Fault zone structures of northern and southern portions of the main central fault generated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using fault zone trapped waves

The rupture process of the May 12, 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake was very complex. To study the rupture zones generated by this earthquake, four dense temporary seismic arrays across the two surface breaking traces of the main-shock were deployed in July and recorded a great amount of aftershocks. This paper focuses on the data interpretation of two arrays across the central main fault, the northern array line 1 and southern array line 3. The fault zone trapped waves recorded by the two arrays were used to study the structure of the central main fault and the difference between the northern and southern portions. The results show that the widths of the rupture zone are about 170-200 m and 200-230 m for northern and southern portions respectively. And the corresponding dip angles are 80° and 70°. The seismic velocity inside the fracture zone is about one half of the host rock. By comparison, the northern portion of the rupture zone is slightly narrower and steeper than the southern portion. Besides these differences, one more interesting and important difference is the positions of the rupture zone with respect to surface breaking traces. At the northern portion, the rupture zone is centered at the surface breaking trace, while at the southern portion it is not but is shifted to the northwest. This difference reflects the difference of rupture behaviors between two portions of the central main fault. The width of the rupture zone is smaller than that of MS.1 Kunlun earthquake though these two earthquakes have almost the same magnitudes. Multiple ruptures may be one factor to cause the narrower rupture zone.

Rock Damage Structure of the South Longmen-Shan Fault in the 2008 M8 Wenchuan Earthquake Viewed with Fault-Zone Trapped Waves and Scientific Drilling

This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault-zone trapped waves （FZTWs） at the south Longman-Shan fault （LSF） zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China.Immediately after the mainshock,two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling （WFSD） boreholes were drilled at WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault （YBF）,the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone.Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589-m and 1230-m,respectively.The slip is accompanied with a 100-200-m-wide zone consisting of fault gouge,breccia,cataclasite and fractures.Close to WFSD-1 site,the nearly-vertical slip of ～4.3-m with a 190-m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake.A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks.Observations and 3-D finite-difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross-fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low-velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths.The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip,within which seismic velocities are reduced by ～30-55％ from wall-rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ～200-m-wide rupture core zone at shallow depth.The FZTW-inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes.We interpret this remarkable low-velocity zone as being a break-down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake.We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ～10％ due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock.Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian-Guangxian fault （AGF）,two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth.A combination of seismic,petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault-zone structure and rupture dynamics,and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low-velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect.

Fault-zone trapped waves at Muyu in Wenchuan earthquake region

Trapped waves in the Qingchuan fault zone were observed at Muyu near the northeastern end of the fractured zone of the Wenchuan Ms8. 0 earthquake. The results indicate a fault-zone width of about 200 m and a great difference in physical property of the crust on different sides of the fault. The inferred location of crustal changes is consistent with land-form boundary on the surface

Fault zone trapped waves at Longmenshan fault belt

Trapped waves in different sections of Longmenshan fault belt were observed, and the results show the difference between the northern and southern portions of this fault belt. Guanzhuang and Leigu surveying lines are located at the northern portion of the fault belt, and the result indicates that the width of the rupture zone underground in this area is about 160 - 180 m. The center position of rupture zone underground corresponds to the surface breaking trace, and is equally distributed at the edges of the two fault walls. However, Hongkou surveying line is located at the southern portion of the fault belt, and the result indicates that the width of the rupture zone underground in this area is about 180 -200 m. The rupture zone underground is mainly distributed below fault scarp. The Wenchuan MsS. 0 earthquake and Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake both occurred at the Longmenshan fault belt. The results will provide information for the structure background of the two violent earthquakes.

