Syngas Fuel Combustion in Re-circulating Vortex Combustor

This paper presents results on the combustion of syngas fuel in re-circulating vortex combustor. The combustion stability is achieved through the use of cavities in which recirculation zones of hot products generated by the direct injection of fuel and air are created and acting as a continuous source of ignition for the incoming main fuel-air stream. CFD （computational fluid dynamics） analysis was performed in this study to test the combustion performance and emissions from the vortex trapped combustor using synthetic gas or syngas fuel produced from the gasification process. The flame temperature, the flow field and species concentrations inside the vortex trapped combustor were obtained. Several syngas fuels with different fuel compositions （H2, CO, CH4, CO2, N2 and H20） and lower heating values were tested in this study. The changes on the flame temperature and species concentrations inside the combustor, the emissions of NOx, CO, CO2 at the exit of the combustor, the combustor efficiency and the total pressure drop for syngas fuels are presented in this paper. The effect of H2/CO ratio and the mass fraction of each constituent of syngas fuels and hydrogen-methane fuel mixtures on the combustion and emissions performances were investigated.

驻涡区进口结构参数影响TVC燃烧性能的试验

驻涡区的空气、燃油供给位置和两者之间的匹配关系是影响驻涡燃烧室性能最重要的参数之一.研究中把4种驻涡区油气进入位置和3种掺混空气孔位置组合成7组油气参数,在不同进口温度和进口流量下开展了相应的燃烧性能试验,获得了点火性能、贫油熄火特性和燃烧效率与7组油气参数之间的关系,并分析得出了第7组组合参数是综合性能最好的驻涡区油气进口参数.

Experimental study of entrainment phenomenon in a trapped vortex combustor

Trapped vortex combustor （TVC） is an advanced low-pollution gas turbine combustor, with the adoption of staged combustion technique. To achieve low-pollutant emission and better combustion performance, the proportion of the air flow in each combustion zone should be precisely determined in the design of the combustor. Due to the presence of entrainment phenomenon, the total air flow in the cavity zone is difficult to estimate. To overcome the measurement difficulty, this study adopts the indirect measurement approach in the experimental research of entrainment phenomenon in the cavity. In accordance with the measurement principle, a TVC model fueled by methane is designed. Under two experimental conditions, i.e. with and without direct air intake in the cavity, the influence of the mainstream air flow velocity, the air intake velocity in the cavity, the height of inlet channel, the structure of holder and the structural proportion of the cavity on entrainment in the cavity is studied, respectively, through experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results suggest that the air flow velocity of mainstream, the air intake velocity of the cavity and the structure of the holder exert significant influence on the air entrainment, while the influence of structural proportion of the cavity is comparatively insignificant. The square root of momentum ratio of cavity air to mainstream air could be used to analyze the correlation of the entrainment data.

Flow Field Measurements in the Cavity of a Trapped Vortex Combustor Using PIV

The experimental research on cavity flow field plays an important part in the structural design and optimization study of trapped vortex combustor (TVC). Many of the previous flow field experiments were conducted in the cold condition instead of during combustion. This paper adopting PIV system and Lambda-2 vortex criterion in-vestigates the influence of various factors, such as equivalent ratio in the cavity, air intake parameter in the cavity, mainstream air intake parameter and mainstream holder structure, on cavity flow field for a TVC using methane as the fuel. The experimental research showed that cold-condition flow field differed from the combustion flow field, in terms of either vortex core position or vortex structure. Mainstream air intake velocity and cavity air intake velocity affected the flow field structure. U-type and V-type mainstream holders had significant influence on cavity flow field.

Effect of structure parameters of the flow guide vane on cold flow characteristics in trapped vortex combustor

The cold flow characteristics are investigated to show the effect of the structural parameters of the flow guide vane on the trapped vortex combustor（TVC）. The results show that the structural parameters have significant effects on the TVC. As a/ H increases, the total pressure loss, the wall shear stress at the bottom of the cavity and the turbulent intensity in the main combustion zone increase. b/ B does not have a significant effect on the cavity flow structure and the total pressure loss, and the wall shear stress at the bottom of the cavity increases as b/ B increases. There is no significant increase of the turbulent intensity with the increase of b/ B. The increase of c/ L has little effect on the total pressure loss, and it is not conducive to a stable combustion. As c/ L increases, the wall shear stress at the bottom of the cavity decreases. When a/ H= 0.4, b/ B= 0.4, c/ L= 0.1, a desirable dual-vortex structure is formed with an acceptable pressure loss to achieve a stable combustion. Moreover, to ascertain that the flame is stable for different values of Vm a with the optimal structural parameters, the effect of Vm a on the flow field is discussed. Results suggest that the dual-vortex structure has no relationship with the increase of Vm a. Furthermore, an unsteady simulation is conducted to show the generation and the development of the dual-vortex.

