The relation between ambulance transports due to heat stroke and air temperature using daily data in Okayama prefecture, Japan

The aim of this study was to investigate the link between ambulance transports due to heat stroke and air temperature by using daily data of ambulance transports in Okayama prefecture, Japan. Daily observations for ambulance transports due to heat stroke from July to September in 2010 in Okayama prefecture, Japan were obtained from Fire and Disaster Management Agency in Japan. Data of meteorological parameters in Okayama prefecture, Japan were also obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. Effect of meteorological parameters on ambulance transports due to heat stroke was analyzed. A total of 1133 ambulance transports due to heat stroke were observed in from July to September of 2010 in Okayama prefecture, Japan. Ambulance transports due to heat stroke was significantly correlated with air temperature. In addition, number of subjects with ambulance transports due to heat stroke over 34°C in the highest air temperature was 21.2 ± 9.8 per day. Higher air temperature was closely associated with higher ambulance transports due to heat stroke by using daily data in Okayama, prefecture, Japan.

Estimation of water volume transports through the main straits of the East China Sea

The structure of current speed and the variability of volume transports of the Kuroshio in the Tokara-kaikyo and Osumi-kaikyo are discussed on the basis of data of KER in the period from 1977 to 1984. The average geostrophic transport through these two straits is estimated to be 24. 5×106 m3/s and only 1/12 of the transport is through the Osumi-kaiky5. Countercurrents on both sides of the Kuroshio trunk are observed in the Tokara-kaikyo. Calculation indicates that the average geostrophic current speed is less than the GEK current speed, systematically. On the basis of the current measurements, the northward transports through the Taiwan Strait in winter and summer are estimated to be 1. 05×106and 3. 16×106m3/s, respectively. From Chu's data (1976) the average transport of the Kuroshio flowing into the East China Sea passing through the passage east of Taiwan is about 29. 3×106m3/s. From Miita and Ogawa's data (1984) the average transport through the Tsushima-kaikyo is 3. 6×106m3/s. Thus the volume transports through the above four straits are roughly in balance, the total outflowing transport is slightly larger than the total inflowing transport. The possible reasons resulting in the difference of transports are also discussed.

The higher air temperature was closely associated with higher ambulance transports due to heat stroke in elderly Japanese

To investigate the link between higher air temperature and ambulance transports due to heat stroke, especially in elderly subjects, using daily data in Sai-tama prefecture in August, 2010, Japan. We obtained daily data of air temperature in Saitama prefecture in August, 2010, Japan from Japan Meteorological Agency. Number of ambulance transports due to heat stroke was also used by Saitama prefecture official website. The effect of high air temperature on am-bulance transports due to heat stroke was evaluated. A total of 1688 ambulance transports due to heat stroke was observed in Saitama prefecture in August, 2010, Japan. Seven hundred and twenty one subjects (42.7%) were over the age of 65. Mean air temperature, the highest air temperature and day light hours were significantly associated with ambulance transports due to heat stroke in total subjects (mean air temperature: r = 0.749, p < 0.0001) and the over the age of 7. In addition, by separate analysis as classified by age groups, the correlation coefficient between ambulance transports due to heat stroke and mean air temperature was the highest in subjects with over 65. However, the lowest air temperature was not cor-related with ambulance transports due to heat stroke. Higher air temperature was closely associated with higher ambulance transports due to heat stroke using daily data in Saitama prefecture in August, 2010, Ja-pan, especially in elderly subjects.

Volume and heat transports and material fluxesin the East China Sea during April 1994

