Additive manufactured osseointegrated screws with hierarchical design

Bone screws are devices used to fix implants or bones to bones.However,conventional screws are mechanically fixed with thread and often face long-term failure due to poor osseointegration.To improve osseointegration,screws are evolving from solid and smooth to porous and rough.Additive manufacturing(AM)offers a high degree of manufacturing freedom,enabling the preparation of predesigned screws that are porous and rough.This paper provides an overview of the problems currently faced by bone screws:long-term loosening and screw breakage.Next,advances in osseointegrated screws are summarized hierarchically(sub-micro,micro,and macro).At the sub-microscale level,we describe surface-modification techniques for enhancing osseointegration.At the micro level,we summarize the micro-design parameters that affect the mechanical and biological properties of porous osseointegrated screws,including porosity,pore size,and pore shape.In addition,we highlight three promising pore shapes:triply periodic minimal surface,auxetic structure with negative Poisson ratio,and the Voronoi structure.At the macro level,we outline the strategies of graded design,gradient design,and topology optimization design to improve the mechanical strength of porous osseointegrated screws.Simultaneously,this paper outlines advances in AM technology for enhancing the mechanical properties of porous osseointegrated screws.AM osseointegrated screws with hierarchical design are expected to provide excellent long-term fixation and the required mechanical strength.

Biomechanical effects of posterior lumbar interbody fusion with vertical placement of pedicle screws compared to traditional placement

BACKGROUND The pedicle screw technique is widely employed for vertebral body fixation in the treatment of spinal disorders.However,traditional screw placement methods require the dissection of paraspinal muscles and the insertion of pedicle screws at specific transverse section angles(TSA).Larger TSA angles require more force to pull the muscle tissue,which can increase the risk of surgical trauma and ischemic injury to the lumbar muscles.AIM To study the feasibility of zero-degree TSA vertical pedicle screw technique in the lumbosacral segment.METHODS Finite element models of vertebral bodies and pedicle screw-rod systems were established for the L4-S1 spinal segments.A standard axial load of 500 N and a rotational torque of 10 N/m were applied.Simulated screw pull-out experiment was conducted to observe pedicle screw resistance to pull-out,maximum stress,load-displacement ratio,maximum stress in vertebral bodies,load-displacement ratio in vertebral bodies,and the stress distribution in pedicle screws and vertebral bodies.Differences between the 0-degree and 17-degree TSA were compared.RESULTS At 0-degree TSA,the screw pull-out force decreased by 11.35%compared to that at 17-degree TSA(P<0.05).At 0-degree and 17-degree TSA,the stress range in the screw-rod system was 335.1-657.5 MPa and 242.8-648.5 MPa,separately,which were below the fracture threshold for the screw-rod system(924 MPa).At 0-degree and 17-degree TSA,the stress range in the vertebral bodies was 68.45-78.91 MPa and 39.08-72.73 MPa,separately,which were below the typical bone yield stress range for vertebral bodies(110-125 MPa).At 0-degree TSA,the load-displacement ratio for the vertebral bodies and pedicle screws was slightly lower compared to that at 17-degree TSA,indicating slightly lower stability(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The safety and stability of 0-degree TSA are slightly lower,but the risks of screw-rod system fracture,vertebral body fracture,and rupture are within acceptable limits.

Comparative efficacy of proximal femoral nail vs dynamic condylar screw in treating unstable intertrochanteric fractures