Design and Performance of an Improved Trapped Vortex Combustor

A trapped vortex combustor （TVC） has been a very promising novel concept for it offers improvements in lean blow out, altitude relight, operating range, as well as a potential to decrease NOx emissions compared to conventional combustors. The present paper discusses the improved designs of the new combustor over the prior ones of our research group, including that：a） the over-all dimensions, both axial and radial, are reduced to those of an actual aero-engine combustor; b） the air flow distribution is optimized, and especially 15% of the air is fed into the liner as cooling air; c） a straight-wall diffuser with divergence angle 9°is added. A series of experiments （cavity-fueled only, under atmospheric pressure） has been conducted to investigate the performance of the improved TVC. Experimental results show that at the inlet temperature of 523 K, the inlet pressure of 0.1 MPa, stable operation of the TVC test rig is observed for the Mach number 0.15-0.34, indicating good flame stability; the combustion efficiency obtained in this paper falls into the range of 60%-96%; as the total excess air ratio increases, the combustion efficiency decreases, while the increase of the inlet temperature is beneficial to high combustion efficiency; besides, the optimal Mach numbers for high combustion efficiency under different inlet conditions are confirmed. The outlet temperature profiles feature a bottom in the midheight of the exit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility for the TVC to be applied to a realistic aero-engine preliminarily and provides reference for TVC design.

Combustion of Hydrogen in an Experimental Trapped Vortex Combustor

Combustion performances of pure hydrogen in an experimental trapped vortex combustor have been tested underdifferent operating conditions. Pressure fluctuations, NOx emissions, OH distributions, and LBO (Lean Blow Out)were measured in the tests. Results indicate that the TVC test rig has successfully realized a double vortex constructionin the cavity zone in a wide range of flow conditions. Hydrogen combustion in the test rig has achievedan excellent LBO performance and relatively low NOx emissions. Through comparison of dynamic pressure data,OH fluctuation images, and NOx emissions, the optimal operating condition has been found out to be Φp=0.4,fuel split=0.4, and primary air/fuel premixed.

进口参数对带导流片的三维环形TVC性能的影响

为研究入口参数对带导流片的三维环形驻涡燃烧室(TVC)性能的影响,对不同进口速度V、当量比φ及进气温度T下TVC的速度及旋涡结构、出口NO质量分数、总压损失系数σ、燃烧效率η进行了数值研究。结果表明,旋涡结构、出口NO质量分数及η基本不随速度变化,但σ随V增加快速增大;φ增大导致的凹腔内侧涡对变小、η的降低及σ的增大等的幅度都不大;T升高有利于燃烧室凹腔驻涡、降低σ及增加η;φ及T变大使燃烧室温度升高,出口NO排放大幅增加。

导流片结构参数对三通道进气TVC性能影响

对不同导流片结构参数下三通道进气驻涡燃烧室的流场分布、燃烧效率及总压损失系数进行数值模拟。结果显示,凹腔内形成理想双涡结构,增强了凹腔与主流的热质掺混,稳定凹腔点火源,大幅度提升燃烧效率。导流片结构参数a/E对燃烧效率、总压损失系数的影响最大,b/H、c/L对燃烧效率几乎没有影响,c/L对总压损失系数影响较大;当a/E=0.5,b/H=0.5及c/L=0.5时,燃烧室性能最佳,燃烧效率99.6698%,总压损失系数3.1268%。

Investigations on Emission Characteristics of a Liquid-Fueled Trapped Vortex Combustor

The combustion and emission formation process of liquid fuel in the trapped vortex combustor(TVC)are very complicated.A trapped vortex combustor with replaceable bluff-bodies was designed to investigate these processes.The bluff-body widths varied from 0.021 m to 0.036 m.Experimental tests were carried out.Liquid RP-3 aviation kerosene was used in the tests.Emissions were measured under atmospheric pressure.The combustion process was analyzed theoretically in the viewpoints of relative evaporation time,mixing time and reaction time.Numerical simulations were also conducted to help analyze the formation and depletion processes of pollutants in TVC.The results reveal that atomization was a critical factor for formation and depletion processes of pollutants.By controlling mixing speed of burned and unburned gases and thus fuel-air uniformity,turbulence intensity could also affect emission levels.In addition,residence time also affected the emissions by affecting combustion completeness and the time for NOx formation.All these factors were combined in a complicated way to affect combustion process and pollutant emissions.

