu brittle phase and promoting homogenization of joint.

Features of microstructure and fracture in the transient liquid phase bonded aluminium-based metal matrix composite joints

Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonded aluminium based metal matrix composite (MMC) joints can be classified into three distinct regions, i.e. the particulate segregation region, the denuded particulate region and the base material region. The microstructure of the particulate segregation region consists of alumina particulate and Al alloy matrix with the Al 2Cu and MgAl 2O 4. It contains more and smaller alumina particulates compared with the base material region. The TLP bonded joints have the tensile strength of 150 MPa ～200 MPa and the shear strength of 70 MPa ～100 MPa . With increasing tensile stress, cracks initiate in the particulate segregation region, especially in the particulate/particulate interface and the particulate/matrix interface, and propagate along particulate/matrix interface, througth thin matrix metal and by linking up the close cracks. The particulate segregation region is the weakest during tensile testing and shear testing due to obviously increased proportion of weak bonds (particulate particulate bond and particulate matrix bond).

Transient liquid phase bonding of TiC particulate reinforced magnesium metal matrix composite (TiC_p/AZ91D)

Microstructures and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase （TLP） bonded magnesium metal matrix composite （ MMC） joints using copper interlayer have been investigated. With an increase of bonding times from 5 min to 50 min at bonding temperature of 510 ℃ , the average concentration of copper in the bonded zone decreased, the microstructure in the zone changed from Cu, α-Mg and CuMg2 to α-Mg, CuMg2 and TiC, and mechanical properties of the joint increased. The shear strength of the joint bonded at 510 ℃ for 50 min reached 64 MPa due to the metallurgical bonding of the joint and improving its homogeneity of composition and microstructure. It is favorable to increase the bonding time for improving mechanical properties of TLP bonded magnesium MMC joint.

颗粒煤基质尺度计算新方法及应用

煤基质内部富含复杂孔隙,为瓦斯提供了大量的存储空间和运移通道。孔隙内的瓦斯流进裂隙需要经过扩散过程,基质尺度在一定程度上决定了扩散到裂隙的阻力,影响着瓦斯扩散的难易程度。研究以瓦斯扩散与煤基质尺度内在联系为出发点,通过处理颗粒煤解吸瞬态过程数据得到不同解吸时刻煤的双重孔隙结构内的瓦斯浓度与质量交换速率的定量关系,结合时变扩散系数对基质形状因子进行计算,提出了基于瞬态扩散的颗粒煤基质尺度计算方法,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:与较小颗粒煤相比,保存完整基质形态的大颗粒煤初始扩散系数基本不变,因此初始扩散系数的值在一定程度上可以表征基质的破坏程度。基质形状因子随解吸时间的延长而减小,可划分为急降阶段、缓降阶段和稳定阶段,其中稳定阶段基质形状因子能够准确反映扩散后期拟稳态下的基质形态,最适合求解基质尺度。该方法可以反映颗粒煤粉化损伤过程中的基质尺度变化规律,为解释扩散极限粒径的存在提供依据。糯东煤样的3种试验粒径基质尺度随煤颗粒的增大而增大,分别为0.059、0.287、0.457 mm,并且在大粒径范围具有无差性,证明了该方法的准确性。颗粒煤基质尺度可以用来修正K1值的计算参数,使瓦斯损失量计算模型在粉化程度高的煤样中同样具有很好的适用性。

高变比LLC型矩阵式谐振变换器的效率优化

在高压输入、低压大电流输出的应用场合,LLC谐振变换器在变压器和整流管上产生巨大损耗,不能有效凸显LLC谐振变换器高效率的特点。针对此问题,这里通过采用矩阵式平面变压器、同步整流控制策略等措施极大降低了LLC谐振变换器的损耗,变换器的效率得到了显著提升。同时进行了同步整流效率和暂态稳定性的实验验证。