A modified inverse method is ed to compute the volume transport (VT), the heat transport (HT) andthe horizontal meterial fluxes in the East China Sea with data of CTD, T2, DOC, PCO, etc. Obtained in April1994. In April 1994 VT and HT through Section PN in the East China As are 30.6×106 m3/s and 2.42× 1015 Wrespectively, and the horizontal fluxes of T2, DOC and POC through Section PN are 65× 106,2. 2×106 and 0. 17×106 mol/s respectively. This means that the Percentages of fluxes of T2 , DOC and POC in total C flux are about96.5%, 3.3% and 0.2% respectively. VT and HT through betion Ss(near the Tokara Strait) are 26. 7×106m3/sand 2. 14× 1015 W respectively, which are about 87% and 88% of VT and HT through Section PN respectively. Thehorizontal flux of T2 through sation % is 61×106 mol/s, which is about 93. 8 % of the flux of T2 through SectionPN, i. e., its percentage is close to that of VT and HT of betions S5 and PN. The horizontal fluxes of DOC and POCthrough Section S5 are 2. 5× 106 and 0.08×106 mol/s respectively. The sum of the horizontal influx and outflux ofTop through the boundaries of Box-2 is about-2×106 mol/s (outflux), which is about 3% of the flux of T2 through Section PN. This value is the same order of magnitude of the vertical flux caused by the downwelling or theupwelling. Tins means that the horizontal flux of T2 must be considered, when the vertical flux of T2 is computed,and so are the other material vertical fluxes (DOC, etc. ). Finally, the vertical velocity component is computed with adiagnostic model.

Power and Cross-Spectra for the Turbulent Atmospheric Motion and Transports in the Domain of Wave Number Frequency Space: Theoretical Aspects

The study of large-scale atmospheric turbulence and transport processes is of vital importance in the general circulation of the atmosphere. The governing equations of the power and cross-spectra for the atmospheric motion and transports in the domain of wave number frequency space have been derived. The contributions of the nonlinear interactions of the atmospheric waves in velocity and temperature fields to the conversion of kinetic and potential energies and to the meridional transports of angular momentum and sensible heat in the atmosphere have been discussed.

Air temperature was associated with ambulance transports in Osaka area, Japan

We investigated the link between ambulance transports and meteorological parameters of summer by using daily data in Osaka area, Japan. Daily observations for ambulance transports (from July 1 to September 30, 2009) were obtained from Fire Department Service in Osaka. Data of meteorological parameters in Osaka area, Japan (from July 1 to September 30, 2009) were also obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. Effect of meteorological parameters on ambulance transports was analyzed. A total of 49,526 ambulance transports were observed from July 1 to September 30, 2009 in Osaka, Japan. Ambulance transports were significantly correlated with mean air temperature (r = 0.298), the highest air temperature (r = 0.347), the lowest air temperature (r = 0.209) and daylight hours (r = 0.301). The higher air temperature was associated with higher ambulance transports of summer in Osaka area, Japan.

The Perception of Locals and Visitors for Development on Internal Transports of Sukhothai Historical Park

This qualitative research aims to study the perception of locals and inbound visitors to develop the internal transport of Sukhothai Historical Park.The primary data were collected by observation,in-depth interview,and small group discussion from the key informants that include 19 locals and 17 visitors during November 2017 by purposive sampling.The data were analyzed by content analysis,categorizing,and thematising.The findings present the perception and attitudes of locals and visitors towards the internal transport as well as its problems of the Sukhothai Historical Park.By analysis of the collected data,the authors of this paper offer some solutions to develop and improve the park’s internal transport in several ways.

Lower air temperature is associated with higher ambulance transports in Sakata area, Yamagata prefecture, Japan

To investigate the link between low air temperature and ambulance transports in Japan. Data on climate parameters i.e. air temperature, humidity and daylight hours in Sakata area, Yamagata prefecture, Japan, which is northern part (Tohoku) in Japan, was obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. Monthly data on ambulance transports due to acute disease from 2005 to 2011 was also directly obtained from Sakata area official website, Japan. The relations between air temperature and ambulance transports were evaluated by ecological study. Ambulance transports per day were 10.1 ± 1.0 and mean air temperature was 13.0 ± 8.4 (°C). Ambulance transports per day were weakly and negatively correlated with mean air temperature, mean of the highest air temperature, mean of the lowest air temperature, the highest air temperature and daylight hours. It was also weakly and positively correlated with mean humidity. However, the relation between ambulance transports and mean air temperature was well estimated by quadratic curve (r = 0.633,

Impacts of Temperature and Frequency on the Dielectric Properties for Insight into the Nature of the Charge Transports in the Tl2S Layered Single Crystals

