Recovery of injured cingulum in a patient with traumatic brain injury

The cingulum is the neural fiber bundle that connects the basal forebrain and medial temporal lobe. The cingulum contains the medial cholinergic pathway, which originates from the basalis nucleus of Meynert in the basal forebrain. Therefore, it is important for memory function （Malykhin et al., 2008; Hong and Jang, 2010）. In the past, identification of the cingulum on conventional brain MRI has been impossible because it cannot discern the cingulum from other adjacent structures. Diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）, derived from diffusion tensor imaging （DTI）, allows three-dimensional visualization and estimation of the cingulum （Malykhin et al., 2008）.

Unusual neural tract between injured fornix and pedunculopontine nucleus in a patient with traumatic brain injury

It has been known that four cholinergic nuclei are located in the septal region and basal forebrain （Ch 1： medial septal nucleus, Ch 2： vertical nucleus of the diagonal band, Ch 3： horizontal limb of the diagonal band and Ch 4： nucleus basalis of Meynert） and two are located in the brainstem （Ch 5： pedunculopontine nucleus and Ch 6： laterodorsal tegmental nucleus） （Selden et al., 1998; Lucas-Meunier et al., 2003; Mesulam, 2004; Nieuwenhuys et al., 2007）. The fornix transfers information on episodic mem- ory between the medial diencephalon and the medial temporal lobe （Afifi and Bergman, 2005; Wolk and Budson, 2010）. The fornix is known to obtain cholinergic innervation from Ch 1 and Ch 2, and to project to the hippocampal formation （Selden et al., 1998; Lucas-Meunier et al., 2003; Mesulam, 2004; Nieu- wenhuys et al., 2007; Dere et al., 2008; Naidich and Duvernoy, 2009; Isaacson and Pribram, 2013）.

MRS and diffusion tensor image in mild traumatic brain injuries

Objective:To analyze characters of magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging(DTI) in the diagnosis of mild trauma brain injuries(MTBI) in frontal lobe and to compare with conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Methods:A total of 21 patients were selected,who all aged 12-51 years old and had injury within 24 hours.Computer tomography (CT) and the Glasgow Coma Scale were used to evaluate the degree of injury.All patients were diagnosed as MTBI,and 19 had conventional MRI,MRS and DTI.The major parameters of MRS were Probe-P sequence,TE= 144 or 35 ms,and both single voxel spectrum and chemical shift imging were included.The major parameters of DTI were diffusion directions =15,b value = 1000 s/mm^2. Frational anisotropic(FA) map and average ADC map were obtained to evaluate DTI result. Positive deletion ratio was observed and the imaging changes were compared between injured side and normal side.Results:All 21 patients had CT scan and Glasgow scale.A total of 19 patients had conventional MRI.DTI and MRS.Results of CT and conventional MRI showed no significant abnormality in lobe,and Glasgow scale showed mild type.MRS result showed significant decrease in N-acetyl aspartate(NAA) and NAA/creatine(Cr) in 13 cases(68.4%) (P【0.001),and increase in lactic acid(Lac) in 7 cases(36.8%).FA mapping of the frontal lobe displayed significant changes in 7 cases(36.8%),with 5 out of the 7 cases having increase in FA value.And there was no significant difference in average ADC.Conclusions:MRS and DTI might be more sensible than other methods,such as CT and conventional MRI in diagnosis of MTBI.The particular changes were reduced NAA and increased Lac for MRS.and increased FA values for DTI.

头颈部创伤患者气道管理的研究进展

头颈部创伤对气道安全的威胁最大,其中创伤性脑损伤和喉气管创伤最具代表性。采用轴线稳定手法可防止创伤性脑损伤合并颈髓损伤患者气管插管时继发性颈髓损伤;饱胃患者建议使用快速序贯诱导插管和环状软骨按压,能有效预防反流误吸;BURP手法能在困难气道时改善喉镜视野,提高插管成功率;喉气管创伤现场即刻死亡率大于75%,纤维支气管镜和计算机断层扫描可明确诊断喉气管创伤,判断气管的完整性。头颈部创伤患者应根据创伤部位、程度和手术选择更合适的气管插管入路。避免缺氧是创伤气道管理的根本目标和出发点,体外膜肺氧合是解决创伤患者氧合问题的终极手段,但创伤性脑损伤患者使用体外膜肺氧合仍存在争议。本研究拟就头颈部创伤气道管理的研究进展进行综述,以期为临床医师提供理论与实践性参考。