BACKGROUND Among the most frequent hip fractures are trochanteric fractures,which usually occur from low-energy trauma like minor falls,especially in older people with osteoporotic bones.AIM To evaluate the treatment efficacy of dynamic condylar screws(DCS)and proximal femoral nails(PFN)for unstable intertrochanteric fractures.METHODS To find pertinent randomized controlled trials and retrospective observational studies comparing PFN with DCS for the management of unstable femoral intertrochanteric fractures,a thorough search was carried out.For research studies published between January 1996 and April 2024,PubMed,EMBASE,Scopus,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and Google Scholar were all searched.The complete texts of the papers were retrieved,vetted,and independently examined by two investigators.Disputes were settled by consensus,and any disagreements that persisted were arbitrated by a third author.RESULTS This study included six articles,comprising a total of 173 patients.Compared to the DCS,the PFN had a shorter operation time[mean difference(MD):-41.7 min,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-63.04 to-20.35,P=0.0001],higher success rates with closed reduction techniques[risk ratio(RR):34.05,95%CI:11.12-104.31,P<0.00001],and required less intraoperative blood transfusion(MD:-1.4 units,95%CI:-1.80 to-1.00,P<0.00001).Additionally,the PFN showed shorter fracture union time(MD:-6.92 wk,95%CI:-10.27 to-3.57,P<0.0001)and a lower incidence of reoperation(RR:0.37,95%CI:0.17-0.82,P=0.01).However,there was no discernible variation regarding hospital stay,implant-related complications,and infections.CONCLUSION Compared to DCS,PFN offers shorter operative times,reduces the blood transfusions requirements,achieves higher closed reduction success,enables faster fracture healing,and lowers reoperation incidence.

Roller Screw and Threaded Chain Speed Reducer: An Experimental Evaluation

We are developing a speed reducer that can be considered a transformation of a worm gear reducer: the worm is replaced by an inverted roller screw, and the gear is replaced by a threaded chain drive. This configuration lessens wear, increases load capacity, and improves efficiency. The threaded chain consists of nut-shaped links. This paper presents the results of tests carried out on a prototype with a reduction ratio of 46.

Clinical Effectiveness of the Plate Screw Internal Fixation Technique in the Treatment of Patients with Traumatic Fractures of Long Bones in the Lower Extremities

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of the plate screw internal fixation technique on the clinical outcomes of patients with traumatic fractures of long bones in the lower extremities. Methods: From January 2022 to December 2023, 70 patients with traumatic fractures of long bones in the lower extremities were admitted to the hospital and randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the observation group, each consisting of 35 cases. The control group underwent traditional closed interlocking intramedullary nailing, while the observation group received internal fixation with steel plates and screws. Relevant surgical indicators, treatment effectiveness, and postoperative complication rates were compared between the two groups. Results: The observation group exhibited significantly short surgical duration (80.65 ± 5.01 vs. 88.36 ± 5.26 minutes), fracture healing time (13.27 ± 0.32 vs. 15.52 ± 0.48 weeks), and hospitalization days (10.49 ± 1.13 vs. 16.57 ± 1.15 days) compared to the control group (P = 0.000). The effective treatment rate was significantly higher in the observation group (29/82.86%) than in the control group (21/60.00%), with a significant difference observed (χ2 = 4.480, P = 0.034). Additionally, the complication rate in the observation group (2/5.71%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (8/22.86%), with a correlated difference (χ2 = 4.200, P = 0.040). Conclusion: The plate screw internal fixation technique demonstrates significant clinical efficacy in treating traumatic fractures of long bones in the lower extremities. It improves the healing rate, reduces complications, and represents a safe and effective treatment strategy worthy of widespread use and application.

Distal clavicle fractures treated by anteroinferior plating with a single screw: Two case reports

BACKGROUND For the treatment of distal clavicle fractures,each treatment method has its own advantages and disadvantages,and there is no optimal surgical solution.CASE SUMMARY Based on this,we report 2 cases of distal clavicle fractures treated utilizing an anterior inferior plate with a single screw placed in the distal,in anticipation of providing a better surgical approach to distal clavicle fracture treatment.Two patients were admitted to the hospital after trauma with a diagnosis of distal clavicle fracture,and were admitted to the hospital for internal fixation of clavicle fracture by incision and reduction,with good postoperative functional recovery.CONCLUSION With solid postoperative fixation and satisfactory prognostic functional recovery,this technique has been shown to be simple,easy to perform and effective.

