The Estimation Methods for Agricultural Surplus Labor Based on Stochastic Frontier Production Function

The existing calculation methods for the number of agricultural surplus labor have a common flaw,that is,they can not reflect the impact of technical efficiency changes in agricultural production on the surplus labor. Based on the basic principle of stochastic frontier production function,this paper calculates the agricultural production technical efficiency of various provinces,and selects the province with the highest technical efficiency to assume that its agricultural labor is fully utilized,and there is no agricultural surplus labor. With the ratio of agricultural labor number to agricultural output value in this province as a reference,this paper calculates the number of agricultural surplus labor in other provinces. This calculation method makes up for the shortcomings of the existing calculation methods; it reflects the relationship between the number of agricultural surplus labor and production technical efficiency.

基于SFA模型的我国区域技术创新效率的实证研究

使用我国31个省、市、自治区1998～2003年的panel data数据，运用基于对数型柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的随机前沿生产函数（SFA）实证研究了我国区域技术创新效率。研究结果表明：我国区域技术创新效率虽然呈上升趋势，但效率较低，同时，东、中、西部之间区域技术创新效率差距明显。这表明如何提高我国区域技术创新效率和缩小区域之间效率差距是当前问题的关键。

基于SFA模型的我国区域煤炭生产技术效率及其影响因素的实证研究

使用我国19个地区的国有重点煤矿2001～2005年的paneldata数据，运用基于对数型柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的随机前沿分析（SFA）模型，实证研究了我国区域煤炭生产的技术效率，并分析技术效率的主要影响因素。结果表明：从时间上看，煤炭生产技术效率均值近似呈现倒V形变化；从区域角度看，煤炭生产技术效率的区域差异较大；地质条件对煤炭开采技术效率有负面影响，而运输条件、人力资源、开采技术等因素对区域煤炭开采技术效率有正面影响，其中人力资源和开采技术影响较大。

基于SFA的工业用水节水潜力分析

构建基于随机前沿生产函数的工业用水节水潜力计算模型,认为节水潜力是技术充分有效、不存在任何效率损失情形下的工业最小用水量与实际用水量的差,是用水户在现有的生产技术、用水结构、水资源管理制度、用水意识、投资能力等因素综合作用下能达到的目标。以徐州市为例进行计算分析,指出徐州工业技术效率呈现上升趋势,总体节水潜力为当前用水量的22.52%。

所有权结构与城市公交运营效率:基于面板数据和SFA模型的实证研究

本文探讨了所有权结构对我国公交企业运营效率的影响,为公交服务市场化改革提供了理论依据。根据契约理论提出了所有权结构是影响公交企业运营效率关键因素的核心假设,采用我国2008-2013年期间32家公交企业面板数据,建立基于超越对数生产函数时变形式标示的随机前沿生产函数模型对研究假设进行了实证检验。研究结果发现:公交企业运营效率受到所有权结构的显著影响;所有权结构为混合型公交企业的运营效率优于国有型企业和私有型企业的运营效率;公交企业规模与运营效率显著正相关,但"倒U型"关系不显著;市场竞争程度与运营效率显著正相关,且存在"倒U型"关系;人均GDP和政府投入都与运营效率显著负相关;人口密度对运营效率具有正向影响。

基于SFA模型的河南省技术创新效率的实证研究

运用对数型柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的随机前沿生产函数(SFA),实证研究了2005～2008年河南省区域技术创新效率。结果显示:科技活动人员投入比科技活动经费支出具有更高的产出弹性;从整体来看,河南省平均技术效率水平在近年中呈现出稳步上升趋势,但效率较低;同时,各地市之间区域技术创新效率差距明显。这表明如何提高河南省区域技术创新效率和缩小各地市之间效率差距是当前问题的关键。

Technical efficiency of cocoa farms at varying elevation levels in Davao City, Philippines: implications to sustainable upland farming systems

