Phase transition in evolution of traffic flow with scale-free property

This paper investigates the behaviour of traffic flow in traffic systems with a new model based on the NaSch model and cluster approximation of mean-field theory. The proposed model aims at constructing a mapping relationship between the microcosmic behaviour and the macroscopic property of traffic flow. Results demonstrate that scale-free phenomenon of the evolution network becomes obvious when the density value of traffic flow reaches at the critical point of phase transition from free flow to traffic congestion, and jamming is limited in this scale-free structure.

Analysis of Phase Transition in Traffic Flow based on a New Model of Driving Decision

Different driving decisions will cause different processes of phase transition in traffic Bow. To reveal the inner mechanism, this paper built a new cellular automaton (CA) model, based on the driving decision (DD). In the DD model, a driver's decision is divided into three stages: decision-making, action, and result. The acceleration is taken as a decision variable and three core factors, i.e. distance between adjacent vehicles, their own velocity, and the preceding vehicle's velocity, are considered. Simulation results show that the DD model can simulate the synchronized Bow effectively and describe the phase transition in traffic Bow well. Further analyses illustrate that various density will cause the phase transition and the random probability will impact the process. Compared with the traditional NaSch model, the DD model considered the preceding vehicle's velocity, the deceleration limitation, and a safe distance, so it can depict closer to the driver preferences on pursuing safety, stability and fuel-saving and has strong theoretical innovation for future studies.

Effect of acceleration threshold on the phase transition in a cellular automaton traffic flow model

In this paper, we incorporate new parameters into a cellular automaton traffic flow model proposed in our previous paper [Jin et al. 2010 J. Stat. Mech. 2010 P03018]. Through these parameters, we adjust the anticipated velocity and the acceleration threshold separately. It turns out that the flow rate of synchronized flow mainly changes with the anticipated velocity, and the F →S phase transition feature mainly changes with the acceleration threshold. Therefore, we conclude that the acceleration threshold is the major factor affecting the F → S phase transition.

An application of Bayesian multilevel model to evaluate variations in stochastic and dynamic transition of traffic conditions

This study seeks to investigate the variations associated with lane lateral locations and days of the week in the stochastic and dynamic transition of traffic regimes(DTTR).In the proposed analysis,hierarchical regression models fitted using Bayesian frameworks were used to calibrate the transition probabilities that describe the DTTR.Datasets of two sites on a freeway facility located in Jacksonville,Florida,were selected for the analysis.The traffic speed thresholds to define traffic regimes were estimated using the Gaussian mixture model(GMM).The GMM revealed that two and three regimes were adequate mixture components for estimating the traffic speed distributions for Site 1 and 2 datasets,respectively.The results of hierarchical regression models show that there is considerable evidence that there are heterogeneity characteristics in the DTTR associated with lateral lane locations.In particular,the hierarchical regressions reveal that the breakdown process is more affected by the variations compared to other evaluated transition processes with the estimated intra-class correlation(ICC)of about 73%.The transition from congestion on-set/dissolution(COD)to the congested regime is estimated with the highest ICC of 49.4%in the three-regime model,and the lowest ICC of 1%was observed on the transition from the congested to COD regime.On the other hand,different days of the week are not found to contribute to the variations(the highest ICC was 1.44%)on the DTTR.These findings can be used in developing effective congestion countermeasures,particularly in the application of intelligent transportation systems,such as dynamic lane-management strategies.

Properties of Phase Transition of Traffic Flow on Urban Expressway Systems with Ramps and Accessory Roads

In this paper,we develop a cellular automaton model to describe the phase transition of traffic flow on urbanexpressway systems with on-off-ramps and accessory roads.The lane changing rules are given in detailed,the numericalresults show that the main road and the accessory road both produce phase transitions.These phase transitions willoften be influenced by the number of lanes,lane changing,the ramp Bow,the input Bow rate,and the geometry structure.

Integrated Performance Measures for Bus Rapid Transit System and Traffic Signal Systems Using Trajectory Data

Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have been implemented in many cities over the past two decades. Widespread adoption of General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), the deployment of high-fidelity bus GPS data tracking, and anonymized high-fidelity connected vehicle data from private vehicles have provided new opportunities for performance measures that can be used by both transit agencies and traffic signal system operators. This paper describes the use of trajectory-based data to develop performance measures for a BRT system in Indianapolis, Indiana. Over 3 million data records during the 3-month period between March and May 2022 are analyzed to develop visualizations and performance metrics. A methodology to estimate the average delay and schedule adherence is presented along a route comprised of 74 signals and 28 bus stations. Additionally, this research demonstrates how these performance measures can be used to evaluate dedicated and non-dedicated bus lanes with general traffic. Travel times and reliability of buses are compared with nearly 30 million private vehicle trips. Results show that median travel time for buses on dedicated bi-directional lanes is within one minute of general traffic and during peak periods the buses are often faster. Schedule adherence was observed to be more challenging, with approximately 3% of buses arriving within 1 minute on average during the 5AM hour and 5% of buses arriving 6 - 9 minutes late during the 5PM hour. The framework and performance measures presented in this research provide agencies and transportation professionals with tools to identify opportunities for adjustments and to justify investment decisions.

