Practice and Outlook of China's Regulation on the Extraterritorial Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent years,China has enacted a series of laws,regulations,and policies to better regulate the overseas business conduct of transnational corporations,urging them to respect the human rights of the people in host countries and fulfill their social responsibilities to achieve sustainable development.Meanwhile,China has actively participated in the formulation of the Legally Binding Instrument on Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises in International Human Rights Law,providing a Chinese solution to promote global governance of transnational corporations.However,in practice,the lack of institutional mechanisms,systems,and industry rules to supervise and guide transnational enterprises in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities,as well as the limited awareness of human rights risks among these enterprises,have resulted in ongoing human rights risks in their overseas business operations,particularly regarding labor rights and environmental rights.In response,China should take its national conditions into consideration and focus on the development trends of human rights issues in the business sector at the international level.Drawing on the experiences of other countries,China should explore and establish institutional and practical measures to regulate the human rights responsibilities of transnational enterprises through legislation,administration,and judiciary actions,in order to address the risks and challenges faced by Chinese enterprises in foreign investments and contribute to the sustainable development of the world and global human rights governance.

Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Conventions——From the Perspective of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations

The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.

Corporate Social Responsibility Projects by Transnational Oil Corporations in Nigerian Niger Delta Region： The Experiences of Selected Oil Producing Communities

A well-known fact about the Nigerian Niger Delta region is incessant conflicts between the oil transnational corporations （Oil TNCs） and the oil producing communities. This could be attributed to the fact that the activities of Oil TNCs have continued to unleash untold devastation on the environment of the oil producing communities and its consequences on the local economy and by extension the total obliteration of the livelihood of the inhabitants of the area. Therefore, the Oil TNCs are increasingly becoming conscious of their devastating impact on the ecology of the area and their blatant disregard for the socio-economic development of the host communities. Consequently, the Oil TNCs have come to embrace the idea of executing Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） projects as a vehicle to intervene meaningfully in order to mitigate the adverse effect of their operations in host communities. This paper attempts a review and analysis of CSR practices of the two major Oil TNCs in Bayelsa State： Shell and Agip in six host communities： Olugboboro, Olugbobiri, Ikebiri 1, Oporoma, Angiama, and Peremabiri in Southern ljaw local government area. The key question explored in this study is： Has the practice of CSR in the Nigerian Niger Delta region by Oil TNCs brought about socio-economic development and drastic reduction in conflict between the host communities and the Oil TNCs？ The paper argues that CSR projects of transnational oil corporations in Nigeria are driven by short-term expediency rather than the long term development needs of host communities through the provision of poor quality social amenities to these communities in order to secure social license to operate. For transnational oil corporations to make positive impact in the Nigerian Niger Delta Region, their CSR projects should be long tern in nature, taking into consideration the sustainable development needs of the local communities. The CSR projects should be in the form of high quality social amenities and environmental rehabilitation and protection, which could serve the needs of the present and future generations.

Analysis of TEDA's Present Situation in Drawing Capital from Transnational Corporations and Its Measures

Ⅰ. The present Situation of Transnational Corporations’ Investment in TEDA (1 ) General situation Since its founding ten years ago, especially since 1992. TEDA has achieved encouraging successesin undertaking major projects. drawing the attention of leading consortia, omnibearingly solicitingbusiness and drawing foreign capital. By September 30, 1994, TEDA had approved 2054 solely for-

New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

With the adoption of the"Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate,in International Human Rights Law,the Activities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises"and its revised draft,the codification of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations has entered a new era The instrument aims to supplement the shortcomings of transnational corporations in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities by strengthening the obligations of states and to improve the host country’s inadequate remedies for human rights violations by establishing extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction of home countries But the instrument has encountered various challenges because the human rights obligations and legal responsibilities of states go beyond the current domestic human rights systems and impact the existing theories and practices of international human rights law In order to resolve the differences among countries,the future codification of the instrument should be based on existing domestic and international legal systems and practices striking a balance between the interests of developing and developed countries,taking into account the objectives of both the fair treatment of transnational corporations and human rights protection,to promote the regulatory effect of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.

Entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility and flexible innovation networks： On the interaction between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and local development

Entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility is concerned with obligations that should be undertaken by an enterprise or ＂enterprise citizen＂ to the society including interrelationship between enterprise and some related interest dependents. And it is a sense of value, discipline and respect to the people, community and environment-related policies of the enterprise. Obviously, the core of the notion refers to a commitment of the enterprise in order to improve living standard of related interest counterparts. Nowadays, entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility has been not only an ethical call, but also an institutional constraint. The consensus is that in operation process an enterprise should take into account of its economic, social and ethical effects on consumers, staffs, shareholders, communities, local governments and environment and make a better prospect to them. Based on this point of view, by field work and questionnaire method, this paper discusses specifically the interaction between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and local development of the Pudong New Area, a China＇s largest special economic zone in Shanghai to explore dynamics of the TNCs＇ R＆D activities, growth of the local economy and their roles in promoting flexible innovation networks for sustainable futures. This involves： a. notion of the entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility; b. current state and trend of TNCs＇ R＆D activities; c. mode and linkage tightness between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and the local economy; d. main problems of the TNCs＇ R＆D activities in Pudong; e. the context of flexible innovation networks; and f. manner and ways in creation of flexible innovation networks.