Investigation of the electric properties of semi-conducting materials in an applied ac electric fields gives information about the nature of charge transport and localized states in the forbidden gap. Layered crystals usually contain structural defects, such as dislocations and vacancies that may form a high density of localized states near the Fermi level. So, the current study was carried out for insight into the dielectric Properties of Tl2S layered single crystals. These properties were studied using the ac measurements in the low temperatures ranging from 77 to 300 K. The real part of dielectric constant ε?, imaginary part of dielectric constant ε?, the dissipation factor tan δ and the alternating current conductivity σac were measured in an applied ac electric field of frequencies extending from 2.5 to 50 kHz. Based on the dependencies of these dielectric parameters on both the frequency and temperature, the dielectric properties of the crystals under investigation were elucidated and analyzed. The ac conductivity was found to obey the power law σac(ω) = Aωs with which the values of the exponent s were evaluated to be less than unity in the range 0.21 ≥ s ≥ 0.19. Furthermore, it was found that the temperature dependence of ac conductivity follows the Arrhenius relation via which the impact of temperature on the electrical processes in an applied ac electric field was illustrated and analyzed. The influences of temperature and frequency on both the exponent s and band gap were also discussed in this investigation.

Higher Temperatures Were Closely Associated with Higher Ambulance Transports in Takamatsu Area,Japan

The link between high temperatures and ambulance transports in Takamatsu area, Japan was investigated. Monthly observations for ambulance transports (2004-2008) were obtained from Fire Department Service in Takamatsu. Data of temperatures in Takamatsu area, Japan (2004-2008) were used by Japan Meteorological Agency. Effect of high temperatures on ambulance transports was analyzed. By using data from July to September, there were not clear differences of mean temperatures and ambulance transports among years. Ambulance transports were significantly correlated with parameters of temperatures. Correlation coefficient rate between ambulance transports and the mean temperature of maximum temperatures in a month was highest among parameters (r = 0.738, p = 0.0017). In addition, ambulance transports were also significantly correlated with the number of days over the level of 32?C in a month (r = 0.782, p = 0.0006). Higher temperatures were closely associated with higher ambulance transports in Takamatsu area, Japan.

INVESTIGATIONS ON MOISTURE TRANSPORTS, BUDGETS AND SOURCES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECADAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION IN SOUTHERN CHINA

In the context of global warming,apparent decdal-interdecdal variabilities can be detected in summer precipitation in southern China.Especially around the 1990 s,precipitation in South China experienced a phase transition from a deficiency regime to an abundance regime in the early 1990 s,while the Yangtze River Valley witnessed a phase shift of summer precipitation from abundance to deficiency in the late 1990 s.Pertinent analyses reveal a close relationship between such decadal precipitation shifts and moisture budgets,which is mainly modulated by the meridional component.This relationship can be attributed to large-scale moisture transport anomalies.Further,the HYSPLIT model is utilized to quantitatively evaluate relative moisture contributions from diverse sources during different regimes.It can be found that during the period with abundant precipitation in South China,the moisture contribution from the source of Indochina Peninsula-South China Sea increased significantly,while during the deficient precipitation regime in the Yangtze River Valley,moisture from local source,western Pacific and Indochina Peninsula-South China Sea contributed less to precipitation.It means some new features of relative moisture contributions from diverse sources to precipitation anomaly in southern China took shape after 1990 s.

Synthesis of Bis-substituted Calix[4]arenes and Mechanism of Substituents Effect on K^+ and Hg^(2+) Ions Transports through Liquid Membrane

New calix[4]arene derivatives containing nitro,amino and benzoyl in the upper and lower rims of molecule were successfully synthesized.Their effectiveness towards K+ and Hg2+ across bubbling liquid membrane(BLM) was examined.For K+ ion transfer,preserving phenolic hydroxyl in the lower rim of calix[4]arene could enhance its transport ability.When benzoyl replaced phenolic hydroxyl,the transport would fall off,because benzoyl caused steric hindrance on the K+ transfer.The study also revealed that the group having the electron-withdrawing conjugative effect on phenolic hydroxyl,-NO2 in the upper rim of calix[4]arene,made transport ability of calix[4]arene fall off.On the contrary,-NH2 that had electron-repulsive conjugative effect enhanced the transport ability of the compound.For Hg2+ ion,only -NH2 in the upper rim of calix[4]arenes had high affinity for it and contributed to Hg2+ transfer.Transport amount of Hg2+ ion increased with increasing calix[4]arene5 concentration and ΔpH in BLM.