Transit Bus and Pedestrian Safety Analysis in the Context of Operator Improvements and Traffic Volume Assessment

Pedestrian safety related to public bus transit is an integral part of promoting sustainability especially in the urban setting. This concept has received significant attention within the last decade as transit agencies strive to make their systems more sustainable and safer at the same time. This study examined pedestrian collisions related to public transit buses in Philadelphia over a three-year study period from 2008 to 2011. The objective is to perform a detailed analysis on crash records, which provides the foundation on statistics for bus-pedestrian collision to allow for future studies in modeling work in this field. Results of this research provided insights on bus-pedestrian collisions in terms of bus maneuver, cause of crash, impact point of bus, and relation to hourly traffic volume. A strong correlation was found between traffic volume and bus-pedestrian collision rate in terms of hours of the day. For any given hour, an increase in collision frequency was found if the traffic volume exceeds a threshold of 5% of its average annual daily traffic. This serves as an indicator of locations that pedestrians are vulnerable at. Analyses were conducted to the fullest extent allowable by the limited dataset. This study presents findings that can be future developed and investigated in future studies. Additionally, countermeasures are recommended in each section that presents a critical area to address.

A study on the effects of the transit parking time on traffic flow based on cellular automata theory

This paper mainly deals with the effects of transit stops on vehicle speeds and conversion lane numbers in a mixed traffic lane. Based on thorough research of traffic flow and cellular automata theory, it calibrates the cellular length and the running speed. Also, a cellular automata model for mixed traffic flow on a two-lane system under a periodic boundary condition is presented herewith, which also takes into consideration the harbour-shaped transit stop as well. By means of computer simulation, the article also studies the effects of bus parking time on the traffic volume, the transit speed and the fast lane speed at the same time. The results demonstrate that, with the increase of the bus parking time, the traffic volume of the transit stop and the transit speed decrease while the fast lane speed increases. This result could help calculate the transit delay correctly and make arrangements for transit routes reasonably and scientifically.

城市轨道交通系统的层次化功能结构解析——以上海为例

解析城市轨道交通系统的功能结构对于建立以轨道交通为骨架的城市空间结构至关重要,其有助于优化城市空间布局,促进交通与土地利用融合,进而推动城市可持续发展。本文利用交通刷卡大数据,基于轨道交通站域的功能相似性和邻接关系提出了功能站组的概念,并形成了一套“站域功能分类—站组范围划定—站群结构识别”的方法体系。以上海市轨道交通系统为例,针对单个站域,构建表征站域土地利用功能的连续客流时间序列,并依据时间序列特征分类得到站域功能类型;将多个具有相似的出行模式和土地利用功能的相邻站域划定为功能站组;以功能站组为基本单元,采用社区发现算法,对功能站组间的客流交互网络进行分析以识别站群。研究结果表明,城市轨道交通系统的“站域—站组—站群”层次化功能结构解析方法综合了场所空间和流空间视角,有助于认识特大城市轨道交通系统的功能结构特征,并为轨道交通系统的发展提供多层次的空间优化建议。

低客流公交运营模式优化方法

为解决低客流传统公交线路运营效率低的问题,考虑低客流公交线路客流时空特性,提出了采用传统公交与需求响应公交(demand response transit,DRT)相结合的组合运营模式:全时段传统公交模式(M1)、分时段传统公交+DRT模式(M2)全时段DRT模式(M3)的优化思路。分析了不同运营模式的要素,考虑乘客空间、时间特征,构建基于三维时空聚类的站点规划模型;考虑车辆行驶成本、乘客时间成本,以总班次运营成本最小为目标,构建了带有时间窗的灵活型DRT线路与调度规划模型,运用遗传算法进行求解。以北京市某公交线路进行仿真实证,仿真结果表明:M2相比M1、M3分别降低了9.0%、23.0%的运营成本。研究可针对低客流公共交通服务的运营方案制定与优化提供技术参考。