Multitrack and multianchor point screw technique combined with the Wiltse approach for lesion debridement for lumbar tuberculosis

BACKGROUND The incidence of lumbar tuberculosis is high worldwide,and effective treatment is a continuing problem.AIM To study the safety and efficacy of the multitrack and multianchor point screw technique combined with the contralateral Wiltse approach for lesion debridement to treat lumbar tuberculosis.METHODS The C-reactive protein(CRP)level,erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),visual analogue scale(VAS)score,oswestry disability index(ODI)and American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)grade were recorded and analysed pre-and postoperatively.RESULTS The CRP level and ESR returned to normal,and the VAS score and ODI were decreased at 3 mo postoperatively,with significant differences compared with the preoperative values(P<0.01).Neurological dysfunction was relieved,and the ASIA grade increased,with no adverse events.CONCLUSION The multitrack,multianchor point screw fixation technique combined with the contralateral Wiltse approach for debridement is an effective and safe method for the treatment of lumbar tuberculosis.

Gravity-Based Kinetostatic Modeling of Parallel Manipulators Using Screw Theory

The pose accuracy of parallel manipulators(PMs)is a key index to measure their performance.Establishing the grav-ity-based kinetostatic model of a parallel robot provides an important basis for its error composition and accuracy improvement.In this paper,a kinetostatic modeling approach that takes real gravity distribution into consideration is proposed to analyze the influence of gravity on the infinitesimal twist and actuator forces of PMs.First,the duality of the twist screw and constraint wrenches are used to derive the gravity-attached constraint wrenches independent of the external load and the limb stiffness matrix corresponding to the kinematics-based constraint wrenches.Sec-ond,the gravity model of the mechanism is established based on the screw theory and the principle of virtual work.Finally,the analytical formulas of the infinitesimal twist and the actuator force of PMs are obtained,and the influences of the external load,platform gravity,and rod gravity on the stiffness of the mechanism are decoupled.The non-overconstrained 3RPS and overconstrained 2PRU-UPR PMs are taken as examples to verify the proposed method.This research proposes a methodology to analyze the infinitesimal deformation of the mechanism under the influence of gravity.

Management of Isolated Coronal Fractures of Distal Humeral Epiphysis by Herbert Screw

Isolated fractures of the distal humerus are rare. Their diagnosis is often late, and treatment has progressed but serious complications may occur. We conducted a retrospective study of a series of 10 cases at the Department of Orthopedic and Traumatologic Surgery of the Ibn Sina University Hospital in Rabat over a 4-year period, from January 2018 to January 2022. All our cases were treated surgically with Herbert screws. The functional, clinical and radiological outcome was satisfactory with a return to pre-fracture activity in all patients.

Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Ductility Performance of Steel-Timber-Steel Joints with Screw and Steel-Tube Fasteners

This article presents experimental results of steel-timber-steel(STS)joints loaded parallel to grain.Eight groups of specimens were designed,and tensile tests were performed.The fastener types and fastener numbers were considered to evaluate the tensile strengths and ductility performances of the STS joints.The screws with 6 mm diameter and the innovative steel-tubes with 18 mm diameter were adopted as connecting fasteners.The experimental results were discussed in terms of yielding and ultimate strengths,slip stiffness,and ductility factors.The ductility classification and failure mechanisms of each group of specimens were analyzed.It was demonstrated that the STS joint with large diameter steel-tubes showed acceptable ductility,which was close to the ductility of the STS joint with small diameter screws,thanks to the hollow structure of the steel-tube.The theoretical strengths of various failure modes for the joints with small diameter screws or large diameter steel-tubes were calculated and compared with the experimental results.The ductile performance of the STS joint was discussed by comparing the theoretical strengths of various failure modes.The effective number of the STS joint with multifasteners was also analyzed by considering the failure mechanisms in aspects of tensile strength and slip stiffness.