Game Analysis for Intellectual Property Protection(IPP) of Multinational Corporations in the Context of R&D Internationalization

In order to explore the impact relationship between intellectual property protection(IPP) system and technological innovation,a game model was constructed.The system of IPP is a set of game rules to protect the innovation under the background of R&D internationalization.Only when the main parties abide by the system of intellectual property,can the self-interest and collective interest of the two sides be maximized.The government must strengthen the penalties for intellectual property right(IPR) violations,reduce the cost of IPP declaration,reduce the cost of the innovator's own rights protection,and increase the cost of imitate behavior of IPR.

彭罗斯对跨国公司的研究及其重要贡献

跨国公司理论一直将企业对外直接投资与其在母国国内的扩张割裂研究,且多是静态研究,彭罗斯对跨国公司的研究可弥补这一缺陷。作为企业成长理论的提出者和跨国公司研究的先驱,彭罗斯认为对外投资是企业成长的自然表现,企业的跨国经营和在国内的扩张并无本质差异,且是动态演进发展的。从企业成长理论出发,在母国国内设立多个分支机构、越出母国到东道国投资、在东道国国内设立多个分支机构可以统一于“三位一体”的、动态演进的分析框架中,中国和美国多家典型企业在国内外的扩张可诠释这一框架。引入空间费用和区位选择微观机制,企业成长理论可以一般性地、动态地解释公司在母国、跨国和在东道国的投资行为。

工商业与人权的司法救济:域外实践与中国因应

如何使以跨国公司为典型代表的工商企业侵犯人权行为的受害者获得有效司法救济,不仅是联合国所确立的工商业与人权领域的关键议题之一,也是完善公司海外侵权法律问责机制的重要内容。鉴于跨国公司母国与东道国之间的治理差距以及碎片化的国际法无法有效规制跨国公司海外侵权行为等原因,应用母国诉讼作为司法救济机制显得尤为重要。母国诉讼兼具跨国法与社会法的双重属性,处于公法与私法的交汇地带。由于不同法域政治现实和法律传统的迥异,母国诉讼的生成和演进有其不同的路径。以跨国公司民事责任为逻辑特征对母国诉讼进行类型化分析,可将其归纳为母公司责任案件与供应链核心公司责任案件。我国兼具跨国公司母国和全球供应链中重要国家的双重身份,对上述两类案件的法理依据进行阐释,有助于为我国应对母国诉讼提供因应性智力支持。

跨国公司侵害的司法救济困境:投资仲裁作为补充机制的比较优势

作为跨国公司在发展中国家造成环境及人权侵害(“跨国公司侵害”)的首要救济方式,母国诉讼对原告而言存在管辖权和法律适用层面的诸多障碍,而其优化受到司法主权领土属性的限制:国内层面,法院在跨国公司侵害救济中的能动立场受到行政分支制约;国际层面,母国法院管辖权扩张对东道国法治存在消极影响。上述问题的优化上限使母国诉讼难以独立化解跨国公司侵害的司法救济困境。对此,应将ISDS作为母国诉讼的补充机制。ISDS基于国家合意,不存在领土局限,具有突破母国诉讼优化上限的潜力。具体而言,管辖权方面,东道国可通过合同仲裁直接向投资者追责,或基于投资协定提起反请求,不受不方便法院等原则约束;法律适用方面,ISDS将海外子公司视为投资而忽视其人格独立,可将其侵害行为归责于母公司,且对国际法的适用相较于国内法院更为自由。此外,ISDS对公共利益的关注还能减轻国际投资保护对东道国管制主权的钳制,从源头上减少跨国公司侵害。

New Development Trends of Contemporary Transnational Corporations

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Evaluate the Role of Socio-cultural Factors in the Global Localization of TNC Activity

As an increasing number of firms are exercising transnational operations to occupy markets and exploit location-specific factors,some scholars claimed that 'the world is flat' and the local particularities no longer matter for the 'invincible' transnational corporations(TNC).But I argue that there exist some socio-cultural factors in the host countries influencing the actions of TNCs.I point out six local factors which include social norms,local attitudes,class formation,family structure, religion,and consumption pattern.Social norms are regulating TNCs' activities and local attitudes in varying contexts are encouraging or resisting against the transnational operators.Class formation generates new demands benefiting TNCs ' expansion. Religion structure and family value are reshaping TNCs' operational practices in production as well as distribution spheres.The location-specific consumption patterns are transforming TNCs' operations,deepening their territorial embeddedness,or even exposing them to the danger of overlocalization.

On the overseas Production of the Transnational Corporations and the＂Industrial Hollowing＂ of Their Parent Countries

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Why Have Some Transnational Corporations Failed in China?