Neonatal transports—risks and opportunities

Aim: To assess the need for and quality of neonatal transports. Material and methods: Prospective observational study of consecutive transports from a level II neonatal unit. Results: 500 transports were undertaken 1982-2010 in 445 patients, representing 0.7% of liveborn infants (n = 61 450). Indications were congenital malformations in 223 (45%), prematurity/respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in 87 (17%), and other conditions in 190 (38%). For patients ventilated during transport (n = 121) mean pCO2 was improved at arrival, and for spontaneously breathing patients mean pH, pCO2, and base excess (p < 0.05). After establishing a local respirator programme from 1989, transports for prematurity/RDS declined from 3.4 per 1000 live born infants in 1982-88 to 0.8 per 1 000 in 1989-2010 (p < 0.0001), and night-time transports (departure between 22.00 pm - 06.00 am) declined from 24/119 (20%) to 38/381 (10%) (p = 0.003). Technical mishaps or severe clinical deterioration occurred in 16 (3%) of the transports. Conclusions: Neonatal transport carries risks, but also an opportunity for further stabilization and improvement. A local respirator programme reduced the need for transfer of premature infants with RDS as well as for transports during night-time.

The annual mean sketches and climatological variability of the volume and heat transports through the inter-basin passages:A study based on 1 400-year spin up of MOM4p1

The annual mean volume and heat transport sketches through the inter-basin passages and transoceanic sections have been constructed based on 1400-year spin up results of the MOM4p 1. The spin up starts from a state of rest, driven by the monthly climatological mean force from the NOAAWorld Ocean Atlas （1994）. The volume transport sketch reveals the northward transport throughout the Pacific and southward transport at all latitudes in the Atlantic. The annual mean strength of the Pacific-Arctic-Atlantic through flow is 0.63x106 m3/s in the Bering Strait. The majority of the northward volume transport in the southern Pacific turns into the Indonesian through flow （ITF） and joins the Indian Ocean equatorial current, which subse- quently flows out southward from the Mozambique Channel, with its majority superimposed on the Ant- arctic Circumpolar Current （ACC）. This anti-cyclonic circulation around Australia has a strength of 11 x 106 ms /s according to the model-produced result. The atmospheric fresh water transport, known as P-E^R （pre- cipitation minus evaporation plus runoff）, constructs a complement to the horizontal volume transport of the ocean. The annual mean heat transport sketch exhibits a northward heat transport in the Atlantic and poleward heat transport in the global ocean. The surface heat flux acts as a complement to the horizontal heat transport of the ocean. The climatological volume transports describe the most important features through the inter-basin passages and in the associated basins, including： the positive P-E＋R in the Arctic substantially strengthening the East Greenland Current in summer; semiannual variability of the volume transport in the Drake Passage and the southern Atlantic-Indian Ocean passage; and annual transport vari- ability of the ITF intensifying in the boreal summer. The climatological heat transports show heat storage in July and heat deficit in January in the Arctic; heat storage in January and heat deficit in July in the Antarctic circumpolar current regime （ACCR）; and intensified heat transport of the iTF in July. The volume transport of the ITF is synchronous with the volume transport through the southern Indo-Pacific sections, but the year-long southward heat transport of the ITF is out of phase with the heat transport through the equatorial Pacific, which is northward before May and southward after May. This clarifies the majority of the ITF origi- natinR from the southern Pacific Ocean.

On the energy conversion in electrokinetic transports

Energy conversion in micro/nano-systems is a subject of current research,among which the electrokinetic energy conversion has attracted extensive attention.However,there exist two different definitions on the electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency in literature.A few researchers defined the efficiency using the pure pressure-driven flow rate,while other groups defined the efficiency based on the flow rate with the inclusion of the effect of the streaming potential field.In this work,both definitions are investigated for different fluid types under the periodic electrokinetic flow condition.For Newtonian fluids,the two definitions give similar results.However,for viscoelastic fluids,these two definitions lead to significant difference.The efficiency defined by the pure pressure-driven flow rate even exceeds 100%in a certain range of the parameters.The result shows that in the case of viscoelastic flow,it is incorrect to define the energy conversion efficiency by pure pressure-driven flow rate.At the same time,the reason for this problem is clarified through comprehensive analysis.

