Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Centrifuge and numerical modeling of h-type anti-slide pile reinforced soil-rock mixture slope

Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.

Anchoring Depth Research of Anti-Slide Piles of Anchor Bar in Soil

The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.The part of the max pressure and the earth pressure was mainly focused under the slip line

Shaking table test for reinforcement of soil slope with multiple sliding surfaces by reinforced double-row anti-slide piles

Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.

New method of designing anti-slide piles——the strength reduction FEM

At present,the thrust of an anti-slide pile can be worked out with some calculation methods. However,the resistance in front of the pile,the distributions of resistance and thrust,and appropriate pile length cannot be easily obtained. In this paper,the authors applied the strength-reduction finite element method (FEM) to several design cases of anti-slide piles. Using this method,it is possible to take the pile-soil interactions into consideration,obtain reasonable resistance in front of pile and the distributions of thrust and resistance,and reasonable lengths of anti-slide piles. In particular,the thrust and resistance imposed on embedded anti-slide piles can be calculated and composite anti-slide pile structures such as anchored piles and braced piles can be optimized. It is proved through the calculation examples that this method is more reliable and economical in the design of anti-slide pile.

Pre-Stressed Rope Reinforced Anti-Sliding Pile

Pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile is a composite anti-sliding structure. It is made up of pre-stressed rope and general anti-sliding pile. It can bring traditional anti-sliding pile＇s retaining performance into full play, and to treat with landslide fast and economically. The difference between them is that the pre-stressed rope will transfix the whole anti- sliding pile through a prearranged pipe in this structure. The working mechanics, the design method and economic benefit are studied. The results show that the pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile can treat with the small and middle landslides or high slopes well and possess the notable advantage of technology and economic.

Study on distribution rule of sliding pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force acting on anti-sliding pile

Anti-slide pile is one of the important methods to administer landslide geological disaster because of its advantages.It plays important role in administering landslide.It is a premise of reasonable economy and technological advance to know the distribution rule and feature of the force between anti-sliding pile and surrounding rock.To determine the sliding force and remnant resistant sliding force,according to need of study,this paper sets up the geological model and mechanics model in term of a typical landslide,and analyzes the effect rule of sliding body distortion,strength and gravity to the pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force by use of the numerical model.The distribution rule of pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force of the type of landslide is given.

Experimental study on seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on silty clay landslide with inclined interlayer

A shaking table test for a bridge foundation reinforced by anti-slide piles on a silty clay landslide model with an inclined interlayer was performed.The deformation characteristics of the bridge foundation piles and anti-slide piles were analyzed in different loading conditions.The dynamic response law of a silty clay landslide with an inclined interlayer was summarized.The spacing between the rear anti-slide piles and bridge foundation should be reasonably controlled according to the seismic fortification requirements,to avoid the two peaks in the forced deformation of the bridge foundation piles.The“blocking effect”of the bridge foundation piles reduced the deformation of the forward anti-slide piles.The stress-strain response of silty clay was intensified as the vibration wave field appeared on the slope.Since the vibration intensified,the thrust distribution of the landslide underwent a process of shifting from triangle to inverted trapezoid,the difference in the acceleration response between the bearing platform and silty clay landslide tended to decrease,and the spectrum amplitude near the natural vibration frequency increased.The rear anti-slide piles were able to slow down the shear deformation of the soil in front of the piles and avoid excessive acceleration response of the bridge foundation piles.

新型装配式建筑免拆模壳板抗裂性能试验研究

模块化集成建筑(MiC)由预制混凝土模块通过后浇混凝土连接组成。为了实现模块之间剪力墙的免支模浇筑,同时减少材料用量,设置了厚度仅3 cm的预制免拆模壳板,但其板型较薄,在混凝土浇筑过程中其受力性能和破坏机理尚不明确。故针对免拆模壳板的力学性能进行了试验并建立了有限元模型,同时设计了一种新型加载钢架,对3组预制钢筋混凝土免拆模壳板(不开洞、侧边开洞、中间开洞)进行静力梯形堆载试验,得出其开裂荷载、挠度曲线以及荷载-应变曲线等。结果表明:三组试件均在桁架钢筋处发生混凝土开裂且承载力始终保持增长趋势,说明模壳板承载能力良好;由三组试件裂缝发展情况可以看出,裂缝出现的位置和试件破坏的趋势基本相同。

Dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row antisliding piles and pre-stressed anchor cables

Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted to study the dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row anti-sliding piles and prestressed anchor cables. The test results show that the reinforcement suppressed the acceleration amplification effectively. The axial force time histories are decomposed into a baseline part and a vibration part in this study. The baseline part of axial force well revealed the seismic slope stability, the peak vibration values of axial force of the anchor cables changed significantly in different area of the slope under seismic excitations. The peak lateral earth pressure acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope toe was much larger than that acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope waist. The test results indicate an obvious load sharing ratio difference between these two anti-slide piles, the load sharing ratio between the two anti-sliding piles located at the slope toe and the slope waist varied mainly in a range of 2-5. The anti-slide pile at the slope waist suppressed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface.