Elevation is one of many components that influence agriculture, and this in turn affects the level of both inputs and outputs of farmers. This article focuses on the productivity and technical efficiency of 100 cocoa farms using cross-sectional data from areas ranging from 190 to 1021 m above sea level which were classified as low, medium, and high elevation in Davao City, considered as the chocolate capital of the Philippines. Using stochastic frontier analysis, the results showed that the cost of inputs per ha and the number of cocoa trees per ha significantly increase yield. Farms at high elevations were less technically efficient, as this entails lower temperatures and increased rainfall, and cocoa farming in those areas and conditions can be more challenging, especially with changes in farming practices, terrain, and distance to markets. Other significant variables were age of cocoa farms, married farmers, and age of the farmers. Older farms may be more developed, farmers who are married benefit from their spouses being able to readily contribute as farm labor, and lastly, older farmers' inefficiency may likely stem from nonadaptation of newer farming practices. With an average technical efficiency of 0.61, 0.63, and 0.26 in low, medium, and high elevation areas, respectively, farmers therefore have an incentive to improve farm practices and consider topographical variations found in high elevation areas. Recommendations for the improvement of technical efficiency of cocoa farms are better connectivity to markets, enhancing farm practices, and continuation and improvement of government programs on cocoa with an added emphasis on research. For farmers in high elevation areas, mitigating solutions such as sustainable agriculture practices and ecolabelling are key to improving efficiency and minimizing the potential negative impact on upland farming systems. Moreover, such adaptation measures may also contribute to sustainability of cocoa farming in high elevation areas.

基于两阶段SFA模型的中国医药企业技术创新效率研究

运用超越对数生产函数随机前沿模型,采用2009-2013年中国103家沪深医药上市公司面板数据,在考虑创新时滞的情况下根据创新生成和创新转化的两阶段特点构建投入产出指标体系,测算了两阶段的中国医药企业技术创新效率,分析了关键影响因素的作用。结果显示：中国医药上市公司的技术创新具有阶段性,创新生成阶段的资源利用率介于39%-46%,创新转化阶段的效率损失不超过35%,创新生成成果促进了创新成果转化;考虑时滞后的技术创新效率值（1年或2年）高于时滞为0的技术创新效率值;企业技术行为、企业主体特征、企业外部环境对两阶段的技术创新效率发挥不一致的作用,部分因素的作用受到了时滞的影响。

基于SFA模型的广东省农业现代化示范区技术经济效率测评及改进策略

【目的】在考虑经济社会影响的基础上,综合测算广东省22个大型农业现代化示范区的技术经济效率,为提升广东农业现代化示范区运行效率提出政策建议。【方法】针对各示范区所在区域经济社会环境差异较大的特点,构建SFA模型,对产出变量进行影响因素剔除,对广东省22个大型农业现代化示范区技术经济效率进行实证测算研究。【结果】广东省内经济发达地区有40%的农业现代化示范区技术经济效率比原来有所下降,且下降幅度较大,个别城市下降在0.5左右。经济次发达和欠发达地区技术经济效率有所上升,其中,次发达地区主要是纯技术效率上升导致综合技术经济效率上升,经济欠发达地区则是(纯)技术效率和规模效率共同上升导致综合技术经济效率上升。【建议】广东农业现代化示范区技术经济效率差异明显,经济社会因素对示范区效率有较大影响,今后需创新经营机制,加强财政资金投入,调整各要素投入,加强示范区管理并构建分类评估体系。

我国4种规模奶牛养殖生产要素配置现状及其优化研究--基于Translog-SFA的技术效率分析

本文采用超越对数随机前沿模型对2006—2015年全国4种规模奶牛养殖的生产要素配置现状、各投入要素的贡献率、技术损失效率及其影响因素进行了剖析。结果表明:中规模奶牛(51~500头)养殖要素配置相对最优,大规模(500头以上)急需提高生产前沿面,散养(1~10头)和小规模(11~50头)的要素配置最差;目前技术效率的提高主要依赖于饲料的投入,但这种粗放、低效的养殖方式已不能持续为我国奶牛增产提供支持;各投入要素的产出弹性均为正值,说明我国奶牛产业正处于规模报酬递增阶段,技术进步对于突破我国奶牛产值瓶颈有巨大的潜力。基于以上结论,提出推广中小规模奶牛养殖模式、加快奶牛养殖技术创新与进步、支持和引导农户养殖等对策建议。