Nail Holding Performance of Self-Tapping Screws on Masson Pine and Chinese Fir Dimension Lumbers

Screw connection is a type most commonly applied to timber structures.As important commercial tree species in China,Masson pine and Chinese fir have the potential to prepare wood structures.In this study,the effects of the diameter of the self-tapping screw and the guiding bores on the nail holding performance on different sections of Masson pine and Chinese fir dimension lumbers were mainly explored.The results showed that:(1)The nail holding strength of the tangential section was the maximum,followed by that of the radial section,and that of the cross section was the minimum.(2)The nail holding strength of Masson pine was higher than that of Chinese fir.(3)The nail holding strength grew with the increase in the diameter of self-tapping screws,but a large diameter would lead to plastic cracking of the timber,thus further affecting the nail holding strength.Masson pine and Chinese fir reached the maximum nail holding strength when the diameter of self-tapping screws was 3.5 mm.(4)Under a large diameter of screws,prefabricated guiding bores could mitigate timber cracking and improve its nail holding strength.(5)Prefabricated guiding bores were more necessary for the screw connection of Masson pine.The results obtained could provide a scientific basis for the screw connection design of Masson pine and Chinese fir timber structures.

Crossed Intralaminar Screws for Fusion of the Cervicothoracic Junction and the Thoracic Spine: The Experience in an Iberic Service with Case Series and Review of the Current Literature with Technique Description

The treatment of pathologies in the thoracic spine is a challenge. The periodic failure of pedicle screw insertion and anatomical variations make the search for an alternative to pedicle screws in thoracic spine surgery necessary. The interlaminar crossed screws is a well-known and secure method for fusion in cervical spine, and in thoracic spine there used to be insufficient clinical data to support this technique, until now. We demonstrate in an initial series of 10 cases treated with interlaminar fusion in association of other fusion techniques in the thoracic spine with good results. Objective: Intralaminar screws have been shown to be a biomechanical salvage technique in the thoracic spine, especially in long cervicothoracic, thoracic and thoracolumbar fixation. The goals of this article are to demonstrate our initial experience and the range of indications for thoracic crossed intralaminar screws. Methods: In this article we describe our initial series performed at S&#227o Teot&#243nio Hospital in Viseu, Portugal, and our results, and also provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature in the use of intralaminar crossed fixation.

Accuracy of screw placement in the apical region of Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery using a calibration technique for the intraoperative navigation error

Objective:To study the position and the grade of screw perforation in the apical region of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS)surgery using a calibration technique for the intraoperative navigation error,and to analyze the related factors of navigation deviation and the clinical significance of the calibration technique.Methods:From 2017 to 2020,a total of 60 Lenke 1 AIS surgical cases were enrolled in this research.The 30 cases received surgery using the intraoperative navigation system(Navigation group)and another 30 cases were assisted with intraoperative navigation system with calibration technique(Calibration group)for the intraoperative navigation error.The basic information and radiological data of the both groups were all recorded.According to the Fu Chang-feng’s pedicle channel classification system,the pedicle on the apical region of the two groups was classified.And then the accuracy of screw placement of the two groups was evaluated according to the Rao’s classification.Results:A total of 600 screws were placed in the two groups.The 297 and 303 pedicle screws were implanted in the navigation group and the calibration group,respectively.In the apical region of the calibration group,the rates of the grade 0 screw placement in type A,B and C pedicle were 95.7%,86.7%and 68.9%respectively.It was a statistically significant difference from the 73.9%,66.9%and 30.0%in the navigation group respectively(P<0.05).In the calibration group,the rates of the medial cortical perforation in the type A,B,C and D pedicle were 0%,1.6%,1.6%and 0%,respectively.The corresponding rates were 16.3%,16.9%,30.0%and 47.6%in the navigation group,respectively.Moreover,in the concave side of the apical region of the calibration group,the rates of the medial cortical perforation in the type A,B,C and D pedicle were 0%,3.6%,2.6%and 0%,respectively.Compared with the calibration group,the corresponding rates were higher in the navigation group(34.4%,25.9%,37.2%and 60.0%,respectively).No serious complications such as spinal cord or neurovascular injury occurred for the two groups.Conclusion:Compared with the intraoperative navigation system,the calibration technique for the intraoperative navigation error could provide the higher accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the apical region of the major curve,the lower medial cortical perforation rate,the less screws misplacement rate on the concave side and the less complication rate of the severe Lenke 1 AIS patients.

