Pseudoaneurysm formation following transarterial embolization of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with detachable balloon:An institutional cohort long-term study

BACKGROUND The goal of therapy for traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula(TCCF)is the elimination of fistula while maintaining patency of the parent artery.The treatment for TCCF has evolved from surgery to endovascular management using detachable balloons,coils,liquid embolic agents,covered stents,or flow-diverter stent through arterial or venous approaches.Despite the withdrawal of detachable balloons from the market in the United States since 2004,transarterial embolization with detachable balloons has currently remained the best initial treatment for TCCF in several countries.However,the pseudoaneurysm formation following transarterial detachable balloon embolization has rarely been observed in long-term follow-up.AIM To determine the occurrence and long-term follow-up of pseudoaneurysm after transarterial detachable balloon for TCCF.METHODS Between January 2009 and December 2019,79 patients diagnosed with TCCF were treated using detachable latex balloons(GOLDBAL)of four sizes.Pseudoaneurysm sizes were stratified into five grades for analysis.Initial and follow-up assessments involved computed tomography angiography at 1 month,6 month,1 year,and longer intervals for significant cases.Clinical follow-ups occurred semi-annually for 2 years,then annually.Factors analyzed included sex,age,fistula size and location,and balloon size.RESULTS In our cohort of 79 patients treated for TCCF,pseudoaneurysms formed in 67.1%,with classifications ranging from grade 0 to grade 3;no grade 4 or giant pseudoaneurysms were observed.The majority of pseudoaneurysms did not progress in size,and some regressed spontaneously.Calcifications developed in most large pseudoaneurysms over 5-10 years.Parent artery occlusion occurred in 7.6%and recurrent fistulas in 16.5%.The primary risk factors for pseudoaneurysm formation were identified as the use of specific balloon sizes,with balloon SP and No.6 significantly associated with its occurrence(P=0.005 and P=0.002,respectively),whereas sex,age,fistula size,location,and the number of balloons used were not significant predictors.CONCLUSION Pseudoaneurysm formation following detachable balloon embolization for TCCF is common,primarily influenced by the size of the balloon used.Despite this,all patients with pseudoaneurysms remained asymptomatic during long-term follow-up.

Management of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula

Sixty-eight patients with traumatic carotid-cavemous fistula (TCCF) were treated by intravascular embolization. All patients were cured and 94.1% of internal carotid arteries were preserved. Proptosis, bruit and chemosis disappeared following embolization. The diagnosis and management of TCCF are also evaluated.

Transvenous treatment of a complex cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula secondary to balloon embolization of a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula

Although recurrent traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （CCF） and its treatment have beenreported sporadically,^1 a complex cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula （DAVF） secondary to balloon embolization of a direct traumatic CCF is rare. In 2005, we treated such a case via transvenous approach using coils and N-buty-2- cyanoacrylate （NBCA）. The causes of recurrent cavernous sinus DAVF and its endovascular approach are discussed.

Transarterial detachable coil embolization combined with ipsilateral intermittent carotid oppression for traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with small fistula

One case of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （TCCF） with small fistula treated by transarterial detachable coil embolization was reported. The intermittent ipsilateral carotid compression was used to identify the final blocking of the residual fistula. The follow-up digital subtraction angiography showed that the TCCF was cured finally. From this case, we conclude that this method may be an effective way to treat TCCF with small fistula.

Carotid-cavernous fistula following mechanical thrombectomy of the tortuous internal carotid artery:A case report

BACKGROUND A carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF)is an abnormal connection between the internal carotid artery(ICA)and the cavernous sinus.Although direct CCFs typically result from trauma or as an iatrogenic complication of neuroendovascular procedures,they can occur as surgery-related complications after mechanical thrombectomy(MT).With the widespread use of MT in patients with acute ischemic stroke complicated with large vessel occlusion,it is important to document CCF following MT and how to avoid them.In this study,we present a case of a patient who developed a CCF following MT and describe in detail the characteristics of ICA tortuosity in this case.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old woman experienced weakness in the left upper and lower limbs as well as difficulty speaking for 4 h.The neurological examination revealed left central facial paralysis and left hemiplegia,with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 9.Head magnetic resonance imaging revealed an acute cerebral infarction in the right basal ganglia and radial crown.Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated an occlusion of the right ICA and middle cerebral artery.Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated distal occlusion of the cervical segment of the right ICA.We performed suction combined with stent thrombectomy.Then,postoperative angiography was performed,which showed a right CCF.One month later,CCF embolization was performed,and the patient’s clinical symptoms have significantly improved 5 mo after the operation.CONCLUSION Although a CCF is a rare complication after MT,it should be considered.Understanding the tortuosity of the internal carotid-cavernous sinus may help predict the complexity of MT and avoid this complication.

