Travel Patterns and Street Networks: A Novel Visualization Methodology of City-Level Traffic Flows and Network Usability

Street Networks, knitted in the urban fabric, facilitate spatial movement and control the flow of urbanization. The interrelation between a city’s spatial network and how the residents travel over it has always been of high interest to scholars. Over the years, multifaceted visualization methods have emerged to better express this travel trend from small to large scale. This study proposes a novel approach to 1) visualize city-wide travel patterns with respect to the street network orientation and 2) analyze the discrepancies between travel patterns and streets to evaluate network usability. The visualizations adopt histograms and rose diagrams to provide several insights into network-wide traffic flows. The visualization of four New York City (NYC) boroughs including Queens, Brooklyn, Bronx, and Staten Island was generated for the daily traffic and the average hourly flows in the morning and evening rush hours. Then the contrasts between built-in street network topology and travel orientation were drawn to show where people travel over the network, travel demand, and finally which segments experience high or light traffic, revealing the true picture of network usability. The findings of the study provide an insight into the novel and innovative approach that can help better understand the travel behavior lucidly and assist policymakers in decision making to maintain a balance between urban topology and travel demands. In addition, the study demonstrates how to further investigate city street networks and urbanization from different diverse dimensions.

Network Attention to Traditional Villages in China based on Sina Travel Blogs:A Case Study of Hunan Province

Traditional villages are the carriers of tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage,as well as China's non-renewable cultural resources and valuable tourism resources.With Sina travel blogs as the data platform,taking the number of page views as an evaluation indicator of network attention,the dynamics of network attention to the 91 traditional villages in Hunan Province that have been included in the first three batches of Chinese Traditional Village List were analyzed from two aspects of time and space.Based on this,development strategies were put forward for tourism of Chinese traditional villages so as to promote the development of the tourism economy in Hunan Province.

Developing architecture of a traveler information system for dynamic equilibrium in traffic networks

Having criticized the current architecture of Advanced Traveler Information Systems （ATISs）, this work discusses a new base of requirements to develop a new paradigm for traffic information systems. It mainly integrates three dimensions within a traffic system： drivers＇ pattern of behavior and preferences, urban traffic desires, and capabilities of traffic information service providers. Based on the above, functional segments from several related backgrounds are brought together to structure a new architecture, called Interactive Traveler Information System （ITIS）. The main interactive feature of this new architecture is a two-way communication track between drivers and the traffic information system provider-in fact, a decision on choosing a road at a particular time for an individual will be made based on the utility of both sides. This new configuration consists of driver-side smartphone application, centric traffic prediction, and decision-maker units, which will shape a new approach of decision-making processes. These all work together to satisfy the designated goal of ITIS, which is preserving the Wardrop equilibrium condition in the traffic network level. Finally, we concentrate on a comparison study, which shows a differentiation between performance of the proposed ITIS and the current ATIS model in a real situation. This has been done with simulations of analogical scenarios. The most noticeable advantage of the proposed architecture is not being limited to a saturation limit, and the positive effect of increasing system penetration in the performance of the newly introduced information system. In conclusion, new research subjects are suggested to be carried out.

Analysis of Transportation Users’ Preferences and Attitudes for Identifying Micro-Level Determinants of Transportation Network Companies’ (TNCs) Growth

Over the last decade, the popularity of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) as a mode of travel has been increasing at a steady pace. This trend highlights the importance of identifying the determinants that influence transportation users to adopt TNCs as a preferred mode choice and the impacts of such preferences on their travel patterns and transportation network operation. This paper reports on a recent study undertaken in Birmingham, AL aiming at understanding and documenting the factors that influence transportation users to select TNCs (such as Uber/Lyft) for completing typical day trips. In doing so, a travel diary questionnaire survey was developed in accordance with the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Manual on Transportation Engineering Studies using the Qualtrics Research Core platform. The questionnaire was used to survey over 450 transportation users in the Birmingham Metro area. The survey participants provided detailed trip information for a typical 24-hr day along with demographic data and travel preference information. The survey responses provide high-resolution micro-level indicators of travel preferences and behaviors in a TNC-served area, which is a much-needed type of information for researchers and transportation planning agencies.