This article is intended to analyze past unsuccessful cases of transnational corporations(TNCs) in China, uncover the root causes, and suggest proper solutions. Based on ageneral review of unsuccessful cases of TNCs in China and a summary of comments onthese cases by scholars, entrepreneurs, journalists, and professionals from all fields of life,this paper is focused on such considerations as the position of China in the global strategiesof these TNC giants, management adjustment, market adaptation, public relations, anddifferences in management styles and culture values.

Heilongjiang Nationality Economic Development Corporation

The Heilongjiang Nationality Economic Development Corporation is a foreign trade enterprise approved by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. After eight years, the corporation, co-established by many minority nationalities, has developed into a force in foreign trade, with transnational joint ventures, shipping, tourism and cultural interests.

负面清单模式自由贸易协定与外资股权控制水平

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)》是中国首个采用负面清单模式的自由贸易协定(FTA),厘清负面清单模式的FTA影响跨国公司行为的机制对于中国构建高标准自由贸易区网络具有重要意义。本文在理论模型中引入了跨国公司通过与东道国企业成立非控股合资子公司的方式规避投资壁垒的行为,构建了一个阐释跨国公司海外投资过程中关于投资项目数量、投资规模和股权结构多维决策机制的分析框架,在此基础上进一步分析了负面清单模式的FTA对外资股权控制水平的影响。理论模型结果显示,负面清单模式的FTA带来的投资壁垒透明度提升效应、投资权益保护效应及贸易自由化效应都会促进跨国公司提升海外子公司持股比例,以获取控股权。基于美国负面清单模式的FTA实施经验的实证研究结果支持了理论模型的结论,且发现负面清单模式的FTA对跨国公司增资控股行为的促进作用与行业投资壁垒强度之间呈“倒U形”关系。

技术霸权主义视域下的国际技术转让法律制度与中国应对

在信息社会中,技术已成为一国或地区国际竞争力的决定性因素。经济全球化和经济平衡发展要求在公平基础上进行国际技术转让,但由于技术霸权主义的存在以及目前无国际技术转让的统一实体法,国际技术转让主要由国内法和有关国际条约或协议中相关的零散规定来调整,其制度虽有所发展,但更多体现了发达国家意志,发展中国家处于不利地位。跨国公司在不转让核心技术前提下,通过研发、采购和管理策略等方法,实现其赚取超额利润的目的。针对目前国际技术转让法律制度存在的主要问题,中国应完善国内法,加强国内产、学、研联动,通过合理的国内技术转让法律制度提高技术使用率,推动经济发展,提升创新能力;国际层面,善于借助“一带一路”平台及区域或双边自由贸易协定,积极参与并推动国际技术转让规则的制定,力促统一实体的多边国际技术转让协议的形成与实施。

跨国公司参与全球教育治理——以英国培生集团为例

跨国公司在全球教育治理中发挥着不可或缺的作用。作为全球领先的教育服务公司,英国培生集团履行企业社会责任,参与全球教育事务,是全球教育治理的重要主体之一。通过与各级政府合作、提供学习支持、创办新型学校、为弱势群体提供教育援助等方式,培生集团彰显了私人部门在全球教育治理体系中的独特价值。培生集团以负责任的教育公司形象灵活应对全球教育变革,利用战略合作的方式广泛参与全球教育治理。但与政府部门等国家行为体相比,培生集团参与全球教育治理的方式并不固定,开展全球教育治理的专业性不强,其参与身份的合法性也遭到质疑。

国有企业跨国供应链中的成本控制管理与实践——以中石化集团国勘公司为例

传统供应链受时间、空间等因素的限制,使信息传递效率不佳、供需匹配不足与供应链敏捷性较低。想要有效克服传统供应链模式中的缺陷,就要将信息化供应链成本管理真正嵌入到企业的生产环节中,才能从根本上降低供应链成本,提升企业竞争能力和产品流通效率,实现经济效益的提升。文章在梳理企业信息系统集成理论的基础上,采用案例分析的研究方法,以中石化集团国勘公司作为案例研究样本,归纳、总结了传统供应链面临的典型困境,对国勘公司供应链成本管控具体措施与实施效果进行深入的分析和探究。研究为国勘公司以及相似的非数字化企业进一步提升国际化供应链管理水平并增强海外市场竞争力具有一定的借鉴意义。

跨国公司对主权国家采取经济制裁型政治行为的动机分析——以2022年俄乌冲突期间为例

在对跨国公司的政治行为动机进行分析时,一般认为追求经济利益最大化是其根本动机。在传统的经济制裁理论中,跨国公司并不被作为制裁行为的主体看待。而2022年2月俄乌冲突爆发以来,众多母国为西方国家的跨国公司通过停止业务或撤出投资等方式,对俄罗斯的对外军事行动进行抵制、干预和施压。这使跨国公司的政治行为呈现出了类似于经济制裁的新特点,而以往的理论并不能充分解释这一现象。本文结合俄乌冲突实际状况,提出跨国公司经济制裁型政治行为的可能动机主要包括三点:及时遏制经济损失,增加无形资产,维护企业经济利益;规避来自母国政府的政治风险;维护西方主导的新自由主义意识形态在全球的扩张。未来,非西方主权国家如何应对以西方为母国的跨国公司的这些新行为,将是一个迫近且现实的课题。