我国战略性新兴产业技术效率影响因素——基于面板数据SFA模型的实证检验

本文基于2004-2011年我国七大战略性新兴产业46个样本行业的面板数据,运用随机前沿分析方法(SFA),构造随机前沿生产模型并对技术无效率项进行建模,实证检验了行业平均企业规模、国有产权比重、外商投资占比、行业盈利能力、行业科技人才引进量以及科研经费投入等相关因素对我国战略性新兴产业技术效率的影响效果,研究发现:行业平均企业规模、行业盈利能力、行业科技人才引进量对我国战略性新兴产业技术效率的提升产生显著正影响;国有产权比重、外商投资占比、行业科研经费投入对我国战略性新兴产业技术效率的提升产生显著负影响。基于以上实证的研究结果,基于实证结果,我们讨论了提升我国战略性新兴产业技术效率的相关政策建议。

我国粮食生产技术效率及影响因素研究——基于省际面板数据的Translog-SFA模型的分析

粮食生产技术效率的有效提高对于实施乡村振兴战略、保障粮食安全有着重要意义。采用超越对数随机前沿模型对全国31个省市2013—2017年的粮食生产技术效率、各投入要素的贡献率、技术损失效率及其影响因素进行剖析。研究结果表明,我国的粮食生产仍然有较大的技术损失,但总体的生产技术效率较高,达到0.771 2;目前生产技术效率的提高主要依赖于播种面积的增加和劳动的投入,但这种粗放、低效的生产方式已不能持续的为我国粮食增产提供支持;从各个省市来看,相较之下,粮食主产区的效率均较高,但进步空间有限,非粮食主产区的效率较低,但还有较大的提升潜力;各投入要素的产出弹性为3.581 5,说明技术进步对我国粮食产业正处于规模报酬递增阶段。基于以上结论,提出加快科技创新,实现科技进步、完善科技推广体制、加快挖掘非粮食主产区的生产潜力、提高人力资本水平以及加快农村劳动力转移等政策建议。

基于SFA的我国汽车制造业技术效率的研究

本文以我国汽车制造行业为研究对象,选取10家具有代表性的汽车制造企业2000-2009年的面板数据,运用随机前沿分析(SFA)模型,实证研究了我国汽车制造企业的技术效率。研究结果表明,我国汽车制造业的技术效率总体呈波动趋势;客车、重卡企业技术效率最高,乘用车企业次之,轻卡、农用车企业最低;东部地区技术效率高于中部和西部;技术效率影响因素方面,库存过高、研发人员过多以及汽车产量过大不利于技术效率水平的提高,而企业与供应商和客户关系的加深,能提高企业的技术效率水平。

Farm Production Growth in the Upper and Middle Parts of the Yellow River Basin,China,During 1980-1999

The impact of inputs on farm production growth was evaluated by analyzing the economic data of the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China for the period of 1980-1999. Descriptive statistics were employed to characterize the temporal trends and spatial patterns in farm production and five pertinent inputs of cultivated cropland, irrigation ratio, agricultural labor, machinery power and chemical fertilizer. Stochastic frontier production function was applied to quantify the dependence of the farm production on these inputs. The growth of farm production was decomposed to reflect the contributions by input growths and change in total factor productivity.. The change in total factor productivity was further decomposed into the changes in technology and in technical efficiency. The gross value of farm production in the region of study increased by 1.6 fold during 1980-1999. Among the five selected farm inputs, machinery power and chemical fertilizer increased by 1.8 and 2.8 fold, respectively. The increases in cultivated cropland, irrigated cropland, and agricultural labor were all less than 0.16 fold. The growth in the farm production was primarily contributed by the increase in the total factor productivity during 1980-1985, and by input growths after 1985. More than 80% of the contributions by input growths were attributed to the increased application of fertilizer and machinery. In the change of total factor productivity, the technology change dominated over the technical efficiency change in the study period except in the period of 1985-1990, implying that institution and investment played important roles in farm production growth. There was a decreasing trend in the technical efficiency in the region of study, indicating a potential to increase farm production by improving the technical efficiency in farm activities. Given the limited natural resources in the basin, the results of this study suggested that, for a sustainable growth of farm production in the area, efforts should be directed to technology progress and improvement in technical efficiency in the use of available resources.