山地轨道交通隧道Geo-BIM建模方法与应用研究

为解决山地轨道交通隧道在BIM建模中存在的隧道线路偏差大、隧道构件复杂繁多、属性添加效率低以及呈现效果单一等问题,提出一种基于Revit+Dynamo+Excel及EVS软件的山地轨道交通隧道Geo-BIM建模方法。结合隧道线性工程特点,对Revit内置Dynamo插件二次开发,实现隧道快速精准的参数化建模和批量定义属性参数。提出基于EVS软件建立隧道三维地质体模型的方法,制定地层建模和岩性建模的实现方式和标准流程,结合隧道BIM模型全面实现隧道建设过程中的可视化。依托施家山隧道项目,基于Cesium框架实现了BIM模型、GIS地表和地质体三维模型的集成,实现三维可视化模型与模型属性、数据信息等可交互式操作。实践表明,Geo-BIM建模方法可以快速地对隧道BIM模型及其三维地质模型进行建模,通过集成后的模型信息之间能够表现出很好的交互效果,具有良好的工程应用价值。

2023年世界城市轨道交通运营统计与分析综述

参考国际上较为通用的统计标准,将城市轨道交通分为地铁、轻轨和有轨电车三大类,对世界城轨交通运营现状进行统计。分析表明:截至2023年底,全球有79个国家和地区的563座城市开通了城市轨道交通系统,总里程超过43400.40 km,其中地铁、轻轨、有轨电车分别占50.07%、10.69%和39.24%;中国(含港澳台)累计有66座城市开通运营轨道交通,运营里程达11900.29 km,其中中国内地运营里程11232.65 km。2022年,全球59个国家的183座城市地铁累计运送乘客586.52亿人次,平均负荷强度0.81万人次/(km·d),其中中国(含港澳台)地铁年客流量为212.51亿人次。我国城市轨道交通持续稳步发展,线网规模和客流规模继续居全球第一。统计国务院52号文件发布后的中国轨道交通的线网规模数据,预测低运量城市轨道交通系统将在中国内地有较好的发展前景,特别是中西部地区,以促进城市绿色、可持续发展。同时,根据疫情前后全球主要国家(地区)和城市的客流数据,预计中国内地客流量将在2024—2025年恢复至疫情前水平。

基于组合权重的城市轨道交通项目效益评价

利用组合权重对城市轨道交通项目效益评价进行研究,以优化轨道交通建设资源分配,使前期建设规划更具有指导性、可行性。首先,选取轨道交通项目的交通效益、环境效益、社会效益三个方面的节约乘客出行时间、减少交通事故、诱增客流、节约能源、减少环境污染、减少噪声影响、发掘经济潜力、促进国土增值和增加就业机会9个指标,构建轨道交通项目效益评价体系。然后,结合AHP(层次分析法)和CRITIC(客观权重法)各自特点,设计组合权重模型对评价指标进行组合权重计算。最后,研究选取成都轨道交通项目数据进行仿真实验。结果表明,组合权重可以弥补单一评价方法的不足,基于组合权重的评价体系得出的指标权重更具有可靠性,并为轨道交通项目前期规划设计提供一定的参考。

基于Kolmogorov熵权的城市轨道交通网络节点重要度识别算法

近年来,我国城市轨道交通系统中延误、破坏事件及运营故障等事故频发,事故站点大多客流量大且交通繁忙,因此识别城市轨道交通网络中的重要节点对于保证网络的正常运营具有重要意义。为更真实地反映现实世界城市轨道交通网络的实际情况,本文首先基于复杂网络理论构建城市轨道交通网络模型;其次在网络拓扑指标的基础上,考虑车站自身属性及其周边区域环境对节点重要度的影响,构建城市轨道交通网络指标评价体系;然后基于混沌时间序列与混沌系统指标序列的共性,采用Kolmogorov熵权法计算指标权重,结合城市轨道交通网络指标数据得到城市轨道交通网络节点重要度排序;最后,通过成都地铁网络的实例研究结果表明:排序前10的关键车站均位于城市中心城区且皆为换乘站点。与信息熵权法结果进行对比发现,本文方法有8个共同的关键站点,且排序结果分布更集中、极端值更少、得分差距更小。研究成果有助于更好地理解城市轨道交通网络的结构特征,为预防事故、优化运营提供了重要理论依据。