Study on rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

The observation of the fault-zone trapped waves was conducted using a seismic line with dense receivers across surface rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The fault zone trapped waves were separated from seismograms by numerical filtering and spectral analyzing. The results show that: a) Both explosion and earthquake sources can excite fault-zone trapped waves, as long as they locate in or near the fault zone; b) Most energy of the fault-zone trapped waves concentrates in the fault zone and the amplitudes strongly decay with the distance from observation point to the fault zone; c) Dominant frequencies of the fault-zone trapped waves are related to the width of the fault zone and the velocity of the media in it. The wider the fault zone or the lower the velocity is, the lower the dominant frequencies are; d) For fault zone trapped waves, there exist dispersions; e) Based on the fault zone trapped waves observed in Kunlun Mountain Pass region, the width of the rupture plane is deduced to be about 300 m and is greater than that on the surface.

SEM Numerical Simulation of Vertical and Inclined Fault Zone Trapped Waves and Comparison of Their Wave Fields

Fault zone trapped waves （FZTWs） mainly travel along the fractured fault zone （FZ） which is of low velocity and high attenuation. FZTWs often carry significant information about a fault＇s internal structure, so it is important to understand their wave field characteristics for FZ structure inversion. Most previous simulations are based on vertical faults, while in this paper we implement the FZTW simulations on vertical or inclined faults and compare their wave fields in both time and frequency domains. The results show that the existence of fault zone and inclined angle of fault can significantly influence the features of waves near faults. In amplitude, a fault zone can generate a larger amplitude of waves. The velocity contrast between two wails of fault may lead to amplification of amplitudes in the low velocity fault wall. In frequency, a fault zone tends to influence the waves in the low frequency range. In a pattern of particle polarization of FZTWs, it tends to be single direction for vertical faults but fork to multiple directions for inclined faults, which might provide a new way to study the fault zone with FZTWs. These conclusions may be valuable for FZ structure inversion, and will enhance the knowledge on near-fault strong ground motions.

Exploration of fault-zone trapped waves at Pingtong Town,in Wenchuan earthquake region

Pingtong Town is located on the fractured zone of the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake, and is seriously damaged by the earthquake. Our observation line is centered at an earthquake exploration trench across the fractured zone in the NW-SE direction, and is about 400 m long. The results reveal trapped waves in the rup- tured fault zone of the earthquake, and indicate a great difference in physical property between the media inside and outside the fault zone. The predominant frequency of the fault-zone trapped waves is about 3 -4 Hz. The wave amplitudes are larger near the exploration trench. The width of the fault zone in the crust at this location is estimated to be 200 m. In some records, the waveforms and the arrival times of S waves are quite different between the two sides of the trench. The place of change coincides with the boundary of uplift at the surface.

Dyke Emplacement in the Narmada Rift Zone and Implications for the Evolution of Deccan Traps

Dykes are primarily extensional fractures that form perpendicular to the minimum principal compressive stress,which have been extensively studied in the world during the past decades for various reasons including the

金湖凹陷基性岩捕获锆石年龄及其区域构造意义

郯庐断裂带的形成演化是中国东部中生代关键大地构造事件,该断裂带起源机制问题是了解华南与华北板块汇聚过程与方式的基本前提。本文利用郯庐断裂带东侧金湖凹陷内7个新生代基性岩样品394个点的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学数据,在分析岩浆活动时代基础上,利用捕获锆石年龄信息探讨了大别造山带的古生代演化及郯庐断裂带起源机制问题,为认识上述问题提供了一个全新的视角。研究表明,金湖凹陷的基性岩浆活动时代为古近纪早期(66.1~56.5 Ma),与围岩的沉积时代吻合;基性岩中的捕获锆石来自大别造山带,是印支期板块碰撞造山中楔入郯庐断裂带东侧华南板块的造山带物质,具有华南板块、北淮阳和华北板块的混杂岩石圈信息;捕获锆石中445 Ma(变质锆石)、290 Ma(岩浆锆石)及214 Ma(变质锆石)等峰值年龄信息指示古生代以来北淮阳构造带经历了与北秦岭构造带类似的弧—陆俯冲、碰撞历程,暗示秦岭造山带的二郎坪洋、商丹洋和勉略洋可延伸至大别造山带东端;年代学数据及构造分析支持郯庐断裂带起源于嵌入碰撞背景下的华南板片撕裂边界,其起源形式为陆—陆碰撞下的板块斜向汇聚边界。