Analysis on Technical Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Rapeseed Production

Based on micro survey data of 344 rapeseed farmers in 19 rapeseed counties of Hubei Province,with the aid of stochastic frontier production function model and efficiency loss model,this paper analyzed basic production situations,demographic characteristics of rapeseed farmers,technical efficiency loss,and main influencing factors. In Hubei Province,there are mainly following problems in rapeseed production: serious aging of rapeseed farmers; relatively scarce labors; the middle-aged and old farmers have higher technical efficiency level; with increase in farmer age,their technical efficiency firstly declines and then rises. In view of these situations,it came up with recommendations including raising educational level of rapeseed farmers to realize large scale economy and effectively reduce technical efficiency loss,and local government,specialized associations and agricultural machinery extension departments should provide proper technical guidance according to demands of farmers to reduce technical efficiency loss.

基于PP和Translog-SFA组合模型的区域科技创新效率评价及外部环境影响因素分析——以四川省为例

区域科技创新效率测算与影响因素分析能够为政策制定者提供定量化的依据,有助于政策的制定与完善,进而提升区域科技创新能力。采用投影寻踪(PP)与超越对数生产函数形式的随机前沿分析(Translog-SFA)组合模型,对2014—2018年四川省科技创新相关的投入产出变量以及影响创新效率的外部环境因素的面板数据进行了分析。研究发现,四川省2014—2018年的创新效率呈现逐年递增趋势,平均创新效率为0.62;各市州之间以及五大经济区之间的创新效率存在显著的差异;外部环境因素中,地区的经济发展水平、人口发展水平、高等教育发展水平与创新效率呈现正相关性。

Jinzhai County Household Technical Change and Efficiency Change Analysis: Stochastic Frontier Production Function Approach

Stochastic frontier production function approach is adopted, 93 farmer samples have been collected, pure efficiency, technical efficiency, technical change and scale efficiency and the institutional contribution have been calculated. The results indicated that increasing productivity is the sole measurement to reduce poverty, institution and technical change are the two key factors. Therefore, stable institution, improving technical changes are required. At present, it is urgent to make technical progre...

京津冀城市群绿色创新效率测度及空间效应研究

提高绿色创新效率是解决城市群发展中各种问题、推进协同发展的必经之路。基于2006—2018年京津冀城市群的面板数据,构建随机前沿生产函数测度京津冀城市群绿色创新效率,进而运用莫兰指数分析其空间关联,并进一步构建经济地理空间权重矩阵和空间杜宾模型展开溢出效应分析。结果表明:研究期内城市间的绿色创新效率差距有所缩小,但整体上仍不均衡;京津冀城市群的绿色创新效率存在空间正自相关性,呈现高高聚集、低低聚集的空间分布特征;对外开放程度、基础设施建设和信息化程度对城市群的绿色创新效率存在显著的直接效应,对外开放程度、城市人口、劳动力素质、基础设施建设等因素对城市群的绿色创新效率存在显著的溢出效应。

1989-2009中国总量农业全要素生产率研究综述

中国农业生产的资源与环境约束日益严峻,继续靠增加自然资源和要素投入来提高农业产出的余地已越来越小,农业全要素生产率(TFP)对于中国农业可持续发展更具有研究意义。作者搜集整理了1989-2009年国内外学者关于中国农业全要素生产率实证研究的文章,着重对中国农业全要素生产率的测算方法、增长演变特征及其影响因素进行了综述。农业全要素生产率的研究方法主要有4种:生产函数法、增长核算指数法、基于数据包络分析的曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数法和随机前沿法。中国农业全要素生产率增长演变特征表现为:技术进步是主要源泉,省际间农业全要素生产率增长差异逐渐扩大。影响农业全要素生产率增长的因素主要有农村制度变迁等。最后针对农业全要素生产率研究存在的问题,提出评估各种因素对省际间农业全要素生产率差异的影响,将是未来的研究方向。

中国的环境效率与环境管制——基于1986-2007年省级水平的估算

环境效率是生产过程中潜在可实现的最少污染排放量与实际污染排放量之比,企业能否提高环境效率取决于环保投入的产出水平。文章在随机前沿生产函数基础上估算了中国1986-2007年省级水平的环境效率,结果显示:中国的环境效率较低且增长缓慢,其中中部地区环境效率最低,西部地区环境效率最高。目前的环境管制方式在东部较为有效,对中西部的影响则不显著。因此环境管制不但要针对污染物当量,还要综合考虑企业的成本、利润水平等因素,才能更好治理污染。