The Role of Short Sea Shipping Concept in Black SeaRegion as a Connection between Eurasian TransportSystems

Despite of fluctuations in world trade as a result of economic cycles,the evolution of the political processes remains the trend of sustained growth of trade flows.This ends up in a rise in both the demand for logistics services and the requirements for them.In this sense,the critically important is the strategic development of the transport systems as a support for the improvement of competitive logistics.An important aspect is the promotion of multimodal transport,which in search of the best transport solutions will reduce the use of relatively expensive and environmentally unfriendly road transportation.This will be at the expense of the efficient combination of different modes in which the concept of short sea shipping(SSS)occupies a central place.Although this concept is widely applied in many places in the Black Sea,it still has significant potential.It was prompted by stagnation in economic relations as a result of political and economic crises in the region since the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.To evaluate the potential of the concept in the development of transport is done research on intermodal logistics network in the logistics corridor Central Asia-Central Europe.To optimize intermodal transport links a comparative analysis of the various transport alternatives on the route Tehran-Budapest is done.On this basis it is made optimization assessment on three main criteria cost,delivery time and environmental protection and basic recommendations on strategic planning development of the Bulgarian transport infrastructure are given.An essential aspect is the encouragement of multimodal transportation,which in looking for the best transport solutions can cut back the utilization of comparatively costly and environmentally harmful road transportation.This would be at the expense of the adequate combination of different modes of transportation in which the concept of SSS has a fundamental area.Despite this concept is widely applied in various regions,in the Black Sea it still has an important future due to stagnation in economic relations as a result of political confrontations and economic crises within the region since the late twentieth and early twenty-first century.To assess the capability of the concept in the development of transport is done research on intermodal logistics network in the logistics corridor Central Asia-Central Europe.To improve intermodal transport links a comparative analysis of the various transport options on the routes Astana-Budapest and Tehran-Budapest are made.On this basis it is proposed an optimization assessment on three main criteria cost,delivery time and environmental protection,and fundamental suggestions on strategic development of the Bulgarian transport infrastructure are proposed.

Origins of three-dimensional charge and two-dimensional phonon transports in Pnma phase PbSnSe_(2)thermoelectric crystal

Recently,PbSnSe_(2)alloy was found to exhibit a large hysteresis effect on transport properties,demonstrating its significant potential for thermoelectric applications.Using ab initio approaches,we studied the carrier transport properties of PbSnSe_(2)crystal,which is a special case of the alloy with the shortest-range order.A peak power factor of 134.2μW cm^(-1)K^(-2)was found along the crossplane direction in the n-type PbSnSe_(2)at a doping concentration of 7×10^(20)cm^(-3)at 700 K.This high power factor originates from delocalized p electrons between intra-plane Pb-Se pairs and between cross-plane Sn-Se pairs that can build up transport channels for conducting electrons,leading to a high electrical conductivity of 5.9×10^(5)S m^(-1).Introducing Pb atoms into Pnma phase SnSe can decrease the phonon group velocities and enhance the phonon-phonon scatterings,leading to a low thermal conductivity of 0.53 W m^(-1)K^(-1)at 700 K along the cross-plane direction.The calculated peak ZT of~3 along the cross-plane direction at an n-type doping concentration of around 5×10^(19)cm^(-3),which represents a theoretical upper limit for an idealized PbSnSe_(2)crystal.This work interprets the origins of three-dimensional charge and two-dimensional phonon transport behavior in PbSnSe_(2)and demonstrates that such crystals are promising high-performance thermoelectric semiconductors.

Mechanical property enhancements and amorphous thermal transports of ordered weberite-type RE_(3)Nb/TaO_(7) high-entropy oxides