非稳态点接触EHL问题高效直接算法研究

发展了一种研究非稳态点接触弹流润滑(Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication,简称EHL)的快速直接算法。在弹流求解过程中,通过分析计算域网格离散的特点,对离散后的Reynolds方程采取按列分块、逐列求解的求解策略,使每个时间步长上求解的方程维数显著减小,从而极大地提高了计算效率。运用新算法获得了点接触EHL纯挤压工况下油膜和压力演变过程中的典型特征,证明了新算法的正确性;数值实验和比较证明,新算法具有复合直接迭代法无可比拟的高效率,与逐行迭代法相比,新算法也具有显著的、更高的计算效率,并且随着网格数量的增加,新算法的高效性愈加凸显。

基于XGboost-DF的电力系统暂态稳定评估方法

针对现代互联电网扰动后失稳模式不再单一,多摆失稳频频发生的现象,文中提出一种基于极限梯度提升-深度森林的暂态稳定评估方法。利用母线电压轨迹簇构建人工特征集,通过极限梯度提升方法对特征集进行监督特征编码;利用深度森林对监督编码后的稀疏矩阵进行三分类,进而建立起大规模数据集和失稳模式的映射关系;在IEEE 39节点和IEEE 140节点系统上进行仿真分析,所提方法具有很高的准确率和抗噪性能,能有效降低多摆失稳的误判率,并且在同步相量测量单元缺失情况下仍有较强的鲁棒性。

基于瞬态拼接裂变矩阵的耦合型中子动力学算法研发

在核反应系统的瞬态计算中,通常使用的确定论方法和蒙特卡罗方法不能同时兼备计算精度与计算效率,其中点堆动力学方法无法得到空间上的分布,扩散方法计算速度快但误差较大,输运方法和蒙特卡罗方法虽然精度高但计算效率低。本文在瞬态裂变矩阵和拼接裂变矩阵理论的基础上,提出了瞬态拼接裂变矩阵方法,该方法可精确快速地进行瞬态分析。其中,瞬态裂变矩阵方法是一种可进行输运计算的混合方法,但需大量的计算时间用于生成瞬态裂变矩阵。拼接裂变矩阵方法是一种可高效处理裂变矩阵数据库以及快速计算全堆芯稳态的方法,但未运用于瞬态分析中。本文通过单棒模型以及组件模型的瞬态工况对瞬态拼接裂变矩阵方法进行验证。结果表明,瞬态拼接裂变矩阵方法在稳态和瞬态计算过程与参考解吻合良好,能在61 cup·h时间完成真实时间0.5 s的插棒-提棒的瞬态三维精确解,均方根误差在整个插棒-提棒的瞬态过程中均保持在0.2%以下。

考虑数据缺失的图注意力网络暂态稳定评估

基于人工智能的暂态稳定评估模型的性能高度依赖于系统的可观测性,而通信延迟和相量测量单元(phasor measurement units,PMU)故障等因素易导致数据缺失,使模型的评估性能下降。针对该问题,提出了一种基于图注意力网络(graph attention network,GAT)的暂态稳定评估模型。首先,根据原始网络拓扑及PMU配置方案获得表征系统可观测性的掩码矩阵,在任意PMU缺失的条件下,利用掩码矩阵训练模型;其次,通过GAT网络的多头注意力机制提取输入节点的时空信息,利用不同的权重聚合目标节点的邻域特征,实现对可观测数据的充分利用;最后,利用焦点损失函数加强模型对失稳样本的学习能力。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以最大限度地利用可观测数据,具有高精度和强鲁棒性,并且不受网络拓扑的限制,易于迁移。

基于带参数单步块方法的电力系统暂态稳定性数值计算方法

针对电力系统暂态稳定性的在线实时分析,为达到快速求解电力系统暂态稳定性的目的,提出了一种基于带参数单步块方法的电力系统暂态稳定性数值计算方法。使用带参数的单步块方法计算格式,对连续差分离散的暂态稳定性计算进行微分方程求解,并采用牛顿法整体求解差分后得到的非线性代数方程组。采用广义极小残余方法(GMRES)求解方程经块边界值方法(BVM)离散后的代数方程组,并采用预处理矩阵提高算法的收敛性。通过对IEEE145节点的暂态稳定性计算系统进行仿真测试,并将计算结果与同阶方法进行对比。仿真结果表明,文中方法在计算精度、通用性和数值稳定性上效果明显,取得了较好的结果,可达到快速求解电力系统暂态稳定性的目的。

