The datasets of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L)model for the baseline experiment of the fully coupled runs in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterizat...The datasets of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L)model for the baseline experiment of the fully coupled runs in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima(DECK)common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)are described in this study.The CAS FGOALS-f3-L model team submitted the pi Control run with a near equilibrium ocean state for 561 model years,and 160-year integrations for three ensemble members of abrupt-4×CO2 and 1pct CO2,respectively.The ensemble members restart from the 600,650 and 700 model years in the pi Control run,respectively.The baseline performances of the model are validated in this article.The preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can preserve the long-term stability well for a mean net radiation flux of 0.31 W m-2at the top of the atmosphere,and a limited decreasing trend of-0.03 W m-2/100 yr.The global annual mean SST is 16.45°C for the 561-year mean,with an increase of 0.03°C/100 yr.The model captures the basic spatial patterns of climate-mean SST and precipitation,but still underestimates the SST over the warm pool.The coupled model mitigates the precipitation bias in the ITCZ compared with the results from CMIP5.Moreover,the model’s climate sensitivity represented by the equilibrium climate sensitivity has been reduced from 4.5°C in CMIP5 to 3.0°C in CMIP6.All these datasets contribute to the benchmark of model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.展开更多
Objective: Kaempferide and 4,2'-dihydroxy-4',5',6'-trimethoxychalcone (DTMC) are two major flavonoids found in Chromolaena odoraia Linn, leaf extract. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechani...Objective: Kaempferide and 4,2'-dihydroxy-4',5',6'-trimethoxychalcone (DTMC) are two major flavonoids found in Chromolaena odoraia Linn, leaf extract. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which these two flavonoids exerted their effect on adipogenesis. The inhibitory effect of kaempferide and DTMC on adipocyte differentiation and their mechanisms involving mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and apoptosis during the early stage of adipogenesis were investigated. Methods: Confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate and exposed to the flavonoids during various phases of difTerentiaiion. Intracellular lipid accumulation, cell density and expression of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding pro-teins a were assessed using AdipoRed, Oil red 0 and Western blot assays. Effects of both flavonoids on cell proliferation and apoptosis were also determined by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide-staining assays, respectively. Results: Kaempferide and DTMC showed significant, concentration-dependent anti-adipogenic activity and effect on cell density in the early phase of adipogenesis. The expression of the transcription factors seemed to be reduced when the treatment was prolonged or in the early phase of adipogenesis. These flavonoids interrupted MCE via inhibition of preadipocyte proliferation and induction of apoptosis. DTMC was nearly three times more potent than kaempferide in inducing apoptosis. Conclusion: Kaempferide and DTMC exerted their anti-adipogenic activity through inhibition of MCE, either by suppressing cell proliferation or by inducing apoptosis during the early phase of differentiation.展开更多
基金jointly funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of Chinagrant number 2017YFA0604004the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant numbers 41530426+1 种基金91737306,U1811464,91837101,41730963,and 91958201the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences grant numbers XDA19060102 and XDB40030205。
文摘The datasets of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS-f3-L)model for the baseline experiment of the fully coupled runs in the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima(DECK)common experiments of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6)are described in this study.The CAS FGOALS-f3-L model team submitted the pi Control run with a near equilibrium ocean state for 561 model years,and 160-year integrations for three ensemble members of abrupt-4×CO2 and 1pct CO2,respectively.The ensemble members restart from the 600,650 and 700 model years in the pi Control run,respectively.The baseline performances of the model are validated in this article.The preliminary evaluation suggests that the CAS FGOALS-f3-L model can preserve the long-term stability well for a mean net radiation flux of 0.31 W m-2at the top of the atmosphere,and a limited decreasing trend of-0.03 W m-2/100 yr.The global annual mean SST is 16.45°C for the 561-year mean,with an increase of 0.03°C/100 yr.The model captures the basic spatial patterns of climate-mean SST and precipitation,but still underestimates the SST over the warm pool.The coupled model mitigates the precipitation bias in the ITCZ compared with the results from CMIP5.Moreover,the model’s climate sensitivity represented by the equilibrium climate sensitivity has been reduced from 4.5°C in CMIP5 to 3.0°C in CMIP6.All these datasets contribute to the benchmark of model behaviors for the desired continuity of CMIP.
基金supported by a grant from Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (TGIST) (grant number 01–54–007)National Nanotechnology Center at National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand
文摘Objective: Kaempferide and 4,2'-dihydroxy-4',5',6'-trimethoxychalcone (DTMC) are two major flavonoids found in Chromolaena odoraia Linn, leaf extract. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which these two flavonoids exerted their effect on adipogenesis. The inhibitory effect of kaempferide and DTMC on adipocyte differentiation and their mechanisms involving mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and apoptosis during the early stage of adipogenesis were investigated. Methods: Confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate and exposed to the flavonoids during various phases of difTerentiaiion. Intracellular lipid accumulation, cell density and expression of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding pro-teins a were assessed using AdipoRed, Oil red 0 and Western blot assays. Effects of both flavonoids on cell proliferation and apoptosis were also determined by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide-staining assays, respectively. Results: Kaempferide and DTMC showed significant, concentration-dependent anti-adipogenic activity and effect on cell density in the early phase of adipogenesis. The expression of the transcription factors seemed to be reduced when the treatment was prolonged or in the early phase of adipogenesis. These flavonoids interrupted MCE via inhibition of preadipocyte proliferation and induction of apoptosis. DTMC was nearly three times more potent than kaempferide in inducing apoptosis. Conclusion: Kaempferide and DTMC exerted their anti-adipogenic activity through inhibition of MCE, either by suppressing cell proliferation or by inducing apoptosis during the early phase of differentiation.