重型颅脑损伤术后患者的预后因素分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者术后预后的临床影响因素。方法回顾性分析2009年12月～2011年11月我科收治的56例重型颅脑损伤经手术治疗的患者的临床资料,出院时根据患者格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)分为预后良好组(4～5分)和预后不良组(1～3分),比较患者性别、年龄、颅脑损伤类型、GCS评分、血肿量、有无脑疝、伤后血压、血氧饱和度、ISS评分、有无误吸、有无低体温、有无酸中毒、有无凝血改变、血糖、白蛋白、手术距受伤时间、住院日、住ICU日、通气带管日、气管切开否、白细胞、鼻胃管否、是否使用肠外营养、有无肺炎等指标在2组间的差异。结果与预后良好组相比,预后不良组单因素分析发现患者年龄、ISS分值、血糖偏高,体温、GCS分值较低,脑干伤、脑疝、误吸、血肿量多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析原发性脑干损伤为影响患者预后的独立因素。结论原发性脑干损伤可独立判断重型颅脑损伤手术后患者的预后;综合应用年龄、GCS、血肿量、有无脑疝、ISS、入院是否误吸、低体温、血糖等因素,可有效预测预后。

炎症反应综合征对急性重型颅脑损伤患者结局的影响

目的研究急性重型颅脑损伤与发生全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的关系及对预后的影响。方法研究人群来源于我院2009年6月～2012年6月符合急性重型颅脑损伤住院患者,采用回顾性病例对照研究,先调查SIRS在本组患者的发病率,继之以单因素和多因素统计分析,了解SIRS与临床结局的关联。统计模型采用Pearson分析模型行单因素分析,Logistic回归模型行多因素分析。结果共纳入118例符合标准的患者,建立研究数据集。数据经清理和标准化后进行分析。发现:①急性重型颅脑损伤后SIRS的发生率为68.6%,与性别、年龄无关,与入院时GCS评分、有无脑干伤、入院时ISS≥26分有关,各组间比较P<0.05;②将出院时GOS作为结局指标分为死亡组(GOS 1分)、预后不良组(GOS 2～3分)、预后良好组(4～5分),统计发现发生SIRS后将增加病死率和不良预后率,3组间比较P<0.05;③为消除混杂偏倚,按照GOS对入院临床指标进行分层分析,显示入院时GCS评分、ISS≥26分、有无脑干伤交互效应明显,多元回归ISS≥26分对SIRS效应值OR值3.73(P=0.032),有显著差异。结论急性重型颅脑损伤易发生SIRS,与病情轻重有关;SIRS的出现将影响预后;ISS≥26分时,易发SIRS且SIRS将成为影响预后的独立因素。

标准外伤大骨瓣治疗急重型颅脑损伤的应用

目的探讨标准外伤大骨瓣对急重型颅脑损伤的治疗效果及总结手术体会。方法对60例急重型颅脑损伤患者,其中GCS 3～5分19例,6～8分41例,行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅治疗。结果恢复良好30例,15例重残,7例植物状态,8例死亡。结论标准外伤大骨瓣救治急重型颅脑损伤患者,其手术显露清晰,减压充分,疗效可靠,能改善预后。

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤疗效分析

目的:探讨标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术在重型颅脑损伤治疗中的应用价值。方法:选择该科2002年5月～2006年5月收治重型颅脑损伤开颅术患者79例,分成两组,一组标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗组(n=40)。另一组常规颞顶瓣开颅术对照组(n=39),比较两组疗效。结果:按伤后6个月随访预后结果(6-GOS),标准大骨瓣组恢复良好13例,重残植物状态15例,死亡12例;常规骨瓣对照组恢复良好5例,重残植物状态12例,死亡22例。两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05),大骨瓣治疗组颅内压下降优于常规骨瓣对照组(P<0.01),标准外伤大骨瓣治疗组病人的迟发性血肿、切口疝和脑脊液漏发生率明显低于常规骨瓣对照组(P<0.05),但两组病人术后外伤性癫痫、颅内感染、外伤性脑积水发生率差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型脑损伤效果优于常规骨瓣,并发症少。