新能源接入的受端电网暂态电压失稳高风险故障快速筛选

大规模新能源接入和外地送电的增加,使得受端电网本地传统发电机无功支撑大大减少,面临暂态电压稳定问题,需要快速筛选出严重故障,以备系统预防控制和安控策略制定。该文提出了基于节点阻抗矩阵的故障点对电网暂态电压影响度指标,可用于快速筛选引发电网暂态电压失稳的关键故障点。首先,介绍了节点阻抗矩阵及其支路追加法;其次,提出反映节点故障对电网暂态电压影响程度的指标,可用于快速筛选高风险关键故障点;再次,结合升阶矩阵给出线路故障点的影响度指标;最后,改进IEEE 39节点系统及某省级电网仿真结果表明,所提指标可以快速筛选出对电网暂态电压影响显著的关键故障点。

基于异构平台的三角矩阵回代加速求解研究

瞬态电路仿真中常建立线性系统模型,而顺序求解多右端项的三角矩阵十分耗时。为了提高瞬态电路仿真中耗时的三角矩阵回代速度,提出了一种基于异构平台的并行计算方法快速求解三角矩阵。通过优先计算与解向量相关的乘法,挖掘了回代计算的并行性。设计了核心是多个浮点计算功能的运算阵列以及主从两层状态机的控制模块。相比于使用MKL求解库的Intel 24核CPU平台,本架构基于XCZU15EG的Zynq UltraScale系列FPGA进行了线性矩阵求解实验,实验所用矩阵均为对称正定、对角占优且稠密度均大于50%。提出的加速架构求解的平均加速比达到22倍,求解误差在10-17~10-14内。实验结果表明,该架构一定程度上提高了矩阵求解速度,适合于较高维度线性矩阵的前后向回代求解。

基于矩阵束方法的传输线系统瞬态响应分析

带有频变负载的传输线系统的瞬态响应分析是电磁兼容领域的一个重要内容,特别是对于频变负载网络较为复杂或内部结构不清晰的情况,其瞬态响应的分析较为困难。本文首先在采样频率点处对频变负载端口导纳进行测量或计算得到相应的采样导纳,并采用有理函数逼近的方式对端口导纳进行等效;之后采用矩阵束(MPM)方法求解出有理逼近函数所需的极点和留数,并将其代入到分段线性递归卷积(PLRC)技术中,实现传输线和频变负载连接点处电压的分段线性递归卷积表达;最后,结合传输线方程实现带有频变负载的传输线系统的瞬态响应分析,并通过2个算例对所提方法的性能进行验证。结果表明,所提方法在计算精确度上具有明显的优势。

跟网型逆变器附加频率控制方法与参数分析

为提升接入弱网下电压源型变流器的锁相环同步暂态稳定性,针对现有的附加频率控制措施,提出一种适用于多类型锁相环暂态稳定性提升方法的统一分析模型。在此基础上,基于线性矩阵不等式构建了电流可行域,量化分析了附加控制环节中比例增益系数的可行范围。最后,基于RT-BOX硬件在环实验平台验证了所提的统一分析模型及求解比例增益系数可行范围方法的有效性。

Development of three kinds of active ternary filler metals of AI-Si-Ti, Zn-AI-Ti and Cu-AI-Ti systems for AI metal matrix composites