The Sensitivity of Model Results to Specification of Network-Based Level of Service Attributes: An Application of a Mixed Logit Model to Trave Mode Choice

The need for travel demand models is growing worldwide. Obtaining reasonably accurate level of service (LOS) attributes of different travel modes such as travel time and cost representing the performance of transportation system is not a trivial task, especially in growing cities of developing countries. This study investigates the sensitivity of results of a travel mode choice model to different specifications of network-based LOS attributes using a mixed logit model. The study also looks at the possibilities of correcting some of the inaccuracies in network-based LOS attributes. Further, the study also explores the effects of different specifications of LOS data on implied values of time and aggregation forecasting. The findings indicate that the implied values of time are very sensitive to specification of data and model implying that utmost care must be taken if the purpose of the model is to estimate values of time. Models estimated on all specifications of LOS-data perform well in prediction, likely suggesting that the extra expense on developing a more detailed and accurate network models so as to derive more precise LOS attributes is unnecessary for impact analyses of some policies.

Optimization and Process Design Tools for Estimation of Weekly Exposure to Air Pollution Integrating Travel Patterns during Pregnancy

A growing number of international studies have highlighted that ambient air pollution exposures are related to different health outcomes. To do so, researchers need to estimate exposure levels to air pollution throughout everyday life. In the literature, the most commonly used estimate is based on home address only or taking into account, in addition, the work address. However, several studies have shown the importance of daily mobility in the estimate of exposure to air pollutants. In this context, we developed an R procedure that estimates individual exposures combining home addresses, several important places, and itineraries of the principal mobility during a week. It supplies researchers a useful tool to calculate individual daily exposition to air pollutants weighting by the time spent at each of the most frequented locations (work, shopping, residential address, etc.) and while commuting. This task requires the efficient calculation of travel time matrices or the examination of multimodal transport routes. This procedure is freely available from the Equit’Area project website: (https://www.equitarea.org). This procedure is structured in three parts: the first part is to create a network, the second allows to estimate main itineraries of the daily mobility and the last one tries to reconstitute the level of air pollution exposure. One main advantage of the tool is that the procedure can be used with different spatial scales and for any air pollutant.

基于模体和复杂网络的成都市交通旅客出行研究

设计出行模体模型,对旅客出行序列进行抽取转化,构建基于铁路和航空出行旅客的出行模体,基于四川省成都市的旅客出行数据进行实证分析。2节点至4节点构成的旅客出行模体,可以表示绝大多数的旅客出行模式。主要出行模体为2个节点间的单向单次出行和往返出行,并且随时间推移,铁路出行对用户的吸引力逐渐增加,航空出行逐渐减少。研究铁路旅客出行网络和航空旅客出行网络特征,2种出行网络均为异质性网络,网络中大度节点倾向于连接小度节点,网络聚类系数较大,网络中不同站点连接紧密。成都市的铁路人群出行网络结构稳定且大多集中于我国东南部地区,航空出行网络逐步发展且具有更高的分散性。网络效率研究结果表明,旅客出行网络连通性一般,多集中在特定地区。

A Trusted and Privacy-Preserving Carpooling Matching Scheme in Vehicular Networks

With the rapid development of intelligent transportation, carpooling with the help of Vehicular Networks plays an important role in improving transportation efficiency and solving environmental problems. However, attackers usually launch attacks and cause privacy leakage of carpooling users. In addition, the trust issue between unfamiliar vehicles and passengers reduces the efficiency of carpooling. To address these issues, this paper introduced a trusted and privacy-preserving carpooling matching scheme in Vehicular Networks (TPCM). TPCM scheme introduced travel preferences during carpooling matching, according to the passengers’ individual travel preferences needs, which adopted the privacy set intersection technology based on the Bloom filter to match the passengers with the vehicles to achieve the purpose of protecting privacy and meeting the individual needs of passengers simultaneously. TPCM scheme adopted a multi-faceted trust management model, which calculated the trust value of different travel preferences of vehicle based on passengers’ carpooling feedback to evaluate the vehicle’s trustworthiness from multi-faceted when carpooling matching. Moreover, a series of experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme. The results show that the proposed scheme has high accuracy, lower computational and communication costs when compared with the existing carpooling schemes.