门禁管理系统在城市轨道交通的设计与应用

为实现轨道交通门禁系统的集中监控、授权管理,门禁系统可向综合监控系统(IntegratedSupervisoryCon‐trol System,简称ISCS)提供开发接口,进行二次编程开发。另外,ACS具有丰富完备的功能协议,如SDK开发包或OPC协议、MODBUS协议、开放的数据库和数据库交换工具,可以通过综合监控与ACS网络控制器的接口,进行ACS的深度集成,实现门禁设备的状态监视、报警、控制、巡更、考勤和授权。文章探讨了门禁系统在城市轨道交通中的架构组成设计及相关应用。

引入重要区域交通基础设施后的南通轨道交通线网规划调整方案

[目的]在长江三角洲区域一体化的大背景下,南通新机场(枢纽)站等重要区域交通基础设施的引入,不仅将极大提升南通市的对外交通能力,也对南通城市轨道交通线网提出了更高的要求。如何在确保城市交通顺畅运行的基础上,实现轨道交通线网与对外交通枢纽的高效衔接,成为南通市交通规划必须面对的重要课题。[方法]通过对比分析南通市及周边城市对外交通枢纽的城市轨道交通衔接情况,结合上位规划及相应枢纽规划,深入分析了城市轨道交通线网与对外交通枢纽之间的互动关系,探讨了南通市轨道交通线网与枢纽的衔接策略,提出具有针对性的衔接建议方案。[结果及结论]南通城市轨道交通线网的构建主要以L形城市轨道交通线路为主。调整后的新线网规划方案增加了南通站的城市轨道交通线路数量,着重考虑了南部地区与南通站的直接联系,提升了南通市各功能区到达南通站的便捷程度,还考虑了城市轨道交通线网与南通新机场(枢纽)的衔接。

地铁车站客流疏导优化

为解决日常轨道交通站点拥堵问题,提高地铁车站客运效率,利用AnyLogic仿真软件对地铁站进行模拟仿真,得到地铁站行人密度图,分析地铁站拥堵瓶颈点,从行人流线和站内设施设备布局两个角度提出针对性优化措施。结果表明:地铁站站厅层安检区和站台层扶梯组通常为地铁站拥堵瓶颈区,改善安检区域与扶梯出口区域的拥堵是提升地铁站客运效率的关键。在安检口增设独立安检设施,安排工作人员引导拥堵区人流是既经济又高效的措施。采取措施后,拥堵区行人密度有所下降,验证了优化措施的有效性。该方法可为地铁站日常客流组织管理提供参考。

城市轨道交通行车组织的应用及管理研究

城市轨道交通作为缓解城市路面交通的重要基础设施,具有运量大、行车间隔短、输送能力强、安全性高等特点。本文主要针对城市轨道交通行车组织展开研究,希望给城市轨道交通运营管理人员提供一定的借鉴参考。

GATT安全例外条款的适用研究

GATT安全例外条款在理论上具有保护国家安全利益与推进自由平等贸易的重要平衡作用。但在实践中,因WTO成员和产业矛盾突出、安全内容滞后性、条款定义含糊等问题导致较多适用争议。通过梳理俄罗斯过境措施案(DS512)、美国钢铝案(DS544)裁决明确了GATT安全例外条款管辖权、适用标准等,进一步结合沙特阿拉伯知识产权措施案(DS567)、美国原产地标记措施案(DS597)裁决归纳出成员援引该条款逻辑的基本一致性,为日后WTO成员有效援引该条款提供了参考。中国应抓住WTO改革契机,主张通过谈判完善GATT安全例外条款,坚持协调在先及审慎援引GATT安全例外条款的立场,面对他国援引时坚持WTO专家组的管辖权以及“善意原则”规制下的适用标准,推动安全例外条款适用范围严格化和标准明晰化,防止其成为贸易保护措施的国际法律工具。

轨道交通闸机通过能力差异性影响因素研究

轨道交通车站闸机作为区分付费区和非付费区的重要客运组织设施,对车站整体客流通过能力产生影响.通过调取现场视频,采用逐帧回放的方式记录乘客通过闸机的速率并进行分类化差异性对比,经量表计量后发现基于性别、闸机宽度、刷闸方式等因素对闸机通行能力产生影响,且在很大程度上互相存在调节和中介作用.经调整现场环境设施布置,采取铺设防滑条、明显标注刷闸区域措施后,采用刷卡及刷码通过闸机的能力与未采取措施前相比分别提高了10.93%和8.62%.此外,随着人脸识别技术在闸机设备的使用,根据现场验证性试验可知,应用了人脸识别技术的闸机在乘客通行时省去了操作前的停顿时间,可做到惯性通过,极大提高了车站的通行能力.