Research and experimental analysis of precision degradation method based on the ball screw mechanism

As a key transmission component in computer numerical control(CNC) machine tools,the ball screw mechanism(BSM) is usually investigated under working load conditions. Its accuracy degradation process is relatively long,which is not conducive to the design and development of new products. In this paper,the normal wear depth of the BSM nut raceway is calculated under the variable speed operation condition using the fractal wear analysis method and the BSM’s accelerated degradation proportional wear model. Parameters of the acceleration degradation model of the double-nut preloaded ball screw pair are calculated based on the physical simulation results. The accelerated degradation test platform of the BSM is designed and manufactured to calculate the raceway wear model when the lubrication condition is broken under the variable-speed inertial load and the boundary lubrication condition under the uniform speed state. Three load forces and two samples are selected for the accelerated degradation test of the BSM. The measured friction torque of the BSM is employed as the evaluation index of the accuracy degradation test. In addition,the life cycle of the accuracy retention is accurately calculated by employing the parameters of the physical simulation model of the BSM. The calculations mentioned above can be used to estimate BSM’s accuracy performance degradation law under normal operating conditions. The application of the proposed model provides a new research method for researching the precision retention of the BSM.

Fixation of Calcaneal Tuberosity Beavis II Fracture in Elderly Patients Using Locking Plate Combined with Tension Screw

Background:Calcaneus is the largest bone of foot and the main load-bearing structure of heel.The incidence of simple calcaneal tubercle avulsion fracture is low,accounting for about 1%to 3%of all calcaneal fractures.Beavis II fracture has large bone fracture,obvious displacement,obvious soft tissue irritation,and often leads to skin necrosis.It needs surgical treatment,reduction and fixation as soon as possible.Although open reduction and tension screw internal fixation is used for Beavis II calcaneal tubercle fracture,but the failure rate is more common.Methods:This study retrospectively analyzed the surgical treatment of calcaneal tubercle Beavis II fracture over 55 years old in our hospital from January 2013 to January 2019.The patients were treated with tension screw combined with locking plate,and followed up and analyzed.Results:12 patients in this group were followed up for 12 to 36 months(mean 20 months).After operation,the fracture healed smoothly in all patients,the healing time was 8 to 12 weeks(mean 10.7 weeks),and there were no complications such as poor incision healing,fracture displacement,internal fixation loosening,fracture and so on.When the patients were followed up 18 weeks after operation,the AOFAS score was 47 to 100,with an average of 91.1,of which 8 cases were excellent,3 good and 1 poor,with an excellent and good rate of 91.7%.Conclusion:Our hospital has been treated with tension screw combined with locking plate,fixed firmly,can early functional exercise,achieved good results.

