Sources and transport of particulate organic carbon in the Amazon River and its estuary

Stable carbon isotope ratios have been used to study the sources of particulate organic carbon(POC) in the Amazon River and its tributaries, and to examine the transport of the riverine POC intothe oceanic environment. POC in the upper reaches of the Amazon River has more positive δC values(--24.5‰ to -- 28.0‰) than that in the middle and lower reaches (--27.9‰ to -- 30.1‰). TheδC of POC from the tributaries is generally more negative than that observed in the Amazon mainchannel. This δC datum shows that the POC in the Amazon main channel is predominantly of terres-trial origin rather than a result of in situ production. A large range of δC values (--17.5‰ to -28.4‰) is observed in the Amazon Estuary and plume. and is considered as the result of the mixing

Optimal Coordination of Transportable Power Sources and Repair Crews for Service Restoration of Distribution Networks Considering Uncertainty of Traffic Congestion

This paper proposes a new method for service restoration of distribution network with the support of transportable power sources(TPSs)and repair crews(RCs).Firstly,a coupling model of distribution networks and vehicle routing of TPSs and RCs is proposed,where the TPSs serve as emergency power supply sources,and the RCs are used to repair the faulted lines.Considering the uncertainty of traffic congestion,the probability distribution of the travel time spent on each road is derived based on the Nesterov user equilibrium model,and a two-stage stochastic program is formulated to determine the optimal routings of TPSs and RCs.To efficiently solve the proposed stochastic mixed-integer linear program(MILP),a two-phase scenario reduction method is then developed to scale down the problem size,and an adaptive progressive hedging algorithm is used for an efficient solution.The effectiveness of the proposed methods and algorithms has been illustrated in a modified IEEE 33-bus system.

Features and Sources of the Anomalous Moisture Transport for the Severe Summer Rainfall over the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

Using the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and the observation rainfalldata in China for the 1980-1997 period, features of severe summer rainfall over the upper reaches ofthe Yangtze River are investigated and then sources of moisture contributing to severe rainfallover eastern and western Sichuan Province (ES and WS for short) are examined with particularreference. It turns out that the severe rainfall occurring locally dominates summer rainfall overthe upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Climatological rainfall and anomalous one constitute severerainfall, but the latter accounts much for severe rainfall. The meridional moisture transportdominates the composite moisture transport on the occurrence day for ES region, while the zonal isequivalent to the meridional for WS region. Correlation between the moisture transport fluxes overthe two regions of severe rainfall and other regions, the anomaly and variation of the moisturetransport day by day during the period of severe rainfall lend a support for the conclusion that themeeting of the moisture from the West Pacific through the South China Sea (SCS) and the one fromnorthwestern China exerts a vital effect on the occurrence of severe rainfall, which can not beneglected.

Distinguishing the Regional Atmospheric Controls on Precipitation Isotopic Variability in the Central-Southeast Portion of Brazil

Precipitation isotope ratios(O and H)record the history of water phase transitions and fractionation processes during moisture transport and rainfall formation.Here,we evaluated the isotopic composition of precipitation over the central-southeastern region of Brazil at different timescales.Monthly isotopic compositions were associated with classical effects(rainfall amount,seasonality,and continentality),demonstrating the importance of vapor recirculation processes and different regional atmospheric systems(South American Convergence Zone-SACZ and Cold Fronts-CF).While moisture recycling and regional atmospheric processes may also be observed on a daily timescale,classical effects such as the amount effect were not strongly correlated(δ^(18)O-precipitation rate r≤-0.37).Daily variability revealed specific climatic features,such asδ^(18)O depleted values(~-6‰to-8‰)during the wet season were associated with strong convective activity and large moisture availability.Daily isotopic analysis revealed the role of different moisture sources and transport effects.Isotope ratios combined with d-excess explain how atmospheric recirculation processes interact with convective activity during rainfall formation processes.Our findings provide a new understanding of rainfall sampling timescales and highlight the importance of water isotopes to decipher key hydrometeorological processes in a complex spatial and temporal context in central-southeastern Brazil.

Spatial variations of Pb,As,and Cu in surface snow along the transect from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A,East Antarctica

The spatial distributions of lead, arsenic, and copper （Pb, As, and Cu, respectively） in surface snow along the transect from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica, are presented. The mean concentrations of Pb, As, and Cu are 1.04±1.56 pg/g, 0.39±0.08 pg/g, and 11.2±14.4 pg/g, respectively. It is estimated that anthropogenic contributions are dominant for Pb, As, and Cu. Spatially, Pb concentrations show an exponentially decreasing trend from the coast inland, while a moderate decreasing trend is observed for Cu concentrations in the coastal area （below 2,000 m above sea level （a.s.1.））. In the intermediate area （2,000-3,000 m a.s.1.）, the concentrations and enrichment factors of all these elements show high variability due to the complicated characteristics of climate and environment. On the inland plateau （above 3,000 m a.s.1.）, the high concentrations of As and Pb are induced by high deposition efficiency, the existence of polar stratospheric precipitation, and the different fraction deposition to East Antarctica. The extremely high concentrations with maximum values of 9.59 pg/g and 69.9 pg/g for Pb and Cu, respectively, are suggested to result mainly from local human activities at the station. Our results suggest that source, transport pathway, and deposition pattern, rather than distance from the coast or altitude, lead to the spatial distributions of Pb, As, and Cu; and it is further confirmed by spatial variations of the three metals deposited over the whole continent of Antarctica.

An overview of emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia

The long-range transport of oxidized sulfur（sulfur dioxide（SO2） and sulfate） and oxidized nitrogen（nitrogen oxides（NOx ） and nitrate） in East Asia is an area of increasing scientific interest and political concern. This paper reviews various published papers, including ground- and satellite-based observations and numerical simulations. The aim is to assess the status of the anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized S and N pollutants over source and downwind region. China has dominated the emissions of SO2 and NOx in East Asia and urgently needs to strengthen the control of their emissions, especially NOx emissions. Oxidized S and N pollutants emitted from China are transported to Korea and Japan, due to persistent westerly winds, in winter and spring.However, the total contributions of China to S and N pollutants across Korea and Japan were not found to be dominant over longer time scales（e.g., a year）. The source–receptor relationships for oxidized S and N pollutants in East Asia varied widely among the different studies. This is because：（1） the nonlinear effects of atmospheric chemistry and deposition processes were not well considered, when calculating the source–receptor relationships;（2） different meteorological and emission data inputs and solution schemes for key physical and chemical processes were used; and（3） different temporal and spatial scales were employed. Therefore, simulations using the same input fields and similar model configurations would be of benefit, to further evaluate the source–receptor relationships of the oxidized S and N pollutants.

Source,route and effect of Asian sand dust on environment and the oceans

We summarize in this overview achievements in current research frontiers in Asian sand dust with emphasis on the method for sand dust research, the sources of sand dust aerosols, emission of sand dust, mechanism of sand dust weather, chemical transformation during transport, and influences on climatic environment and oceans. Our main results show that most of Asian sand dust comes from Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, arid and semiarid desert areas in northwest China, which is divided into initial sources and enhanced sources. Half of the global production of dust originates from Asian dust source regions. Asian dust weather is so immense that it can cover a 5-？-day journey from the sources to the Korean Peninsula, Japan Islands, and the Pacific Ocean to even impact North America. Asian dust weather plays an active role in the hiogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.

Evidence of coal combustion contribution to ambient VOCs during winter in Beijing

Volatile organic compounds （VOCs） play ,an important role in ozone and secondary organic aerosol （SOA） formation, but VOCs sources during winter are not fully understood. To investigate VOCs sources during winter, mixing ratios of C2-C12 VOCs were measured at an urban site in Beijing from December 29, 2011 to January 17, 2012. Correlation analysis of toluene to benzene and i-pentane to n-pentane suggest that coal combustion could also be an important source for VOCs besides vehicular emissions. Source apportionment results show that coal combustion and vehicular emissions contributed 28%-39% and 31%-45% to ambient VOCs during winter, respectively. Backward trajectory analyses demonstrated that contributions from the burning of coal were higher when air masses came from southern regions outside Beijing. Close attention should be paid to VOCs emissions from coal combustion in Beijing city and the vicinity to the South.