航空发动机高温升燃烧室技术分析

随着先进军用航空发动机推重比要求的不断提高,主燃烧室向更高温升方向发展。本文基于高推重比航空发动机主燃烧室的主要特征与面临的技术挑战,综述了多旋流燃烧、中心分级燃烧、驻涡燃烧和可变几何燃烧等四类高温升燃烧组织的工作原理和发展现状,分析它们的技术优势及挑战。就当前高油气比燃烧室来说,多旋流燃烧与中心分级燃烧是主要发展方向,但随着燃烧室油气比的持续提高,燃烧组织技术将面临更大技术挑战。通过综合分析,作者提出同心圆分区燃烧也可能是一种值得研究的适合更高油气比燃烧室的优选燃烧组织模式。

一种蒸发式凹腔驻涡值班稳定器的流动与点火性能研究

为进一步拓宽凹腔驻涡值班稳定器在低温、高速来流条件下的点熄火边界,提出了一种利用高温燃气预热、预混供油的蒸发式凹腔驻涡值班稳定器。研究了蒸发式凹腔驻涡值班稳定器的流动特性、燃油分布特性及点火性能。研究结果表明:蒸发式凹腔驻涡值班稳定器的掺混腔和凹腔内部形成的涡系结构为低温、高速来流下的点火和燃烧提供了有利条件。凹腔驻涡区的气相油雾沿流向分布均匀,沿周向从稳定器对称子午面最富递减到相邻稳定器中间面最贫。在相同来流温度下,蒸发式凹腔驻涡值班稳定器的贫油点火和熄火当量比均随着来流速度的增大而增大。在低温(600K)、高速(100~200m/s)来流条件下,相比于蒸发式Z形值班火焰稳定器和常规薄膜蒸发式火焰稳定器,蒸发式凹腔驻涡值班稳定器贫油点火当量比能分别降低5.5%和30%;其贫油熄火当量比能分别降低37.4%和48.8%。

驻涡燃烧室前钝体燃料喷射性能数值分析

为研究驻涡燃烧室在前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧性能,采用3维数值仿真模拟方法,对驻涡燃烧室前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧效率及燃烧室性能与无前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧性能进行了对比分析,并对驻涡燃烧室的冷流以及燃烧状态下的燃烧室性能进行了系统研究。燃烧室温度分布表明:前钝体顶部燃料喷射在0.2~0.7的喷射系数范围内,缩短了燃烧室火焰长度,提高了燃烧室在相同轴向长度下的燃烧效率,使燃烧室更加紧凑;驻涡燃烧室前钝体顶部燃料喷射孔的孔径在一定范围内的变化对燃烧室的燃烧效率、出口温度分布系数以及总压损失影响较小。

凹腔驻涡加力燃烧室联焰特性研究

为了研究凹腔驻涡加力燃烧室的联焰特性,设计了一种凹腔驻涡加力燃烧室试验件,并采用试验和数值仿真的方法对其联焰特性进行了研究。试验采用航空煤油作为燃料,燃油喷嘴采用离心式喷嘴。试验中,外内涵进气压比在0.97~1.07之间变化,稳定器前马赫数在0.17~0.25之间变化。研究结果表明,稳定器前马赫数在0.17~0.23之间时凹腔的联焰性能变化不明显,稳定器前马赫数超过此范围后凹腔的联焰性能变差;外内涵进气压比超过1.04后,凹腔壁温能达到的最大值降低,凹腔的联焰性能变差。

采用蒸发管供油的驻涡燃烧室点火及贫油熄火特性

为了研究驻涡燃烧室拓宽燃烧边界的能力,设计了一种驻涡燃烧室实验件,并对其点火性能和贫油熄火特性进行了实验研究.驻涡燃烧室采用汽化器和蒸发管的组合作为供油方式,以煤油为燃料,实验中改变燃烧室的进口条件,测试其点火极限和贫熄极限.实验结果表明,采用蒸发管供油驻涡燃烧室具有良好的点火特性和贫油熄火性能.

