This paper describes the development of a Chinese version of the ISM （Inventory of School Motivation）. Forward and backward translation strategies are used. Further, rigorous evaluation procedures are conducted to c...This paper describes the development of a Chinese version of the ISM （Inventory of School Motivation）. Forward and backward translation strategies are used. Further, rigorous evaluation procedures are conducted to compare the form and meaning of the original English version and the back-translated version. The translation procedures ensure that the Chinese version is as equivalent as possible to the English version. Grammatical and syntactical issues with translation will be discussed in the paper.展开更多
Somatic stem cells （SSCs）, being essential in maintaining homeostasis of normal tissue, replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues for organism. On the other hand, with the self-renewed ability, SSCs are i...Somatic stem cells （SSCs）, being essential in maintaining homeostasis of normal tissue, replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues for organism. On the other hand, with the self-renewed ability, SSCs are ideal cellular targets to be acquired in multiple mutations transforming SSCs to cancer stem cells （CSCs） which cause malignancies and even recurrence after cancer treatment if CSCs fail to be eradicated （1）.展开更多
文摘This paper describes the development of a Chinese version of the ISM （Inventory of School Motivation）. Forward and backward translation strategies are used. Further, rigorous evaluation procedures are conducted to compare the form and meaning of the original English version and the back-translated version. The translation procedures ensure that the Chinese version is as equivalent as possible to the English version. Grammatical and syntactical issues with translation will be discussed in the paper.
文摘Somatic stem cells （SSCs）, being essential in maintaining homeostasis of normal tissue, replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues for organism. On the other hand, with the self-renewed ability, SSCs are ideal cellular targets to be acquired in multiple mutations transforming SSCs to cancer stem cells （CSCs） which cause malignancies and even recurrence after cancer treatment if CSCs fail to be eradicated （1）.
