The spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of negative air ions in urban forests, Shanghai, China

Negative air ions are natural components of the air we breathe Forests are the main continuous natural source of negative air ions （NAI）. The spatio-temporal patterns of negative air ions were explored in Shanghai, based on monthly monitoring in 15 parks from March 2009 to February 2010. In each park, sampling sites were selected in forests and open spaces. The annual variation in negative air ion concentrations （NAIC） showed peak values from June to October and minimum values from December to January. NAIC were highest in summer and autumn, intermediate in spring, and lowest in winter. During spring and summer, NAIC in open spaces were significantly higher in rural areas than those in suburban areas. However, there were no significant differences in NAIC at forest sites among seasons. For open spaces, total suspended particles （TSP） were the dominant determining factor of NAIC in sum- mer, and air temperature and air humidity were the dominant determining factors of NAIC in spring, which were tightly correlated with Shanghai＇s ongoing urbanization and its impacts on the environment. R is suggested that urbanization could induce variation in NAIC along the urban-rural gradient, but that may not change the temporal variation pattern. Fur- thermore, the effects of urbanization on NAIC were limited in non-vegetated or less-vegetated sites, such as open spaces, but not in well-vegetated areas, such as urban forests. Therefore, we suggest that urban greening, especially urban forest, has significant resistance to theeffect of urbanization on NAIC.

Spatial-temporal pattern and formation mechanism of county urbanization on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Urbanization is a comprehensive and complex socioeconomic phenomenon that plays an influential role in promoting global socioeconomic development.The Loess Plateau region is an important part of the China’s ecological security pattern,and occupies an important position in the implementation of China’s new-type urbanization strategy and the realization of the urban dream.The characteristics of the staged changes and regional differentiation of urbanization in the area from 1990 to 2018 were studied with focus on regions and subregions by selecting 341 county-level administrative units on the Chinese Loess Plateau as the research area,and employing partition analysis and geographic detector methods.This revealed the formation mechanism of the spatial differentiation pattern of urbanization on the Loess Plateau.We found that the urbanization of the Loess Plateau,previously in a slow growth phase,entered the accelerated development phase,presenting a macro pattern of high rates of urbanization in central and eastern areas and low rates in western areas.The formation of the regional differentiation patterns of urbanization on the Loess Plateau were the combined results of natural geographical and socioeconomic factors.Among these factors,the interaction of any two factors had a stronger impact on regional urbanization patterns than a single factor,which was specifically manifested as nonlinear or bi-factor enhancement effects.The findings of this paper may provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for the scientific promotion of healthy urbanization on the Chinese Loess Plateau and the ecologically fragile areas of developing countries around the world.

The Spatial-Temporal Distribution Patterns of Dyke Swarms in Central Asia and their Tectonic Significance: Case Studies in Eastern Tianshan and Western Junggar

Dykes are a special kind of intrusive rocks which were formed by deep magma intruded into the existing brittle fractures in the crust.Dykes swarms in different tectonic environments are very significant to re-construct the

Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.

Spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in Hebei Province,China

Evapotranspiration （ET） is the sum of soil or water body evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth surface and ocean to the atmosphere, and thus plays a significant role in regulating carbon and water resource cycles. The time-series data set from the remote sensing MOLDS product （MOD16） was used to study the spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in salinized areas during 2000-2014 by analyzing the variability, spatial patterns and Mann-Kendall （MK） nonparametric trends for the time series. The results indicate that inter-annual and intra-annual variations of ET across various vegetated areas show seasonal changes, with the abnormal months identified. The Cultivated land displays a greater degree of spatial heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of ET in the area covered by broadleaved deciduous forests corresponds to a higher ET rate and increased water consumption. Awidespread decline of ET is observed only in cultivated areas. However, agricultural cultivation doesn＇t worsen water shortage and soil salinization problems in the region, and water shortage problems are worsening for other vegetated areas. This research provides a basis of reference for the reasonable allocation of water resources and restructuring of vegetation patterns in salinized areas.