Endovascular procedure-related spontaneous closure of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula: case report

Objective BACKGROUND Spontaneous closure of direct traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas (TCCFs) is rare. A few cases have been reported in literature to be related to diagnostic cerebral angiography and orbital venography. Several mechanisms have been postulated, including irritation of the vessels from contrast media, compression of the carotid artery and reduced blood pressure from general anesthesia. In our own series of about 400 patients at Ramathibodi Hospital, the incidence is approximately 1.75%.CASE PRESENTATION We present a case, which spontaneous closure occurred during attempted endovascular embolization. A 45-year-old woman with left TCCF was referred to our hospital for endovascular treatment. Cerebral angiogram revealed a small-hole fistula at the posterosuperior wall of C2-3 segment of the LICA. Transarterial balloon failed due to the small size of the fistula and acute retroangulation of the balloon attached microcatheter. Transarterial GDC coil placement into the first venous pouch was then attempted for two times, but was unsuccessful. During repositioning of the microcatheter for a third attempt, spontaneous closure of the fistula was observed and confirmed by control angiogram. CONCLUSION Spontaneous closure of direct traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas may occur during endovascular procedures, which can be caused by dissection of the venous pouch by the microcatheter or coils during manipulation, irritation of the vascular walls from the contrast media and decreased blood pressure from general anesthesia.

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods: Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coil embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stent management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% (4/22). A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% (8/22). Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.

Transarterial embolization of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula associated with a primitive trigeminal artery-case report

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We evaluated our experience in placing detachable coils in the management of spontaneous CCFs due to rupture of a primitive trigeminal artery. Methods A 48-year-old female presented with right conjunctival chemosis and right abducens nerve paresis. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a right carotid-cavernous sinus fistula associated with persistent primitive trigeminal artery. Transvenous routes to the sinus were failed due to the tortuous facial vein. The fistula was treated by Matrix detachable coils and Fibered detachable coils through the transarterial approach. Results The patient was successfully treated by means of transarterial embolization, and symptoms improved within a week. Conclusions Although other techniques using a transvenous approach may also be useful, transarterial embolization with detachable coils should be a safe and effective method to immediately occlude the fistula.

Endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistulas with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate

Objective To explore the method and safety of endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistulas with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate. Method A total of 11 patients with traumatic direct carotid cavernous fistulas treated by endovascular embolization with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate. (n-BCA) were retrospectively analyzed,including the

眼眶病1例

20岁男性患者,因交通事故后右眼眶骨折入院。患者门诊首诊时无颈动脉海绵窦瘘相关症状及体征,伤后2个月检查发现右眼眼压升高,伴有结膜血管扩张。脑磁共振血管成像(MRA)证明为右侧创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘,动脉造影证实了这一点,患者对栓塞治疗反应良好。讨论体会:该病例的临床意义在于临床诊疗过程中必须重视基本的体格检查,创伤后高眼压需系统分析其可能的因素,并且在外伤后数月,也应该考虑创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘存在的可能性。

外伤性脑脊液漏并发颅内感染的危险因素研究

目的 探讨外伤性脑脊液漏并发颅内感染的危险因素。方法 选取2013年1月—2022年12月在上海市第十人民医院崇明分院收治并进行治疗的外伤性脑脊液漏患者418例,回顾性分析其一般情况、脑脊液漏持续时间、治疗情况以及外伤性脑脊液漏并发颅内感染情况,并采用Logistic回归构建颅内感染是否发生的预测模型。结果 418例外伤性脑脊液漏患者中,18例患者发生颅内感染,感染比例4.31%。其中脑脊液漏时间、是否预防使用广谱抗生素在感染组与未感染组存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,脑脊液漏时间≥14 d是外伤性脑脊液漏并发颅内感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。构建的颅内感染预测模型AUC为0.704,预测效果良好。结论 脑脊液漏持续时间≥14 d是外伤性脑脊液漏并发颅内感染的独立危险因素。

Ophthalmic characteristics of carotid cavernous fistula:a case report

Dear Editor,We report a case of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula(CCF)that initially presented in the Ophthalmology Department because of the ocular manifestations.CFF is a clinical syndrome characterized by ocular abnormalities,which is caused by abnormal communication between the cavernous sinus and the cavernous segment or other meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery(ICA)due to traumatic or spontaneous factors.