骨科机器人联合Starr骨盆复位架治疗Tile C型骨盆环骨折

目的:探讨骨科机器人联合Starr骨盆复位架治疗Tile C型骨盆环骨折的临床疗效。方法:2019年10月至2021年5月采用机器人联合Starr骨盆复位架治疗14例Tile C型骨盆环骨折患者,男9例,女5例;年龄33~69岁。14例患者均为新鲜闭合骨折且不合并股骨、胫腓骨骨折等损伤。入院后4~7 d完成手术,术中在可透视碳素床,通过Starr骨盆复位架牵引复位骨盆环,联合骨科机器人治疗C型骨盆环骨折。观察手术时间、出血量、单枚螺钉置入透视次数、骨折复位质量、患肢功能及并发症等。采用Matta评分标准进行放射学复位评价,末次随访采用Majeed骨盆功能评分系统进行临床疗效评价。结果:14例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间84~141 min,手术出血量20~50 ml,单枚螺钉置入透视次数4~9次。14例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~24个月。术后所有骨折获得骨性愈合,愈合时间3~7个月,未发现内固定断裂、螺钉松动、感染、神经损伤等并发症。依据Matta影像学复位评估标准:优9例,良4例,可1例。末次随访采用Majeed骨盆功能评分系统:优10例,良4例。结论:机器人联合Starr骨盆复位架治疗C型骨盆环新鲜骨折操作简单、缩短了手术和麻醉时间、并发症少,降低了手术风险,实现了骨盆骨折的微创治疗。但对于陈旧性骨折,因骨折复位困难,该技术并不适用。对于螺钉进钉点区域粉碎的骨折,通道螺钉置入困难,建议采用其他方式固定。对于伴有骨盆外伤史或骨盆发育异常者,术前需仔细评估有无经皮螺钉通道,避免损伤神经、血管。

新型棘突间撑开融合装置BacFuse修复腰椎退行性病的生物力学特征

背景:近年来,棘突间撑开融合装置BacFuse应用于腰椎退行性疾病的治疗并取得了良好的临床疗效,但目前其相关的生物力学特征暂无相关报道。目的:探索棘突间撑开融合装置BacFuse在腰椎退行性疾病中应用的生物力学特征。方法:构建山羊离体脊柱模型(L_(1)-L6),模拟手术分为4组,分别为对照组、BacFuse固定组(L_(3/4))、钉棒固定组(L_(3/4))及Topping-off组(L_(3/4)钉棒固定+L_(2/3)BacFuse固定)。搭建山羊腰椎手术模型力学测试系统,采用生物力学机器进行力学加载,模拟腰椎在前屈、后伸、侧屈及旋转时的运动模式(4 Nm的力矩),采用视觉追踪系统进行定位捕捉,并完成力学及光学校准,通过计算得出L_(2/3)、L_(3/4)、L_(4/5)节段的活动度。结果与结论:①相对于对照组,BacFuse组L_(3/4)固定节段在前屈、后伸、侧屈与旋转方向上活动度分别减少27.27%,70%,38.1%及23.08%(P<0.05);钉棒固定组L_(3/4)固定节段在前屈、后伸、侧屈与旋转方向上活动度分别减少72.73%,80%,71.43%及73.08%(P<0.05)。②相对于对照组,BacFuse组邻近节段L_(2/3)在后伸、侧屈及旋转方向上分别增加33.33%,25%及23.81%(P<0.05),前屈活动未见明显变化;钉棒固定组的邻近节段L_(2/3)在前屈、后伸、侧屈与旋转方向上的活动度分别增加50%,44.44%,50%及58.96%(P<0.05);③相对于对照组,BacFuse组邻近节段L_(4/5)在后伸、旋转方向上分别增加27.3%,17.39%(P<0.05),前屈、侧屈活动未见明显变化;钉棒固定组的邻近节段L_(4/5)在前屈、后伸、旋转方向上的活动度分别增加38.89%,22.73%及26.09%(P<0.05),侧屈活动未见明显变化;④与钉棒固定组相比,Topping-off组L_(2/3)椎间活动度在前屈、后伸、侧屈、旋转分别减少37.04%,73.08%,56.67%及38.46%(P<0.05);与钉棒固定组相比,Topping-off组L_(4/5)节段椎间活动度在前屈方向上减少20%(P<0.05),后伸、侧屈及旋转未见明显区别;⑤提示BacFuse能够显著减少置入节段的活动度,提供一定的稳定性;相对于钉棒固定,仍然保留有较多的活动度,可减少对邻近节段的影响,同时可用于钉棒固定的Topping-off技术,显著减少了邻近节段的活动度,降低邻近节段退变的风险。