A_(3)BO_(7)-type(A=rare earth(RE),B=Nb or Ta)oxides have been studied as protective coating materials because of their low thermal conductivity;however,their hardness,toughness,and stiffness are insufficient,particularly for members with webeirte-type structures.In this work,we have synthesized two high-entropy oxides(HEOs)of weberite-type RE niobates/tantalates(RE_(3)Nb/TaO_(7)),i.e.,(Nd_(1/7)Sm_(1/7)Eu_(1/7)Gd_(1/7)Dy_(1/7)Ho_(1/7)Er_(1/7))_(3)NbO_(7)(7HEOs-Nb)and(Nd_(1/7)Sm_(1/7)Eu_(1/7)Gd_(1/7)Dy_(1/7)Ho_(1/7)Er_(1/7))3(Nb_(1/2)Ta_(1/2))O_(7)(7HEOs-NbTa),to overcome the mechanical deficiencies.The short-and long-range ordered arrangements of RE cations in the A-site and Nb/Ta cations in the B-site were identified by the X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometry(EDS),and transmission electron microscopy.The enhancements in hardness(H=9.4 GPa)and fracture toughness(KIC=2.0 MPa·m^(1/2))were realized by grain refinement,solid solution strengthening,and high stiffness(K).The exceptional phase stability at 25-1500℃,amorphous thermal conductivity(k=1.5-1.7 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1) at 25-900℃),and high thermal expansion coefficients(TEC>11.0×10^(−6) K^(−1) at 1500℃)further supported their potential application as protective coating materials.

Frequency regulation in alternation-current transports across metal to insulator transitions of thin film correlated perovskite nickelates

Although the metal to insulator transition(MIT)observed in d-band correlated metal oxides enables promising applications(e.g.,correlated logical devices and Mottronic devices),its present recognition is mainly limited on the direct current(DC)electrical transports.Up to date,the MIT from the perspective of alternation current(AC)transport and its potential electronic applications remains yet unclear.Herein,we demonstrate the frequency(f_(AC))dependence in the impedance(Z=Z’+iZ″)of typical MIT materials,such as thin film rare-earth nickelates(Re NiO_(3)),across the critical MIT temperature(T_(MIT)).Apart from the abrupt change in the impedance modulus(|Z|)across the critical temperature(T_(MIT))similar to the DC transport,the MIT also triggers non-continuous variation in the impedance phase(θ),and this enables the f_(AC)-regulations in the Z’-T tendencies(Z’=|Z|cosθ).At the critical f_(AC) range(e.g.,104-106 Hz),the con-versing variations in|Z|-T and cosθ-T across T_(MIT) result in non-monotonic delta-shape Z’-T tendency in Sm_(x) Nd_(1-x) NiO_(3),the full width half maximum of which is effectively narrowed compared to the situation with the absence of MIT.Further imparting lower or higher f_(AC) elevate the domination in|Z|-T and cosθ-T,respectively,but also enables abrupt Z’-T tendencies across T_(MIT) showing negative temperature coefficient of resistance(NTCR)or positive temperature coefficient of resistance(PTCR).By introducing f_(AC) as a new freedom,the MIT behavior can be more comprehensively regulated electronically,and this extends the vision in exploring the new electronic applications based on the correlated MIT materials from the AC perspective.

Converting TREx-RGB green-channel data to 557.7 nm auroral intensity:Methodology and initial results

The recently deployed Transition Region Explorer(TREx)-RGB(red-green-blue)all-sky imager(ASI)is designed to capture“true color”images of the aurora and airglow.Because the 557.7 nm green line is usually the brightest emission line in visible auroras,the green channel of a TREx-RGB camera is usually dominated by the 557.7 nm emission.Under this rationale,the TREx mission does not include a specific 557.7 nm imager and is designed to use the RGB green-channel data as a proxy for the 557.7 nm aurora.In this study,we present an initial effort to establish the conversion ratio or formula linking the RGB green-channel data to the absolute intensity of 557.7 nm auroras,which is crucial for quantitative uses of the RGB data.We illustrate two approaches:(1)through a comparison with the collocated measurement of green-line auroras from the TREx spectrograph,and(2)through a comparison with the modeled green-line intensity according to realistic electron precipitation flux measurements from low-Earth-orbit satellites,with the aid of an auroral transport model.We demonstrate the procedures and provide initial results for the TREx-RGB ASIs at the Rabbit Lake and Lucky Lake stations.The RGB response is found to be nonlinear.Empirical conversion ratios or formulas between RGB green-channel data and the green-line auroral intensity are given and can be applied immediately by TREx-RGB data users.The methodology established in this study will also be applicable to the upcoming SMILE ASI mission,which will adopt a similar RGB camera system in its deployment.