苏北盆地盐城凹陷盐③断裂带构造演化及其控圈作用

盐(3)断裂带位于苏北盆地盐城凹陷中,断裂带及周边区域发生过多期伸展-走滑复合的构造演化,控制圈闭的时空有效性。为阐明这些构造圈闭对油气差异聚集的影响,需先明确盐(3)断裂带在各时期的演化过程,并研究构造变形对圈闭的控制作用。本文基于盐城凹陷高精度三维地震资料,揭示主要断层和周边褶皱的几何学形态和运动学特征;结合断距回剥法定量恢复断层分段生长过程,进一步利用古构造图分析各期次的褶皱变形规律,解析各期次构造演化性质以及控圈作用。结果表明,盐(3)断裂带经历3个主要演化阶段:(1)泰州—阜宁期(K_(2)t—E_(1)f_(4))NW向伸展控制盐(3)正断层西段孤立生长、东段发生软连接,此时主干断裂的控陷作用不明显,圈闭不发育;(2)阜宁期末发生短期快速的压扭作用,造成盐(3)断层再活动,同时形成一系列的NW向共轭剪切断层,此时沿着盐(3)断裂带形成了一系列的圈闭;(3)戴南—盐城期(E_(2)d-Ny)发生SN向东强西弱的伸展,控制盐(3)断裂带东部再活动,并对圈闭进行调整。整体而言,盐城凹陷的构造活动强度具有“早强晚弱,东强西弱”的差异性,随着研究区构造应力场的不断变化,圈闭的构造幅度、面积逐渐缩小,构造高点也逐渐往SW向转移。

中西非裂谷系富油凹陷石油地质特征与勘探方向

基于地震、钻井、烃源岩测试分析等资料,对中西非裂谷系主要盆地富油凹陷石油地质特征进行研究,并探讨未来油气勘探方向。研究表明:中非裂谷系发育下白垩统湖相优质烃源岩,西非裂谷系发育上白垩统陆源海相优质烃源岩,两类烃源岩为中西非裂谷系油气富集提供了物质基础。中西非裂谷系发育包括基岩在内的多套储集层,并存在下白垩统、上白垩统和古近系3套区域盖层。晚中生代以来,受中非剪切带右旋走滑作用等地球动力学因素的影响,中西非裂谷系不同方向的盆地在裂谷作用期次、区域盖层发育层段、圈闭类型及成藏模式等方面存在差异。其中,北东—南西向盆地主要保存了早白垩世一期裂谷层序,区域盖层位于下白垩统裂陷期地层内,形成反转背斜、花状构造及基岩潜山等圈闭类型,发育“源储一体、源内成藏”及“源上储下、源下成藏”两种成藏模式;北西—南东向盆地具有多期裂谷叠置特征,发育上白垩统和古近系区域盖层,形成披覆背斜、断背斜、反向断块等圈闭类型,以“源下储上、源上成藏”为主要成藏模式。多期叠置裂谷盆地的源内成藏组合、强反转盆地的源内岩性油藏及页岩油是中西非裂谷系盆地未来勘探的重要领域。

前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用——以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例

为了明确前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用,厘定沉积体系展布规律,以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例,采用地层厚度法恢复了古地貌,刻画了坡折带,并通过岩芯观察、测井相及地震相分析,识别了前陆斜坡区沉积微相类型,在此基础上,通过沉积微相与古地貌叠合分析,提出前陆盆地斜坡区大型坡折带控制沉积体系与微相砂体分布。研究结果表明:四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段沉积期为前陆斜坡背景,发育大型坡折带,在此背景下发育远源辫状河三角洲沉积体系,以辫状河三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主,可进一步识别出内前缘带和外前缘带,以及水下分流河道、砂坝、分流间湾和席状砂等4种沉积微相。坡折带之上主要发育三角洲内前缘带水下分流河道微相,坡折带之下主要发育三角洲外前缘带水下分流河道与砂坝复合砂体。坡折带之下的砂坝微相砂体具备良好的侧向遮挡条件,顶底板条件优越,有利于形成岩性圈闭,且紧邻川西凹陷烃源灶,为下一步最有利勘探领域。