Management of Carotid Carvenous Fistula in Ghana;Challenges and Opportunities

Carotid-cavernous fistula is an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The fistula is classified based on its etiology, haemodynamic and anatomical configuration. The most common type is the direct high flow fistula resulting from trauma. Indirect fistula which is less common results from underlying conditions such as hypertension, collagen vascular diseases, pregnancy amongst others. It is in regards with this uncommon occurrence of indirect fistula that we report a case of forty years old woman who presented with a left protruding eyeball and headache a month after delivery and was diagnosed with spontaneous type D indirect carotid cavernous fistula with rapidly progressing symptoms. She was referred abroad for interventional radiological services due to unavailability of such services in our facility and country.

介入栓塞治疗外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效

目的 探讨介入栓塞治疗外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)的临床疗效及影像学变化。方法 选取77例TCCF患者的临床资料,按照不同的手术治疗方法分为球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞(球囊辅助组35例)、可脱性球囊栓塞(可脱性球囊组38例)、Willis覆膜支架栓塞(覆膜支架组4例),分析栓塞术后的影像学表现和预后。结果 77例患者共计手术84台次,行一次栓塞治疗70例,两次栓塞治疗7例。总体治愈率100%,颈内动脉通畅率97.4%。球囊辅助组与可脱性球囊组相比完全闭塞率、手术并发症发生率、一次性栓塞治愈率无明显差异。所有患者随访显示疗效可靠。结论 球囊辅助弹簧圈和可脱性球囊栓塞方法可作为治疗TCCF的首选方案,安全可靠。

Diagnosis and endovascular treatment of spontaneous direct carotid-cavernous fistula

Background Spontaneous direct carotid-cavernous fistula （CCF） is relatively rare and few reports have been found in the literature. The aim of this paper was to report the clinical characteristics, imaging findings and curative effect of endovascular treatment for patients with spontaneous direct CCF. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of nine patients with spontaneous direct CCF admitted between May 2003 and November 2007 and the outcomes.of endovascular treatment. Sudden neuro-ophthalmological symptoms were the most common clinical presentation at diagnosis （n=8）. No patients had a history of head trauma. Cerebral digital subtraction angiography （DSA） was performed on all cases under local anesthesia and seven cases received endovascular treatment. Results In eight patients, internal carotid angiograms recorded during the early arterial phase revealed aneurysms located in the cavernous sinuses, and in one patient, a dilated internal carotid artery （ICA） was seen. Among the nine cases, seven received endovascular treatment via a transarterial approach and complete occlusion of the fistula was obtained with no technique-related complications, one died suddenly before treatment and one gave up treatment. A detachable balloon was used as the embolic material in two cases, a detachable balloon and detachable coil as the embolic material in two cases, balloon-assisted coil embolization in two cases and covered stents were successfully placed in the parent vessel to exclude the aneurysm and fistula from circulation in one case. During a follow-up period of 3-48 months, all treated patients remained asymptomatic except for one patient who suffered from ipsilateral decreased vision. Conclusions Most spontaneous direct CCF may be caused by a ruptured intracavernous aneurysm with direct shunting into the cavernous sinus. Endovascular treatment seems to be a safe and effective method for treating spontaneous direct CCF.

Retrospective study on the endovascular embolization for traumatic carotid cavernous fistula

Objective： To retrospectively analyze 95 cases of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula treated by endovascular embolization. Methods： From January 1994 to December 2008, 95 patients with traumatic carotid cavernous fistula were treated in our hospital. All patients received selective cerebral angiography through femoral artery catheterization. Accordingly, 89 cases were treated by detachable balloon embolization, 5 by platinum microcoils and 1 by coveredstem, respectively. Results： In the study, 61 cases achieved successful balloon embolization at the first time. Fifty-six cases had multiple balloons due to the big fistula. Nine cases received balloon embolization twice. But among the 5 patients treated with platinum microcoils, one developed slight brainstem ischemia. After operation the patient had herniparesis and swallow difficulty, but gradually recovered 3 months later. No neurological deficits were observed in other cases. All the cases recovered. Eighty-five cases were followed up for 1-15 years and no recurrence was found. Conclusions： The endovascular embolization for traumatic carotid cavernous fistula is minimally invasive, safe, effective and reliable. The detachable balloon embolization is the first choice in the treatment of TCCF.