凹腔油气匹配对驻涡燃烧室点火性能影响试验

针对一种以煤油为燃料的驻涡燃烧室,在前期研究的基础上对其前体油气匹配进行几种结构改变,探讨驻涡燃烧室头部油气匹配及后体气量变化时对其点火熄火的影响。对仅采用凹腔供油的驻涡燃烧室的贫油点火及贫油熄火特性进行了试验研究表明,随后体气量增加,总的贫油点火油气比先下降后上升,绝大部分工况下,总的贫油点火油气比在0.04以下;贫熄总油气随主流气量的减小先增大后减小;各个方案熄火总油气比都在0.004以下;凹腔前体进气温度的提高有利于驻涡燃烧室的点火熄火性能。

流动和油气参数对驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的影响

针对新型驻涡燃烧室开展了燃烧性能实验研究。研究首先设计研制了驻涡燃烧室模型和实验系统，然后在此基础上开展了不同油气比、进口温度和进口流量等参数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的实验研究。结果表明燃烧室可以在不同工况下顺利点火和稳定工作，同时研究表明随着进口流量的增加（0．45～0．7kg／s），点火性能基本不受影响，熄火特性变差；随着进口气流温度的上升（360～510K），点火和熄火性能改善，燃烧效率提高。

旋转流线涡技术对驻涡燃烧室性能的影响

基于凹腔驻涡燃烧室的基本结构,提出了一种新的燃烧流场组织技术———旋转流线涡技术,并通过数值模拟,对比分析了不同进气条件下该技术与传统驻涡燃烧技术对燃烧室涡及燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:与传统驻涡燃烧室相比,旋转流线涡技术燃烧室有更好的流场形式,其在凹腔内形成的涡更靠近凹腔顶端、范围更大,更不易脱落,空气与燃料的掺混更加充分。旋转流线涡燃烧室的燃烧效率高于传统驻涡燃烧室,且火焰长度更短,但总压损失比传统驻涡燃烧室大2%左右,损失了一定的经济效益。

驻涡燃烧室驻涡区三维冷态流动特性数值研究

驻涡燃烧室驻涡区内的流动是影响驻涡燃烧室性能的一个关键因素。首先将数值模拟结果进行与试验测量结果进行对比,确定了最佳的湍流模型,并在此基础上通过数值方法深入研究了驻涡燃烧室驻涡区冷态流动特性。结果发现:通过在驻涡区前壁进气缝中设置一定的矩形挡片可以在驻涡区一定范围内诱发以反向旋转的涡对形式存在的流向涡。对比研究了挡片阻塞比BR(挡片面积与前壁开缝面积之比)分别为0,0.2,0.4时驻涡区内的流动结构,分析了流向涡产生的原因。定量结果表明,当BR=0.2,0.4时,(1)流向涡涡量大小比BR=0时提高了将近100%,BR=0.2对应的流向涡涡量比BR=0.4对应的流向涡涡量略大;(2)在流向涡混合层内,流向涡涡量沿轴向呈先增大后减小的趋势;(3)燃烧室总压损失约比BR=0时大1%。

采用离心喷嘴的单凹腔驻涡燃烧室点火与贫熄特性

为了研究单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的点火和贫油熄火特性，设计了一个带扩压器和内外机匣的单凹腔驻涡燃烧室矩形试验件，采用试验研究和半经验分析相结合的方法对其点火和贫油熄火进行了研究。试验在常压状态下进行，采用RP3航空煤油作为燃料，所用供油喷嘴为空心锥离心喷嘴，试验中的进口空气温度在287-487K变化，进口空气流量在0.2109-0.4219kg/s变化，对应进口马赫数从0.15变化到0.31。结果表明：单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的点火和贫油熄火油气比均随着燃烧室进口温度和进口流量的增加而减小，单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的点火油气比比贫油熄火油气比约大50%。经过半经验分析，得到了影响单凹腔点火和熄火的综合参数A，该参数能够较好地解释和评价各种因素对贫油熄火的影响。