Multidimensional Visualization of Bikeshare Travel Patterns Using a Visual Data Mining Technique: Data Cubes

In order to explore the travel characteristics and space-time distribution of different groups of bikeshare users,an online analytical processing(OLAP)tool called data cube was used for treating and displaying multi-dimensional data.We extended and modified the traditionally threedimensional data cube into four dimensions,which are space,date,time,and user,each with a user-specified hierarchy,and took transaction numbers and travel time as two quantitative measures.The results suggest that there are two obvious transaction peaks during the morning and afternoon rush hours on weekdays,while the volume at weekends has an approximate even distribution.Bad weather condition significantly restricts the bikeshare usage.Besides,seamless smartcard users generally take a longer trip than exclusive smartcard users;and non-native users ride faster than native users.These findings not only support the applicability and efficiency of data cube in the field of visualizing massive smartcard data,but also raise equity concerns among bikeshare users with different demographic backgrounds.

Optimization and Process Design Tools for Estimation of Weekly Exposure to Air Pollution Integrating Travel Patterns during Pregnancy

A growing number of international studies have highlighted that ambient air pollution exposures are related to different health outcomes. To do so, researchers need to estimate exposure levels to air pollution throughout everyday life. In the literature, the most commonly used estimate is based on home address only or taking into account, in addition, the work address. However, several studies have shown the importance of daily mobility in the estimate of exposure to air pollutants. In this context, we developed an R procedure that estimates individual exposures combining home addresses, several important places, and itineraries of the principal mobility during a week. It supplies researchers a useful tool to calculate individual daily exposition to air pollutants weighting by the time spent at each of the most frequented locations (work, shopping, residential address, etc.) and while commuting. This task requires the efficient calculation of travel time matrices or the examination of multimodal transport routes. This procedure is freely available from the Equit’Area project website: (https://www.equitarea.org). This procedure is structured in three parts: the first part is to create a network, the second allows to estimate main itineraries of the daily mobility and the last one tries to reconstitute the level of air pollution exposure. One main advantage of the tool is that the procedure can be used with different spatial scales and for any air pollutant.

Applicability and Behavior Patterns of Road Space from the Perspective of Young Women:A Case Study of Wangjing South Station

In order to understand the travel characteristics and behavior patterns of women in Wangjing area and explore whether the existing situation can meet women's needs for the use of street space,the area around Wangjing South Station of Metro Line 14 was taken as an example for analysis and research.Wangjing area was classified to the following six use attributes:company enterprise,transportation hub,education and culture,residential area,municipal facilities,leisure and entertainment.The proportion of each use attribute was evaluated according to four levels:A 25%and above(including 25%),B 15%-25%,C 15%-5%,D 5%and below(including 5%).Finally,whether the plot had composite functions was judged,and the spatio-temporal laws and behavior patterns of surrounding women were analyzed from the perspectives of time and space.

基于时间序列预测的城际出行韧性评估方法与时空格局

在不确定性成为交通运行新常态背景下,如何在抑制风险的前提下,提升城际出行韧性,掌握需求侧城际出行波动的时空格局对韧性交通建设具有重要意义。文章界定了城际出行韧性内涵,基于长时间序列城际出行数据和扰动事件一般属性构建了城际出行韧性测度模型,并以COVID-19扰动为案例,揭示了COVID-19三年以来的城际出行适应性格局与韧性时空格局规律。研究表明:1)兼顾季节性与节假日趋势所构建的城际出行韧性评估方法可以很好地揭示扰动事件影响下的城际出行波动时空格局。2)COVID-19疫情对城际出行的影响程度表现为全国大流行高峰期>奥密克戎高峰期>多点波动高峰期。城际出行强度随距离增加呈线性衰减趋势,每增加50 km的距离,3个阶段的城际出行分别要多损失0.86、1.03、1.15个百分点。3)全国大流行、多点波动和奥密克戎3个阶段居民城际出行平均距离分别缩短了52.55、65.31、105.16 km。4)城际出行韧性呈现多点波动时期>奥密克戎暴发时期>全国大流行时期,在时序上表现出城际出行韧性逐渐增加的趋势。同时,3阶段的城际出行韧性在空间上亦明显呈现出差异化空间分异和区域集聚特征。