Multimodal endovascular treatment for traumatic carotid- cavernous fistula

bjective：To present our experience in treating traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （TCCF） by multimodal endovascular treatment.Methods：The management of 28 patients with TCCF between January 2004 and October 2012 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed.According to imaging charateristics,24 cases were categorized into Type Ⅰ,3 Type Ⅱ and 1 Type Ⅲ.Totally 30 endovascular treatments were performed：Type Ⅰ TCCFs were obliterated via transvenous approach （7/25）,or transarterial approach （18/25） including 6 by detachable balloon occlusion,6 by microcoil embolization,3 by Hyperglide balloon-assisted coil embolization and 3 by a combination of detachable balloon and coil embolization.Two patients were treated with closure of internal carotid artery （ICA）.Type Ⅱ TCCFs were treated with transvenous embolotherapy （2/3） or carotid artery compression therapy （1/3）.The Type Ⅲ patient underwent detachable balloon embolization.Results：Immediate postoperative angiography showed recovery in 26 cases.One recurrent TCCF was found 2 weeks after detachable balloon embolization,and then reobliterated by transarterial coils.Reexamination found balloon deflation and fistula recanalization in 1 patient one month after combination of detachable balloons and coil embolization,which was cured by a second treatment via transvenous approach.The immediate angiography revealed residual blood flow in 4 patients.Among them,2 patients with delayed symptoms at follow-up needed a second treatment,1 patient recovered after carotid artery compression therapy,and the remaining patient＇s symptoms disappeared on digital subtraction angiography at five-month follow-up.CT angiography revealed anterior communicating artery aneurysm in the patient who was treated with closure ofICA 4 years later.Conclusion：According to results of images,characteristics of the fistula and type of drainage,proper treatment approach and embolic material can maximally heal pathological changes,retain the ipsilateral ICA patency and reduce long-term complications.

Dissection-related carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF)following surgical revascularization of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion:a new subtype of CCF and proposed management

Background:The development of carotid-cavernous fistulas(CCFs)during surgical recanalization of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion(ICAO)may be secondary to severe ICA dissection rather than a focal tear of the cavernous ICA seen in typical traumatic CCFs.The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between the CCFs and severe ICA dissections and to characterize technical outcomes after treatment with stenting.Methods:Five patients underwent treatment with self-expanding stents due to intraprocedural CCF and ICA dissection following surgical removal of ICAO plaque.The stents were telescopically placed via true channel of the dissection.Safety of the procedure was evaluated with 30-day stroke and death rate.Procedural success was determined by the efficacy of CCF obliteration and ICAO recanalization with angiography.Results:All CCFs were associated with spiral and long segmental dissection from the cervical to cavernous ICA.After stenting,successful dissection reconstruction with TICI 3 was achieved in all patients,with complete(n=4)or partial CCF(n=1)obliteration.No patient had CCF syndrome,stroke,or death during follow-up of 6 to 37 months;but one patient had pulsatile tinnitus,which resolved 1 year later.Angiography at 6 to 24 months demonstrated CCF obliteration in all 5 patients and durable ICA patency in 4 patients.Conclusions:Intraprocedural CCFs with spiral and cervical-to-cavernous ICA dissection during ICAO surgery are dissection-related because of successful obliteration after stenting for dissection reconstruction.Self-expanding stenting through true channel of the dissection,serving as implanting stent-autograft,may be an optimal therapy for the atypical CCF complication from ICAO surgery.

Prognostic analysis and complications of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas after treatment with detachable balloon and/or coil embolization

Objective: To explore the causes of the formation of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas and the therapeutic effect of detachable balloon and/or coil embolization and the prevention of its complications. Methods: From October, 1992 to March, 2002, 17 patients with traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas were treated with detachable balloon and/or coil embolization in our hospital. The clinical data and imaging features of CT, MR and selective angiogram of these patients were analyzed. Results: One week after treatment with embolization, the clinical symptoms of the 17 patients were remitted, and optic cacophony, nystagmus, exophthalmos and dropsy of conjunctiva disappeared. Two patients manifested surgical complications, one patient died. Sixteen patients survived. They were all followed up for more than 2 years, which showed one patient had handicap in movement, and in one patient the signs and symptoms of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas reoccurred 2 months after treatment. Conclusions: The detachable balloon and/or coil embolization is safe and reliable. It is a good method to treat traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas.

创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗

目的:探讨不同类型的创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗方法。材料和方法:回顾性分析63例经全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)诊断的创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的治疗方法:血管内栓塞、栓塞结合手术孤立瘘口或瘘口所在的颈内动脉内覆膜支架置入等方式。结果:63例创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘中,术后59例动静脉瘘完全闭塞,4例大部分闭塞;临床症状消失62例,好转1例。本组无并发症发生。结论:创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘治疗的关键在于闭塞瘘口。根据其动静脉瘘的部位、供血动脉及瘘口的数量、引流静脉的特点等综合考虑栓塞材料的选择是保证治疗成功的重要因素。