To improve the wettability of common fiUer metals on Al metal matrix composites （ AI-MMCs ） , three kinds of active ternary filler metals, Al-Si-Ti, Zn-Al-Ti and Cu-Al-Ti systems, were prepared by the addition of Ti. Excessive melting temperature made the gravity segregation of Ti remarkable in ingot. The effect of Ti content on the melting point for AI-Si-Ti ternary system was not as sensitive as that for Al-Ti binary system. The Al-12Si-1Ti filler metal showed good ability to form brazing foil during rapid cooling, ductile fracture surface and similar shear strength to conventional Al-12Si filler metal. Moreover, the Al2 03 reinforcements on initial surface could be covered by the Al-12Si-1Ti filler metal without interfacial gaps after sessile drop test. For Zn-9.5Al-0. 5 Ti braze alloy, severe vaporization of Zn and severe segregation of Ti Occurred. During wettability test for traditional Al-12Si and Zn-9.5Al-0. 5Ti, although some Si or Zn could penetrate into the composite, interfacial gap still remained. The prepared Cu-19Al-1 Ti interlayer consisted of primary phase of Al4Cu9 and network Cu-Al-Ti ternary intermetaUic compound, showing poor ability to form foil and very brittle nature. These results demonstrated that Al-Si-Ti system should be promising for Al-MMCs.

基于暂态录波与多元状态估计的阀冷系统故障预警及识别

阀冷系统是直流输电工程的重要设备之一,提高其故障预警及识别水平具有重要实用价值。利用主泵周期切换触发的双频暂态录波数据,提取系统在切泵扰动下的特征量,从而提高运算效率;提出基于聚类算法和切换工况相结合的动态过程记忆矩阵构建方法,根据多元状态估计得出估计向量,计算估计向量与观测向量的余弦相似度,采用3σ离群检测值作为预警阈值,然后根据预警观测向量与切换工况的耦合程度,以及3种故障类型对误差的贡献率实现故障识别。最后,通过案例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

Research of Network Transient Performance at Small Perturbations

The advisability of the use of matrix methods of equations rearrangement for the investigated system which allows writing a secular equation is considered in this article. This approach greatly simplifies the analysis of performance of transient response in complicated multi-coupled electrical system at small perturbations.

ELECTROMECHANICAL COUPLING MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR FOR INERTIAL RECIPROCATION MACHINES

The dynamical equations for a inertial reciprocating machine excited by two rotating eccentric weights were built by the matrix methodology for establishing dynamical equations of discrete systems. A mathematical model of electromechanical coupling system for the machine was formed by combining the dynamical equations with the state equations of the two motors. The computer simulation to the model was performed for several values of the damping coefficient or the motor power, respectively. The substance of transient behavior of the machine is unveiled by analyzing the results of the computer simulation, and new methods are presented for diminishing the transient amplitude of the vibrating machine and improving the transient behavior. The reliable mathematical model is provided for intelligent control of the transient behavior and engineering design of the equipment.

计及换流站控制特性的多端混合直流输电系统故障暂态计算方法

精确的故障暂态计算是多端混合直流输电系统参数设计及其控制保护策略研究的基础。为此,该文计及不同换流站的控制特性,提出一种适用于多端混合直流输电系统的故障暂态解析计算方法。首先,分别构造考虑LCC整流站和MMC逆变站控制系统的复频域等值模型,建立计及直流架空线路频变特性的分布参数模型,推导多端混合直流系统的节点阻抗矩阵。在此基础上,计算故障节点电压和故障支路电流的复频域值,再利用拉氏反变换获得电压和电流的时域值。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件搭建三端混合直流输电系统模型,对所提故障计算方法的准确性和快速性进行仿真验证。

相域恒阻抗同步电机移频电磁暂态建模与仿真

同步电机是电力系统中重要的发电设备,其暂态模型是否准确直接影响系统仿真精度。为满足电力系统低频-高频不同速率暂态过程准确、快速仿真的需求,提出了相域恒阻抗同步电机移频电磁暂态仿真模型。首先,基于希尔伯特变换与坐标变换,采用解析信号重构了同步电机方程。引入移频变换,建立了离散化的诺顿电路等效暂态仿真模型。模型具有直接的机网接口。进一步通过添加额外的虚拟绕组并提出虚拟绕组参数设置方法,使电机模型导纳矩阵为恒导纳矩阵,避免了每个时间步长需更新系统导纳矩阵的问题。所提出的电机模型通过设置不同的时间步长、移动频率、虚拟绕组参数,能够同时实现准确的高频暂态过程仿真和高效的低频暂态过程仿真。最终,通过与传统电磁暂态仿真模型的对比,验证了所提出相域模型的准确性与高效性。