考虑出行阻抗的城市群综合客运网络可达性

为阐明城市群综合客运交通网络的多层空间结构并丰富网络的功能属性,以耦合这一全新视角提出考虑城市交通换乘的城市群综合客运网络模型,并从出行费用与出行时间出发分析节点与网络的可达性。首先,基于复杂网络理论Space-P建模方法,将城市群中的客运站点抽象为网络中的节点并进行编号,以票价与出行时间标定边权,分别构建公路客运子网、铁路客运子网。其次,划设城市群中的各城市中心城区为独立的交通小区,将有城市公共交通、步行等换乘方式连接的节点间添加耦合边,构建耦合子网。再次,将两类客运子网通过耦合子网组合叠加为综合网络,改进传统网络效率指标,构建加权的阻抗效率指标评估节点与网络的阻抗可达性。最后,以成渝城市群为实例研究,构建成渝城市群综合客运网络并分析公路、铁路、综合网络的阻抗可达性。结果表明:多个节点的耦合使得这些节点的阻抗可达性较好,因此在研究城市群综合客运交通网络时,城市交通换乘是不可忽略的因素;综合网络的阻抗可达性相较于公路子网、铁路子网分别提升了83.4%,28.5%,公路与铁路客运子网的耦合提高了城市群客运交通网络的阻抗可达性;推进站点间、多种运输方式间的耦合协调,继而构建更加便捷顺畅的城市群综合客运交通网络,是降低旅客的出行成本的重要途径。

基于改进时空图卷积网络的道路行程时间预测模型

为提高道路网行程时间预测精度,综合考虑行程时间的空间依赖性、时间依赖性和天气因素影响,提出了基于属性增强和注意力机制的时空图卷积网络模型.首先,构建属性增强单元,将行程时间和天气信息融合;然后,利用图卷积网络捕获空间依赖性,利用门控递归单元捕获时间依赖性,并利用注意力机制增强模型对特征的学习;最后,利用该模型在真实数据集上对未来15、30、45和60 min的行程时间进行预测.结果表明:预测结果的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.0453、0.0456、0.0457和0.0468,与其他模型相比表现更优;考虑了时间、空间和天气因素后,相较于不考虑天气的情况,预测误差降低了约10.3%;相较于不考虑空间依赖性的情况,降低了约24.2%,表明所提模型能更好表达时空依赖性和外部条件影响.

融合知识图谱和图注意力网络的旅游推荐算法

为缓解旅游推荐模型面临的数据稀疏和冷启动的问题,提出一种融合知识图谱和图注意力网络的旅游推荐算法KRGAT(knowledge ripple graph attention network)。借助水波网络从用户的历史旅游行为和知识图谱中挖掘用户偏好增强用户特征表示,针对当前旅游项目特征学习的方法难以提取节点深层特征的问题,利用图注意力网络聚合相关度更高的邻居节点信息,增强旅游项目特征表示。实验在自建立的旅游数据集上与5个基线方法进行对比,其结果表明,KRGAT的精确率(P)、召回率(R)和AUC值分别提升了5.73%、4.42%和1.42%。