Shaking Table Tests on Bridge Foundation Reinforced by Antislide Piles on Slope

Based on the requirement of seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on slope in the Chengdu-Lanzhou railway project,a shaking table model test of anti-slide pile protecting bridge foundation in landslide section is designed and completed. By applying Wenchuan seismic waves with different acceleration peaks,the stress and deformation characteristics of bridge pile foundation and anti-slide pile are analyzed,and the failure mode is discussed. Results show that the dynamic response of bridge pile and anti-slide pile are affected by the peak value of seismic acceleration of earthquake,with which the stress and deformation of the structure increase. The maximum dynamic earth pressure and the moment of anti-slide piles are located near the sliding surface,while that of bridge piles are located at the top of the pile. Based on the dynamic response of structure,local reinforcement needs to be carried out to meet the requirement of the seismic design. The PGA amplification factor of the surface is greater than the inside,and it decreases with the increase of the input seismic acceleration peak. When the slope failure occurs,the tension cracks are mainly produced in the shallow sliding zone and the coarse particles at the foot of the slope are accumulated.

不同截面抗滑桩的土拱效应对比研究

土拱效应是桩土作用理论研究的重要依据,但由于对不同截面形式抗滑桩的土拱效应作用机理研究较少,在抗滑桩设计中大多采用传统截面形式,考虑到传统矩形抗滑桩在形成土拱效应方面的不足,提出梯形截面优化抗滑桩截面形式。基于材料力学理论,利用轴向受压杆件的斜截面应力计算模型推导出梯形桩桩侧土拱拱脚受压区应力状态,并结合摩尔—库伦强度准则得出梯形桩桩侧极限承载力,通过算例对比分析梯形与矩形桩桩侧土拱极限承载力,结合数值模拟分析验证理论与计算结果。研究结果表明:梯形截面桩桩侧极限承载力相较于矩形截面有较为明显的提升,最大约为矩形桩的2.5倍;相同条件下梯形截面桩桩间土位移与剪应变增量更小,应力集中现象更明显,梯形截面桩对土拱效应的形成与发展更有利。

3-D Simulation Study on Seismic Response of Bridge Piles in Landslide

The anti-slide support structure is widely used in the anti-seismic reinforcement of bridge foundations,but related experimental research was processing slowly. Based on the prototype of the Jiuzhaigou bridge at the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway,a 3-D simulation model was established on the basis of the shaking table model test,and the rationality of the dynamic analysis model was verified by indicators such as the bending moment of the bridge piles,peak soil pressure,and PGA amplification factors. The results show that the inertia force of the bridge pier has an important influence on the deformation of the pile foundation. The bending moment and shearing force are larger in lateral bridge piles,and the maximum value is near the pile top. The PGA amplification factor is stronger in the back of the rear anti-slide piles and so is it in front of the bridge pier,and the soil is prone to slip and damage. The bedrock is rigid and the dynamic response is maintained at a low level. The anti-slide piles in the rear row play a major role in the anti-seismic reinforcement design,and the anti-slide piles in the front row can be used as an auxiliary support structure.

Limit analysis on seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes with anti-slide piles

This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake load. The yield seismic acceleration factor is obtained from the optimization procedure and the results are verified with the published data. Then, the seismically-unstable slope is reinforced with anti-slide piles, and the seismic stability of the reinforced slope is explored. The results show that the anisotropy and nonhomogeneity of soils have significant effects on the stabilizing force required from the anti-slide piles and the optimal location of the pile is near the toe of the slope.