哈萨克斯坦南图尔盖盆地Doshan斜坡带岩性油气藏储层预测方法

综合利用钻井、测井、地震等资料,分析了哈萨克斯坦南图尔盖盆地Doshan区块中部斜坡带沉积特征,并提出了一种岩性油气藏储层预测方法,识别出岩性圈闭,地震属性分析验证了储层预测结果的可靠性。研究结果表明:(1)哈萨克斯坦南图尔盖盆地Doshan斜坡带中—下侏罗统沉积时构造活动强烈,发育少量断裂,以湖相沉积为主,可分为SQ4—SQ6共3个沉积期,分别对应埃巴林组(J_(1)ab)、多尚组(J_(2)ds)和卡拉甘塞组(J_(2)kr),SQ6时期发生大规模湖侵,扇三角洲呈裙带状展布在边缘断层一侧,半深湖范围扩大;三角洲前缘为岩性圈闭发育的有利相带。(2)储层预测方法为以井-震标定结果确定地层界线,以基于声波曲线重构的岩石物理分析校正井径的影响,以基于调谐厚度的正演模型分析识别砂体,以高分辨率岩性储层地震反演技术对单砂层进行识别。(3)研究区岩性圈闭主要分布于中—下侏罗统,发育于坡折控砂条件下的一系列构造带上。地震属性分析结果与沉积特征吻合度较高。(4)研究区中—下侏罗统的坡折位置发育一系列岩性圈闭,在高分辨率地震剖面上表现为强振幅、高阻抗特征,是勘探有利区。

断层阴影区地震优势信号提取新技术及其在西湖TT区的应用

在复杂断块地区,地震成像受断层的影响,断层下盘同相轴出现“上拉”、“下拉”或者同相轴错断的现象,极大地影响了断层圈闭构造高点的确定以及圈闭幅度的准确判断。开展针对复杂断层的高精度速度建模和高精度成像技术被认为是解决断层阴影区成像的主要处理技术解决方案。立足于地震采集信号自身的属性信息,充分挖掘地震信号的潜力,提出广角反射的折射线性去噪技术、中低频有效信号提取技术和优势信号精细速度建模技术,在西湖TT区目标评价中取得了良好的效果,明显减低了断层阴影对目标构造形态的影响,提高了构造圈闭定位的准确性。应用结果表明:通过准确的PSDM速度模型结合断层阴影区优势信号的提取,获得更聚焦的反射能量,断层阴影区弱振幅区得到消除,有效改善了断裂阴影区的成像效果。

Genetic models of structural traps related to normal faults in the Putaohua Oilfield,Songliao Basin

The Putaohua Oilfield is a fault-prolific area and the faults have close relation with structural traps. The genetic models of the structural traps in the Putaohua Oilfield can be divided into two types： individual fault model and multi-fault interaction model. This is based on the description of displacement distribution of typical individual normal faults, the geometry of the footwall and hanging wall, and the analysis of the interaction between faults and the corresponding change in geometry when the faults grow. The individual fault model is that the displacement reaches a maximum at or near the center of fault and decreases toward the fault tips, so a half-graben is formed on the hanging wall of the fault and a half- anticline is formed on the footwall because of the isostatic process. The multi-fault interaction model is that during the growth of faults, they overlap and interact with each other, and accommodation zones are formed in the overlapping segments. The accommodation zones are favorable targets for hydrocarbon exploration, and the trap characteristics are dependent The multi-fault interaction model can be subdivided on the extent of overlap and occurrence of faults. into three types： synthetic accommodation zone, convergent accommodation zone and divergent accommodation zone. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation models of each type have been developed. The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation models of the traps with different genetic models have their own characteristics in the different stages of fault growth.

