An Energy-Aware Routing Protocol Based on Effective Transmission in Sensor Networks

In order to minimize the energy consumption in the discovery of the routing path, this paper introduces a novel concept of effective transmission （ET） that ensures each forwarding node is not only farther from the source node, but also nearer to the destination node with respect to its sender, An energ-aware routing protocol based on ET is proposed. It enables the energy consumption for each hop to be the least for the transmission. The simulation results show the routing protocol is effective in the performance of energy consumption comparing with some other routing protocols.

Effect of electroacupuncture on synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in cerebral ischemic injured rats

BACKGROUND： Some studies suggest that the long-term potentiation （LTP） of synaptic transmission may be the basis for the neural synaptic plasticity of hippocampus, but can be evoked by various factors including electroacupuncture. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of electroacupuncture on the activities of basic synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of hippocampus and the changes of high frequency stimulation （HFS） induced activity of synaptic transmission in cerebral ischemic injured rats. DESIGN： A randomized control trial.SETTING： Shenzhen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MATERIALS： Sixty healthy male Wistar rats, weighing 150-250 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The experiment began after adaptation of environment for 1 week under standard experimental environment. The main experimental instruments included the programming electrical acupuncture apparatus （PCEA, product of the Institute of Acupuncture and Meridians, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine） and multichannel physiologic recorder （RM-86, Nihon Konden）. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 2003 and July 2004. ①Embedding of brain electrodes： In reference of the Pellegrino＇s rat brain atlas, the bipolar electrode stimulator was embedded into the perforant path （PP） anterior to the entorhinal area with location coordinates of AP 7.5 mm, L 4.2 mm and H 3.0 mm, that is, 7.5 mm posterior to the anterior fontanelle, 4.2 mm laterally on the right side and 3.0 mm under the subcortex. The subcortex recorder electrode coordinates are AP 3.8 mm, L 2.5 mm and H 3.5 mm, located in the granular cell layer of the unilateral dentate gyrus （DG） of hippocampus, at the site of which an opening with the diameter of 1.5 mm was drilled for the purpose of embedding of the stimulating and recording electrodes, and at the site by mild adjusting the positions of these electrodes where maximal population spike （PS） was recorded, fastened the electrodes at last. ② The 60 rats were randomized into two major groups, namely, fundamental stimulation （FS） group （basic group） and high frequency stimulation （HFS） group. Each group was further divided into three subgroups respectively： Sham-operated subgroup （n=10）： only exposed bilateral common carotid arteries without blocking their blood flow; Cerebral ischemia model subgroup （n=10）： exposing bilateral common carotid arteries and blocking their blood flow; Ischemia plus electroacupuncture subgroup （n=10）： blocked blood flow of bilateral common carotid arteries and received electroacupuncture. The electroacupuncture acupoints were the points of Du meridian, including Baihui （GV20）, Dazhui （GV14）, and points of Pen meridian, including Qihai （CV6） and Guanyuan （CV4）. ③ Process of electroacupuncture： All the rats underwent testing stimulation （1/30 Hz frequency and 0.1 ms breadth） at 30 minutes before modeling, PS values were recorded as the indexes of the excitation of DG granular cell population, and the data were input to computer for data analysis. During the experiment, the intensity of stimulation was kept stable by adopting 1/2 the value of stimulation intensity that could induce maximal PS amplitude. In the basic group, PS were recorded for 120 minutes after modeling, and among the rats in the electroacupuncture group, PS was recorded at 10 minutes before and 60 minutes after blocking blood flow in the carotid artery during continuous electrical acupuncture. In the HFS group, HFS was given immediately after modeling, PS were recorded for 180 minutes at 10 minutes after HFS was given in the sham-operated group and model group, rats in the electroacupuncture group were treated with electroacupuncture for 60 minutes at 30 minutes after HFS was given, and PS was recorded for 180 minutes after 10 minutes. LTP was triggered by HFS and PS values were determined and recorded through measuring stimulations respectively 0, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after the evokes.④ Methods for expressing the level of synaptic transmission： Each testing stimulus provoked one PS, and 10 successive amplitude values （V/mV） were averaged relevant to a certain time cut. The averaged PS of 6 time cuts at 30 minutes before modeling was made as basal synaptic transmission level as control. Synaptic transmission at each time cut was expressed as： p=（ Vdifferentime cut / Vbasal） × 100%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The differences of synaptic transmission level were compared among the subgroups in the basic group after models also among the subgroups in the HFS group after HFS.RESULTS： All the 60 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Comparison of synaptic transmission level at different time cut after modeling and the effect of electroacupuncture in the subgroups of the basic group： The synaptic transmission level in the sham-operated subgroup had no significant change within 120 minutes （P 〉 0.05）. The synaptic transmission levels at 10, 30 and 60 minutes in the model subgroup were obviously lower than those in the sham-operated group [（60±7）%, （90±3）%, （93±4）%; （100±5）%, （102±6）%, （105±7）%, P 〈 0.05-0.01]. With the prolongation of time for ischemia/reperfusion, the synaptic transmission level gradually ascended to the normal level, and those at 90 and 120 minutes were close to those in the sham-operated group （P 〉 0.05）. In the subgroup of electroacupuncture, the synaptic transmission levels at 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes were obviously higher than those in the model subgroup [（93±5）%, （106±10）%, （123±16）%, （145±20）%, （168±25）%; （96±7）%, （98±8）%, P 〈 0.05-0.01].② Comparison of synaptic transmission level at different time cut after HFS and the effect of electroacupuncture in the groups： In the sham-operated group, the synaptic transmission level after HFS increased significantly, and maintained without decrease within 180 minutes. In the model group, the synaptic transmission level at 0, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after HFS were obviously lower than those in the sham-operated group [（60±7）%, （95±9）%, （138±11）%, （141±13）%, （140±13）%, （138±15）%; （100±6）%, （182±21）%, （179±18）%, （177±18）%, （175±23）%, （178±24）%, P 〈 0.01]. The synaptic transmission level at 60, 120 and 180 minutes after HFS in the electroacupuncture group were close to those in the sham-operated group （P 〉 0.05）, those at 120 and 180 minutes after HFS in the electroacupuncture group were obviously higher than those in the model group [（171±22）%, （181±25）%, P 〈 0.05-0.01]. CONCLUSION： Electroacupuncture could enhance the basic activity of synaptic transmission in the dentate gyros of hippocampus in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Electroacupuncture has obvious LTP effect on the activity of synaptic transmission induced by HFS.

Influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income from the perspective of transmission asymmetry

Based on time series data of RMB exchange rate and urban-rural income, this paper makes an empirical study for the influence of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income by utilizing rolling regression model through direct and indirect transmission mechanisms. According to the results, the transmission effect of RMB exchange rate fluctuation on urban-rural income has features of incompleteness and asymmetry. Moreover, RMB appreciation will help to reduce the urban-rural income gap. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Chinese economy should accelerate the course of transforming mode, adjusting structure and promoting development under the new normal. Meanwhile, reform of RMB exchange rate mechanism should be promoted, living standard of residents must be improved, and the urban-rural income gap should be reduced.

An empirical study on the green effects of new energy vehicle promotion in the context of global carbon neutrality

In the context of global carbon neutrality,new energy vehicle promotion(NEVP)has become an important means of reducing carbon emissions.This paper constructs a theoretical model and uses panel data on NEVP in 21 countries from 2012 to 2018 to empirically examine the green effect of NEVP.The results indicate the following:(1)NEVP significantly reduces greenhouse gases emissions,and the green effect can be transmitted and diffused through a direct path.(2)Replacing fuel-fired vehicles and accelerating the end-of-life vehicle scrapping process significantly conducted the green effect,and aggravating traffic congestion was not statistically significant.(3)The transmission mechanism of the green effect is regulated by regional economic heterogeneity.In regions with better development of fuel-fired vehicles,the transmission of the green effect is subject to the elimination of fuel-fired vehicles and traffic congestion governance,and the transmission efficiency is low.However,regions with a relatively weak fuel-fired automobile industry foundation show a strong“advantage of backwardness”,and the green effect is more prominent.This means that global NEVP should be further accelerated to achieve the green effect and the goal of global carbon neutrality.

Nonlinear polarization effects and mitigation in polarization-division-multiplexed coherent transmission systems

Using numerical simulations, the nonlinear transmission performance of polarization-division-multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keying （PDM-QPSK） coherent systems is studied. It is found that inter-channel cross-polarization modulation （XPolM） induced nonlinear polarization scattering can significantly degrade the transmission performance of PDM-QPSK coherent systems and change the perspective of dispersion management in optical coherent transmission systems. Some techniques to mitigate nonlinear polarization scattering in dispersion-managed PDM coherent transmission systems are discussed, including the use of time-interleaved return-to-zero （RZ） PDM formats, the use of periodic-group-delay PGD dispersion compensators, and the judicious addition of some polarization-mode-dispersion （PMD） in the transmission link. It is shown that if nonlinear polarization scattering can be well mitigated, a polarization multiplexed optical coherent transmission system with dispersion management could perform better than that without it.

Spin and valley filter in strain engineered silicene

The realization of a perfect spin or valley filtering effect in two-dimensional graphene-like materials is one of the fundamental objectives in spintronics and valleytronics. For this purpose, we study spin- and valley-dependent transport in a silicene system with spatially alternative strains. It is found that due to the valley-opposite gauge field induced by the strain, the strained silicene with a superlattice structure exhibits an angle-resolved valley and spin filtering effect when the spin–orbit interaction is considered. When the interaction that breaks the time reversal symmetry is introduced, such as the spin or valley dependent staggered magnetization, the system is shown to be a perfect spin and valley half metal in which only one spin and valley species is allowed to transport. Our findings are helpful to design both spintronic and valleytronic devices based on silicene.

Intra-Channel Nonlinear Effect on Optical PPM Pulse Transmission

PPM encoded Gaussian pulse sequence shows more immunity than non-PPM schemes on optical fiber intra-channel nonlinearity and demonstrated by a numerical study of IXPM and IFWM effects deploying on 100Gb/s single channelsystem.

Effect of Polarization Dependent Loss on Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission System

We report on the effects of the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) on the polarization-multiplexed system. The result shows that the PDL of 0.9 dB could cause 1-dB power penalty. Unlike PMD, the effect of PDL was not dependent on the transmission speed.

Effect of optical losses on the transmission performance of a radio-over-fiber distributed antenna system

The effects of optical losses oil a directly-modulated radio-over-fiber （RoF） system used for distributed antenna networks are determined. The results show that with a properly designed bidirectional amplifier, the RoF link can tolerate over 20 and 16 dB of optical losses for down- and up-links, respectively. Simulation results are also consistent with the experimental data. These findings can contribute to tile design of RoF distributed antenna systems with different topologies.

Electrical and optical property of annealed Te-doped GaSb

GaSb is the most suitable substrate in the epitaxial growth of mixed semiconductors of GaSb system.In this work,Te-doped GaSb bulk crystals with different doping concentration have been annealed at 550℃ for100 h in ambient antimony.The annealed samples have been studied by Hall effect measurement,infrared（IR）optical transmission,Glow discharge mass spectroscopy（GDMS） and photoluminescence（PL） spectroscopy.After annealing,Te-doped GaSb samples exhibit a decrease of carrier concentration and increase of mobility,along with an improvement of below gap IR transmission.Native acceptor related electrical compensation analysis suggests a formation of donor defect with deeper energy level.The mechanism of the variation of the defect and its influence on the material properties are discussed.