分布荷载推力桩计算的p-y曲线法研究

为提高现有水平梯形分布荷载推力桩设计计算水平,提出了地基系数按非线性土抗力-水平位移(p-y)曲线抗力模式表达的水平梯形分布荷载推力桩位移和内力计算的有限差分数值分析方法,并详细推导了桩身位移的差分格式。基于这些公式,编制了全桩位移、内力及侧土抗力的计算和图形处理程序,可适用于滑坡抗滑桩和深基坑悬臂支护桩的设计计算。结合新型桩型现浇混凝土薄壁管桩(PCC桩)作为滑坡抗滑桩进行对比分析,算例表明:该方法方便可靠。当有限差分段划分得足够小时,可使数值解接近于真实解。

梯形成形算法中成形参数与成形脉冲波形关系研究

在梯形成形算法理论基础上,利用模拟和实测核脉冲信号研究了梯形成形算法中衰减时间常数(τ_(trap))、达峰时间(n_a)与成形脉冲波形、滤波效果的关系,以及nb在分离堆积脉冲时的取值选择。研究表明,当且仅当τ_(trap)等于输入信号衰减时间常数时,成形脉冲对称;n_a值越大,滤波效果越好,脉冲宽度增加;n_b小于两个核脉冲信号发生的时间间隔时,采用梯形成形算法可分离堆积脉冲。

水平梯形分布荷载桩双参数法的数值解

为提高现有水平梯形分布荷载桩设计计算水平,提出了地基系数按双参数抗力模式表达下的水平梯形分布荷载桩位移和内力计算的有限差分数值分析方法,并详细推导了桩身位移的差分格式。基于这些公式,编制了全桩位移、内力及侧土抗力的计算和图形处理程序,可适用于滑坡抗滑桩和深基坑悬臂支护桩的设计计算。算例表明,该方法方便可靠,当有限差分段划分得足够小时,可使数值解接近于真实解。通过调整地基系数进行试算,可实现桩身位移和内力计算结果与实测或实际值较好吻合,从而为有试桩资料的条件下反算地基抗力系数提供了一种验算方法。计算程序的自动图形处理有助于桩身结构设计的优化和经济效益的提高。

两种不同形状煤堆自燃升温特征的数值模拟

为了研究露天煤堆堆放形状对煤堆自燃过程的影响,建立二维平面煤堆自燃数学模型,利用数值方法比较了三角煤堆和梯形煤堆内部在自燃初期的漏风分布和升温特征。结果表明:高温区位置均会深入两类煤堆迎风表面2 m左右,不同之处在于,三角煤堆漏风集中,梯形煤堆漏风趋势更强,渗透范围广泛,易在煤堆内部形成大面积氧气富集区,其升温速率和高温区面积显著大于三角煤堆。依据温度对比模拟和实验得出以下结论:管理人员需要根据现场情况在成本和安全两方面进行平衡,科研人员针对煤堆自燃现象展开研究时应慎重选择煤堆模型。

梯形抗滑桩截面侧角对土拱效应的影响

为研究梯形抗滑桩截面侧角对土拱效应的影响,从材料力学与静力学知识入手,首先以拱轴线轴向受压模型推导了合理的桩截面侧角的计算方法,表明梯形截面抗滑桩较于矩形截面抗滑桩更易形成土拱效应;其次通过work-bench建立了土质边坡与梯形截面抗滑桩的三维模型并进行网格划分,运用FLAC3D有限差模拟软件进行数值模拟,通过接触面语句,建立桩土接触面,对桩土接触面的位移变化进行捕捉,结合在特征水平截面z=23上的应力云图、位移云图以及桩间中轴线上位移监测点的位移变化,综合分析梯形截面抗滑桩的桩截面侧角θ的取值对于土拱效应的影响;最后对理论推导结果与数值模拟结果进行了拟合。结果表明:以拱轴线的轴向受压模型理论,突出轴向大主应力的影响,得出当梯形截面抗滑桩抗滑反力最大时,截面侧角反算办法取值为2θ+arctanη取■π/2,θ∈(0,90°);得出了合理的桩截面侧角的取值范围,证明了梯形桩截面侧角在此范围下,能充分发挥桩正面与桩侧面两部分的受力性能,促使双拱协同传力机制的产生。

基于桩间距计算的梯形抗滑桩桩侧角取值

梯形断面竖向预应力锚索抗滑桩是治理水毁滑坡的一种新型抗滑桩结构,桩间土拱特征区别于常规抗滑桩,仍然利用传统抗滑桩土拱受力模型显然不合理。对桩间土拱的形成特征进行了分析,建立了梯形抗滑桩的计算模型,分别推导不同形式的桩间距计算公式,并通过工程应用对比各算法的桩间距;同时,基于桩间距计算的基础,分析桩侧角对桩间距的影响,界定桩侧角的设计取值范围,并探讨较佳角度的取值,为同类工程提供理论参考。