两种内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的比较空心加压螺钉(CCS)和股骨颈动力交叉钉系统(FNS)固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法将42例股骨颈骨折患者按照内固定方式不同分为FNS组(采用FNS固定治疗,15例)和CCS组(采用CCS固定治疗,27例)。比较两组切口长度、术中出血量、术中透视次数、手术时间、术后住院时间、并发症发生情况、下地时间、骨折愈合时间、步态情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~14个月。切口长度CCS组短于FNS组(P<0.05);术中透视次数、手术时间FNS组少(短)于CCS组(P<0.05);术中出血量、术后住院时间两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均无切口感染、骨折不愈合等并发症发生;术后约3个月CCS组2例出现CCS松动及退钉现象,经减少活动后未影响骨折愈合。下地部分负重时间、骨折愈合时间FNS组均短于CCS组(P<0.05)。末次随访时两组患者均可部分负重行走。结论与CCS固定相比,FNS固定治疗股骨颈骨折术中透视次数少、手术时间短,且固定稳定、牢靠,在“早活动、晚负重”原则下利于患肢功能锻炼,更有助于促进骨折愈合。

股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定后股骨近端骨质疏松的有限元分析

背景:股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定术后由于患肢短期内常常不能负重,且高刚度的内植物对骨折断端存在应力遮挡效应,易导致患肢出现骨质疏松,股骨近端生物力学分布发生变化,术后股骨头坏死发病率较高,目前关于股骨颈骨折术后股骨近端骨质疏松对股骨近端及空心钉生物力学影响的研究较少。目的:通过有限元分析探讨股骨颈骨折术后发生骨质疏松对空心钉内固定治疗的生物力学影响,探究生物力学因素在股骨头坏死进程中的作用。方法:获取1例股骨颈骨折患者股骨CT扫描数据,利用Mimics 19.0、3-Matic、UG 11.0、Hypermesh 14.0、Abaqus软件建立空心钉治疗股骨颈骨折的股骨近端模型,利用Abaqus软件分析1种术后股骨近端无骨质疏松、3种术后股骨近端骨质疏松的有限元模型,测量分析4种模型不同部件的应力、接触压力、位移峰值及云图,对比分析股骨头内部应力变化及分布情况。结果与结论:股骨头及下前空心钉的应力、接触压力随骨质疏松程度变化较大,4种模型的位移峰值随着骨质疏松程度加重而缓慢增长。通过单因素方差分析,结果显示骨质疏松程度对不同部件的应力、接触压力、位移峰值无显著性影响,股骨头内部应力分布随骨质疏松发生相应变化,股骨近端的生物力学环境变化对股骨头坏死有着重要影响。

双螺带式搅拌器的搅拌特性及关键结构参数研究

运用Fluent软件对双螺带搅拌器的混合过程进行模拟,利用多功能搅拌实验平台进行功耗测试,验证仿真模型的合理性。结合实例,分析了边界间隙、螺带直径以及螺距对搅拌特性的影响。针对混合效果和效率(经济功耗)的定量评价难点,提出用功耗因子与轴向功耗因子的数值,表征高黏度流体混合时的能量利用效果与整体混合效果,并以此为依据对螺带式搅拌器关键几何参数进行优化。实例的模拟结果表明:当螺带直径为1 200 mm时,即螺带直径达到罐体直径0.8倍时,轴向功耗因子最大为0.232 6 s,表明轴向流体宏观混合效果最好;螺距为1 350 mm时,即螺距与螺带直径之比为1(螺旋升角为45°)时,轴向功耗因子达到最大为0.180 6 s,表明轴向流体宏观混合效果最好;随着边界间隙的减小,罐壁总速度峰值增大,表明防附着效果增强,罐壁内侧的热边界层减薄。