中国语境下纯电动微型车全生命周期碳排放

为回答中国语境下纯电动微型车能够减碳多少,建立了针对中国语境下的纯电动微型车的全生命周期碳排放的评估模型。基于一组1030车·天的纯电动微型车的典型出行数据,使用了与交通有关的温室气体、排放及能耗的全生命周期碳排放核算模型—GREET,该模型包括:制造环节(CTG)、能源周期(WTW)和回收环节(GTC)。结果表明:中国内地纯电动微型车的日均出行里程37.2 km,73.1%的日出行里程低于50.0 km;在2021年平均电网、采用新欧洲驾驶循环(NEDC)的条件下,纯电动微型车全生命周期CO_(2)当量碳排放为26.8 t,比同级别内燃机汽车低约33%。其中的72%的排放来自纯电动微型车WTW环节,其CO_(2)当量碳排放为19.3 t。电网清洁化程度的提升和动力电池回收比例的增加,将有助于进一步降低纯电动微型车的碳排放。

突发事件影响下的城市居民出行活动时空模式研究

在人类社会的发展过程中,突发事件常常引发人们生活和行为的急剧变化,并可能对其产生持续性的影响。目前相关研究多为居民出行活动的总体趋势和整体特征,而在细分层面分析出行活动在时空维度上差异性的研究较少,且存在时空维度分离、缺乏整体性的问题。本文以美国旧金山新型冠状病毒感染流行为例,采用共享单车出行数据、兴趣点数据等进行长时间跨度的研究,利用k均值聚类和潜在狄利克雷分配模型,挖掘突发事件前后居民出行时空模式的特征及变化。结果表明:①事件暴发后,居民不同目的的出行活动时空模式发生了显著变化,通勤及娱乐出行的比例大幅下降,居民尝试用聚集程度较小的户外休闲娱乐代替聚集性娱乐,生活必需品购买及处理个人事务的出行比例上升,医疗需求大幅增加且该类型出行的早高峰开始时间提前。②随着时间的推移,突发事件的影响逐渐降低,人们的出行活动时空模式逐渐恢复至事件前的状态。研究成果可深化对风险和不确定性的认知,建立更全面的时空知识服务体系,为城市管理部门制定合理的应急管理策略提供参考。

关中平原城市群“五一”假期城际出行网络格局

为探究关中平原城市群城际出行时空格局,基于2021年“五一”假期的百度迁徙数据,从城市节点、城际联系、网络集聚3个层面挖掘节假日背景下关中平原城市群城际出行网络格局,以揭示城际居民在时间、空间上的移动规律。研究发现假期期间,城际居民出行呈“U”形变化趋势,城际出行网络具有等级规模性,88%的城际客流都分布在200 km的出行距离中,形成了3个凝聚子群。结果表明:①“五一”假期关中平原城市群城际出行需求具有时间对称性,空间分布呈现中间高、两翼低的特征,城际出行网络空间形成以西安为中心,宝鸡、咸阳、渭南为次中心的“一大三小”的发展模式;②城际客流联系具有极化现象,且空间近邻性特征显著,城际客流运输通道主要位于陕西省境内,短距离出行集中,整体上形成以西安为中心的放射性出行模式;③关中平原城市群城际出行省内联系较强。

Spatio-temporal Pattern Characteristics of Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development at County Level in China

The relationship between China’s urbanization and economic development(RCUED) is an important concern nationwide. As important actors in regional strategy and policy, county-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s social economy. However, the existing research on the RCUED lacks the fine depiction of the county-level administrative units.Using 2000 and 2010 census data and the statistical analysis method, we uncovered the evolution characteristics of China’s urbanization and economic development and conducted a quantitative identification for the RCUED with improved methods using the quadrant map approach. In addition, we investigated the spatial correlation effect of the RCUED using the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The results were as follows: 1) In general, a high degree of matching exists between China’s urbanization and economic development at the county level at the significance level of 0.01. The correlation coefficients between China’s urbanization and economic development in2000 and 2010 were 0.608 and 0.603, respectively. 2) A significant regional difference exists in the RCUED at the county level. