Effects of Transportation Stress during the Hot-Dry Season on Some Haematological and Physiological Parameters in Moroccan Dromedary Camels （Camelus dromedarius）

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road transportation under heat conditions on some haematological [Ht （haematocrit）, blood cells count and EOF （erythrocytes osmotic fragility）] and physiological [Tr （rectal temperature）, HR （heart） and RR （respiratory rates）, and circulating levels of Cor （cortisol）, Glu （glucose） and minerals] parameters in Moroccan dromedary camels. The animals were subjected to road transportation stressor for 2 h by truck during the hot-dry season. Blood samples were collected before loading and transport, and at the end of transport. Transportation induced a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） of erythrocytes count, Ht, EOF, Tr, HR and RR by comparison to values observed before transportation. The same stress conditions induced a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） of plasma Cor （ng/mL） and blood Glu （mM） （220 ± 30 vs. 137 ± 20, 9.7 ± 1.2 vs. 6.4 ± 1. 1 respectively） and a significant decrease （P 〈 0.05） of plasma magnesium （mM） （0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1） comparatively to pre-transportation values. These results indicate that road transportation associated to heat may be considered as a potent stressor which is able to induce several cellular alterations in camels. Further studies of an eventual protective role of vitamin C against haemolysis induced by transportation stress in camel are needed.

Detection of HSP mRNA Transcription in Transport Stressed Pigs by Fluorescence Quantitative RT-PCR

The RNA transcripted in vitro was used as the standard quantitative template to make the standard curve and establish the fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR （FQ-PCR） method. By means of FQ-PCR, the transcription changes of HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA in the livers and hearts of transport stressed pigs were studied. The level of HSP70 mRNA transcription increased continuously from the beginning of transportation. The inductions of HSP70 mRNA transcription in the livers and hearts of 10 h transport stressed pigs were 2.5 and 4.1 times higher than that of the un-transport stressed pigs （P〈0.01）. However, the transcription levels of HSP90 mRNA in the livers and hearts decreased with the transport stress.

Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry;mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals

Heat as a stressor of poultry has been studied extensively for many decades; it affects poultry production on a worldwide basis and has significant impact on well-being and production. More recently, the involvement of heat stress in inducing oxidative stress has received much interest. Oxidative stress is defined as the presence of reactive species in excess of the available antioxidant capacity of animal cells. Reactive species can modify several biologically cellular macromolecules and can interfere with cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, during the last decade, there has been an ever-increasing interest in the use of a wide array of natural feed-delivered phytochemicals that have potential antioxidant properties for poultry. In light of this, the current review aims to（1） summarize the mechanisms through which heat stress triggers excessive superoxide radical production in the mitochondrion and progresses into oxidative stress,（2） illustrate that this pathophysiology is dependent on the intensity and duration of heat stress,（3） present different nutritional strategies for mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular focus on antioxidant phytochemicals.Oxidative stress that occurs with heat exposure can be manifest in all parts of the body; however, mitochondrial dysfunction underlies oxidative stress. In the initial phase of acute heat stress, mitochondrial substrate oxidation and electron transport chain activity are increased resulting in excessive superoxide production. During the later stage of acute heat stress, down-regulation of avian uncoupling protein worsens the oxidative stress situation causing mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue damage. Typically, antioxidant enzyme activities are upregulated. Chronic heat stress, however, leads to downsizing of mitochondrial metabolic oxidative capacity, up-regulation of avian uncoupling protein, a clear alteration in the pattern of antioxidant enzyme activities, and depletion of antioxidant reserves.Some phytochemicals, such as various types of flavonoids and related compounds, were shown to be beneficial in chronic heat-stressed poultry, but were less or not effective in non-heat-stressed counterparts. This supports the contention that antioxidant phytochemicals have potential under challenging conditions. Though substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the association between heat stress and oxidative stress, the means by which phytochemicals can alleviate oxidative stress have been sparsely explored.

Thermoelastic stresses in SiC single crystals grown by the physical yapor transport method

A finite element-based thermoelastic anisotropic stress model for hexagonal silicon carbide polytype is developed for the calculation of thermal stresses in SiC crystals grown by the physical vapor transport method. The composite structure of the growing SiC crystal and graphite lid is considered in the model. The thermal expansion match between the crucible lid and SiC crystal is studied for the first time. The influence of thermal stress on the dislocation density and crystal quality is discussed.

Derivation of a second-order model for Reynolds stress using renormalization group analysis and the two-scale expansion technique

With the two-scale expansion technique proposed by Yoshizawa,the turbulent fluctuating field is expanded around the isotropic field.At a low-order two-scale expansion,applying the mode coupling approximation in the Yakhot-Orszag renormalization group method to analyze the fluctuating field,the Reynolds-average terms in the Reynolds stress transport equation,such as the convective term,the pressure-gradient-velocity correlation term and the dissipation term,are modeled.Two numerical examples：turbulent flow past a backward-facing step and the fully developed flow in a rotating channel,are presented for testing the efficiency of the proposed second-order model.For these two numerical examples,the proposed model performs as well as the Gibson-Launder （GL） model,giving better prediction than the standard k-ε model,especially in the abilities to calculate the secondary flow in the backward-facing step flow and to capture the asymmetric turbulent structure caused by frame rotation.

Numerical Prediction of Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition Around the Prolate Spheroid

In this work,the laminar-to-turbulent transition phenomenon around the two-and three-dimensional ellipsoid at different Reynolds numbers is numerically investigated.In the present paper,Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes(RANS)equations with the Spalart-Allmaras,SST k-ω,and SST-Trans models are used for numerical simulations.The possibility of laminar-toturbulent boundary layer transition is summarized in phase diagrams in terms of skin friction coefficient and Reynolds number.The numerical results show that SST-Trans method can detect different aspects of flow such as adverse pressure gradient and laminar-to-turbulent transition onset.Our numerical results indicate that the laminar-to-turbulent transition location on the 6:1 prolate spheroid is in a good agreement with the experimental data at high Reynolds numbers.

Second-order modeling of non-premixed turbulent methane-air combustion

The main purpose of this research is the second-order modeling of flow and turbulent heat flux in nonpremixed methane-air combustion.A turbulent stream of non-premixed combustion in a stoichiometric condition,is numerically analyzed through the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations.For modeling radiation and combustion,the discrete ordinates(DO) and eddy dissipation concept model have been applied.The Reynolds stress transport model(RSM) also was used for turbulence modeling.For THF in the energy equation,the GGDH model and high order algebraic model of HOGGDH with simple eddy diffusivity model have been applied.Comparing the numerical results of the SED model(with the turbulent Prandtl 0.85) and the second-order heat flux models with available experimental data follows that applying the second-order models significantly led to the modification of predicting temperature distribution and species mass fraction distribution in the combustion chamber.Calculation of turbulent Prandtl number in the combustion chamber shows that the assumption of Pr_(t) of 0.85 is far from reality and Pr_(t) in different areas varies from 0.4 to 1.2.

The wind-saltation interaction in a saltation boundary layer with a downwind air pressure gradient

Studies of interactions between wind and saltating particles （i.e., the wind-saltation interaction） are usually conducted without consideration of the downwind air pressure gradient. However, in a wind tunnel with limited size, this gradient is required to maintain the movement of the saltation cloud. Attempts are made to investigate the effects of the downwind air pressure gradient on the wind-saltation interaction in a saltation boundary layer based on the experimental results from a wind tunnel with a relatively small cross-sectional area. The wind-saltation interaction is characterized by airborne stress, grain-borne stress, and the force exerted on the wind by the saltation cloud. Basic equations were developed for wind-saltation interactions without and with a downwind air pressure gradient. The results reveal that unacceptable values of negative grain-borne stress and negative force exerted on the wind by the saltation cloud are obtained if the downwind air pressure gradient is ignored. When this air pressure gradient is defined using the measured wind velocity profiles in the presence of saltation and the downwind air pressure gradient is taken into account, reasonable values for grain-borne stress and the force exerted on the wind by the saltation cloud are obtained. These results suggest that attention must be paid to the effects of downwind air pressure gradients when studying the wind-saltation interaction in a wind tunnel. Consideration of the downwind air pressure gradient, inertial forces, and other unidentified variables will provide a more thorough understanding of the interactions within a saltation boundary layer.

Effects of transport stress on immune response, physiological state, and WSSV concentration in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii

Transport is an essential part of the aquaculture and research of the main freshwater aquaculture crayfish Procambarus clarkii in China.However,transport is often accompanied by a low survival rate.Assessing the physiological state of P.clarkii before and after transport may discover the cause of this high mortality rate.In this study,ice-cold and exposed-to-air transport methods were compared using an array of parameters,including relative expression level of heat shock protein 70(HSP70),content of serum glucose and cortisol,immune parameters(enzyme and immune-related genes),and white spot syndrome virus(WSSV)concentration were investigated to understand the physiological state of P.clarkii before and after transport,as well as the cause of dying crayfish on days 5 and 7 after transport stress.Histological sections of hepatopancreas,gills,and intestines reflected pathological changes.The survival rate of crayfish with ice-cold transport was significantly higher than that with exposed-to-air transport,and mortality peaked at 3-9 days after transport stress.A prolonged response to oxidative stress and short-term immunosuppression was present after transport,and the trend of the WSSV concentration in the hepatopancreas was similar to the mortality rate of P.clarkii.The contents of serum glucose and cortisol,antioxidant enzymes and immune-related indexes,and the concentration of WSSV in hepatopancreas of dying crayfish were significantly higher than those of vibrant crayfish on the 5th and 7th days after transport.The hepatopancreas,intestines,and gills of dying crayfish had varying degrees of damage,and the hepatopancreas and intestines were severely damaged.The results suggested that the death of P.clarkii after transport stress is caused by oxidative stress,the imbalance of reactive oxygen species regulation,and decreased WSSV resistance,which eventually led to irreversible tissue damage.The increase of WSSV in the body of crayfish might be the direct cause of crayfish death.

EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT STRESS ON THE INTESTINES INVOLVING NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE

Transport stress is commonly suffered by animals with gastrointestinal dysfunction a common symptom.Currently,the mechanisms of transport stress-induced intestine impairment are largely unknown.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transport stress on the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)and the distribution of nNOS-positive neurons of the intestines in rats and to explore the neuroendocrine mechanism of transport stress.In this study,Sprague Dawley rats(n=6)were subjected on a constant temperature shaker for 1(S1d)or 3 d(S3d).Rats exhibited increased serum glucose and diminished total number of leukocytes,in which lymphocytes level was also decreased in the S1d group(P<0.05).Also,normal intestinal morphology was disrupted in the S1d rats,and the thickness of muscle layers was decreased in duodenum,jejunum and colon of S3d rats.In addition,it was found that nNOS expression,as well as the number of nNOSpositive neurons in the myenteric plexus were downregulated in duodenum,jejunum and colon of S3d rats compared with that of unstressed rats(P<0.05).These data reveals that transport stress induced intestinal damage and uncovers potential action mechanisms that nNOS-positive neurons and nNOS expression might be involved in modulating this process.

Transient response of Reynolds stress transport to opposition control in turbulent channel flow

The mechanism for turbulence suppression by opposition control developed by Choi is studied via the analysis of Reynolds stress transport in the initial period of control.It is found that the pressure-strain and pressure-diffusion terms first break up the balance in vertical normal Reynolds stress transport,and result in the final global suppression of turbulence intensities.The transient growth in spanwise normal Reynolds stress is also caused by the pressure-strain term.

Assessment of advanced RANS turbulence models for prediction of complex flows in compressors

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) has been widely used in compressor design and analysis. However, reasonable prediction of compressor flow and its impact on compressor performance remains challenging. In this study, Menter’s Shear Stress Transport(SST) model and its variants, as well as the ω-based Reynolds stress model(Stress-BSL) are assessed. For a single rotor(Rotor 67), under the peak efficiency operating condition, all studied turbulence models predict its performance with reasonable accuracy;under the off-design conditions, SST with Helicity correction(SST-Helicity) shows superiority in predicting the effect of flow on the spanwise distribution of aerodynamic parameters. For Darmstadt’s 1.5-stage transonic axial compressor, SST-Helicity outperforms SST, SST with the Quadratic Constitutive Relation(SST-QCR) and Stress-BSL in predicting the performance as well as the spanwise distribution of aerodynamic parameters. At the design rotating speed, the stall margin given by SST-Helicity(20.90%) is the closest to the experimental measurement(24.81%), which is more than twice that by SST(8.71%) and 1.5 times that by SST-QCR(14.14%). This paper demonstrates that SSTHelicity model, together with a good quality and sufficiently refined grid, can capture the compressor flow features with reasonable accuracy, which results in a credible prediction of compressor performance and stage matching.

A three-equation transition model with mechanical considerations

A three-equation transition model based on the transition V-model is proposed for subsonic flows in this study. Considering the mechanical approximation of the generation process of the pre-transitional vorticities, the value of laminar Reynolds shear stress related to the mean shear deformation was calculated in the original transition V-model. Then a new transition model, named V-SA model, was proposed, which considered the phenomenological process of transition and presented great results for flows with and without pressure gradient. It is well-known that the baseline Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence model shows excellent performance of accuracy and robustness in plentiful flow cases, but it is important to predict boundary layer transition. The current model(V-SST) successfully couples the V-model to the SST turbulence model by introducing the effective turbulent viscosity and additional correction terms into the transport equations. A thorough evaluation of its ability to predict transition features is performed versus the well-documented flat plate of ERCOFTAC, including T3A and T3B without pressure gradient, T3L2 and T3L3 with semi-circular leading edge, the three-dimensional 6:1 prolate-spheroid under two angles of attack, and the NLR-7301 airfoil under different Mach numbers. Numerical results show that the current model has an attractive and superior performance in the simulation of boundary layer transition processes.