市场渗透率约束下的拼车奖励方案优化模型

目前,我国拼车出行交通模式的市场份额相对较低,在缓解交通拥堵、节能减排方面仍有巨大潜力未被充分挖掘。基于奖励的交通需求管理策略可以提高民众拼车出行意愿,但奖励方案的设置与拼车出行的市场渗透率高度相关,不合理的奖励方案容易导致成本增加,甚至项目破产。为进一步激发拼车需求,合理利用交通资源,文中提出一种基于路段的拼车奖励方案优化模型,以拼车为支点,以奖励为杠杆,实现社会出行总成本的降低。其中,上层模型旨在寻找最优拼车奖励方案以最小化社会出行总成本,下层模型为相应奖励方案下的拼车出行车辆和单人驾驶车辆用户均衡流量分配模型。采用嵌套Frank-Wolfe算法的遗传算法求解该模型,并以Sioux Falls路网和Nguyen Dupuis路网为算例对模型的可行性及有效性进行了验证。结果表明:不符合市场渗透率的预算投入会导致社会总成本大幅上涨;在最优拼车奖励方案下,社会出行总成本降低约24.53%,50%的拥堵路段的拥堵得到缓解,出行公平性问题得到缓和。文中提出的模型可为道路管理者设置科学、合理的拼车奖励方案提供理论基础。

网络思想政治教育仪式的建构与优化——以“带着国旗去旅行”全民网络活动为例

网络思想政治教育仪式的开展已成为信息化时代思想政治教育发展的重要趋势。“带着国旗去旅行”全民网络爱国活动,以生活叙事活化爱国话语,以数字化+仪式营造爱国活动的共联共境,以寓意驱动建构情感共同体,通过创新性的仪式展演流程和数字化仪式展演手段,成功地将爱国情感融入网络空间,引起参与者的强烈共鸣。该活动从仪式符号运用、仪式时空构建、仪式展演形式、仪式传播模式四个方面成功地将教育仪式与互联网相结合,实现了全民网络爱国活动的仪式化建构。为提升网络思想政治教育仪式实效,可从以下方面进一步优化:创新仪式符号话语表现形态、拓展仪式时空、促进仪式教育资源融合共进、扩展仪式传播的多维创新空间。

基于信号频谱特性的配电网故障行波检测方法

针对配电网干扰情况下微弱故障信号特征不明显导致行波采集设备难以有效检测故障行波信号的问题,提出一种基于信号频谱特性的配电网故障行波检测方法。首先,通过分析配电网故障行波的传输特征与频率特性,建立基于波形增量比值的启动判据,对设备采样数据进行预处理,减少行波定位装置的误启动。然后,引入鲁棒性局部均值分解(robust local mean decomposition,RLMD)方法处理采样数据,滤除采样过程中的干扰信号,减少噪声信号的影响。最后,根据行波低频含量衰减较小而高频含量衰减快的性质,建立故障行波辨识判据,辨识配电网故障行波信号。仿真表明,所提方法能够有效检测微弱故障时的行波信号。

考虑出行成本不确定性的路网交通疏散策略

为提高应急管理水平,考虑突发事件影响下的交通出行成本不确定性,对城市交通疏散问题进行研究。首先,根据交通疏散问题的时空特性创建时空耦合网络图,并且结合行程时间成本和冲突风险成本,提出了城市交通路网出行成本的量化方法。进一步考虑路段资源权重上限的影响,通过增加边际约束,构建基于预算不确定集的先验疏散策略的鲁棒优化模型,以最小化路网疏散过程的总交通出行成本。然后运用模型重构技术,将搭建的鲁棒模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型,并设计改进的拉格朗日松弛方法进行解耦求解。最后以SiouxFalls网络进行算例分析,数值结果表明,随着不确定集和模型规模的增大,行程时间成本和冲突风险成本的增速分别提高约29.13%和236.46%,模型预算参数控制在一定的区间,能够较好地权衡解的鲁棒性与最优性。通过南京部分区域路网案例测试验证所述方法在更大规模网络算例的适用性,研究结果表明:相比于传统拉格朗日松弛方法,所提出的改良方法可以在较少的迭代次数内得到高质量的可行解。研究结果可以为应急指挥部门制定可靠的交通疏散策略提供思路。

改进的MVO-GRNN神经网络岩爆预测模型研究

准确预测岩爆烈度等级能有效指导岩爆灾害的防控。根据影响岩爆发生及烈度等级的3个因素构建岩爆评价指标体系,提出一种基于改进多元宇宙算法(Improved Multi-Verse Optimizer,IMVO)优化广义回归神经网络(General Regression Neural Network,GRNN)的岩爆预测模型。在普通多元宇宙算法(MVO)的基础上,运用自适应平衡机制调节MVO算法中的虫洞存在概率(V_(WEP))和旅行距离率(V_(TDR))两个重要参数来改进该算法;再运用改进的多元宇宙算法优化广义回归神经网络的光滑度,通过训练数据优选出最佳光滑因子σ,得到IMVO-GRNN神经网络岩爆烈度预测模型;最后结合工程实例验证模型的性能。研究表明,该模型相比传统模型寻优能力更强,精度更高,为岩爆预测提供了一种新的思路。

利用网络游记分析成都市旅游景区空间结构

从携程网爬取了2010—2019年成都市游记数据,构建旅游景区关键词文本共现网络,采用数量统计、空间分析、复杂网络分析等方法,挖掘成都市旅游景区游客到访的时空分异特征。结果表明,成都市旅游景区到访频率呈长尾分布,空间上形成以青城山—都江堰、金牛—武侯主城区为高热度中心的“双核摄动”格局;成都市旅游景区文本共现网络具有较高的集聚系数和较短的平均路径,等级圈层结构和马太效应较显著,热门景区对邻近热门景区的空间溢出效应显著,但对邻近低等级景区的带动效果有限;成都市旅游景区空间结构由条带状和团簇式向轴辐式和网络化方向转变,在区域旅游一体化发展中的作用日益显著。

不确定环境下收费与信息对路径选择行为影响的实验研究

在不确定环境下考虑信息发布与拥挤收费两种措施,基于交通网络均衡,推导了两路径简单路网的最优收费模型,并推广至一般路网。基于两路径路网设计逐日路径选择行为实验,分析了两种措施对路径选择行为的影响。结果表明:完美信息与收费的实施均能减少流量波动,单独实施收费的效果最佳,但只有两种措施相结合时,路网流量趋于用户均衡的趋势最稳定;完美信息会增加路径切换行为,而收费可有效抑制大幅的路径切换;无收费时路径切换往往会造成出行成本增加,而收费时则相反;收费与信息结合时的出行时间比两种措施单独实施时小。

城市轨道交通网络系统效率评价指标改进

为提高城市轨道交通网络系统效率评价指标的可比性和完备性,引入有效行程速度和有效客流密度的概念,改进了网络系统效率评价指标,并以重庆市中心城区2017年和2019年运营的城市轨道交通线网为例验证了改进后评价指标的科学性和可操作性。研究表明:既有评价指标由于显著受到线网服务范围的影响,且未体现网络的投入产出效率,无法直接作为网络结构优化的目标函数;改进后的系统效率评价指标能够综合反映剔除线网服务范围影响后的网络结构性能和投入产出效率,且存在理论上的最优值;平衡网络中节点换乘时间和路段行程时间,并适度加密城市核心区域的轨道交通线路和站点,是持续提升网络系统效率的2个重要手段。

基于自适应VMD和WVD的配电网故障行波检测方法

精确检测故障行波信号是保证故障定位结果准确可靠的重要因素,针对Wigner Ville分布(Wigner Ville distribution,WVD)在检测故障行波时易产生交叉项的问题,提出一种基于改进变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)和WVD的故障行波检测方法。首先,通过波形相似性确定VMD参数的选取,利用改进的VMD对线模行波信号自适应分解,实现对故障行波不同频段信号提取的同时保留重要故障信息;然后,分别求取各分量信号的WVD后叠加得到原始信号的WVD,由此解决WVD交叉项带来的影响;最后求取VMD-WVD能量谱密度分布,利用WVD良好的时频聚集性检测故障行波[150,170]kHz频段波头位置,从而实现故障行波波头的精准检测。仿真实验结果表明,该文所提方法相比小波和HHT的故障行波检测方法更加快速、准确。