Creation Conditions and Development Model for Lithologic and Stratigraphic Traps in the West Sag of the Beach Area,Liaohe Depression

At present the Eocene reservoir is the focus of exploration in the west sag of the beach area,Liaohe Depression,and lithologic and stratigraphic traps are the most important in the future work.The regional geological background indicated that lithologic and stratigraphic traps might be created in the study area. Studies on creation conditions and distribution pattern of lithologic and stratigraphic traps are

北部湾盆地海中凹陷成藏关键要素及成藏模式

海中凹陷经几十年勘探虽点上有发现,但因成藏关键要素不明勘探陷入了停滞。该文为寻求其勘探规模突破方向,在成凹、成烃研究的基础上,深化成藏关键要素研究,建立了海中凹陷成藏模式,指出了规模突破的勘探有利区带。研究认为:海中凹陷油气成藏关键要素是近生烃中心、圈源时空匹配佳、油气输导条件好、优质储层发育。北部陡坡带是各成藏关键要素匹配最佳区,是海中最有利的勘探区带。研究成果为寻求海中凹陷规模油气突破指明了方向。

采用控压释放技术处置地层圈闭效应

因井漏或者反推钻井液引起的圈闭压力给现场井控措施的制定带来较大困扰,而控压释放技术是应对钻井过程中地层圈闭效应的有效方法。在充分分析圈闭压力的特点及实钻情况的基础上,开展了圈闭压力控压释放技术的探索与实践,形成了圈闭压力控压释放配套技术,通过严格执行关井求压、控压释放、循环排污和节流降密度的工艺流程,让圈闭内流体按一定比例匀速进入井筒,逐步降低圈闭内压力,较好地解决了漏失地层形成的短期圈闭压力难题。川西南部YT1井的成功应用表明,采取合理的控压释放方法能够安全降低圈闭内压力,扩展钻井液密度窗口,在溢流与井漏的矛盾中找到压力平衡点,有利于井控安全。

渤海辽北地区走滑转换构造发育特征及其对圈闭样式的控制作用

基于渤海辽北地区钻井资料和三维地震资料精细解释,对走滑断裂发育特征开展精细研究,并进一步完成对走滑转换构造的宏观判识和精细刻画,总结走滑转换构造对圈闭样式的差异控制作用。研究结果表明:①辽北地区断裂体系整体表现出强烈的右旋走滑性质,在走滑断裂叠接带、弯曲、尾端等构造位置,因构造应力调整而发育大量走滑转换构造;②依据走滑转换带的力学性质划分为增压型和释压型2大类,每一大类依据断裂空间展布关系进一步细化为单支弯曲型和双支叠复型,其中,单支弯曲型表现为单条走滑断层平面呈现“S”型变形,双支叠复型则表现为右旋左阶或右旋右阶;③增压型和释压型走滑转换构造控制发育的圈闭类型分别以断背斜和断块构造圈闭为主,增压型走滑转换构造控制的圈闭相对于释压型具有更大的勘探潜力。该研究丰富了走滑转换构造体系,填补了辽北地区走滑转换构造研究的空白,对渤海海域郯庐走滑断裂带油气勘探具有一定的借鉴指导意义。

美国对华战略竞争的“新中间地带”陷阱

“新中间地带”正在成为中美战略博弈的新领域。西方关于中间地带的旧理论固守零和思维,无法解释中美“新中间地带”的特征。中美“新中间地带”是随着中美关系变化、尤其是美国逐步推升对华战略竞争而出现。在中美战略互动中,“新中间地带”具有自主性、多样性、多面性的特征,对中美两个大国均有依赖性。这意味着任何大国都不可能独霸“新中间地带”。拜登执政以来,美国政府施展一系列动作大力争取“新中间地带”,试图开辟对华战略竞争的“第二战场”,目的是将中国拖入更大范围的战略竞争之中。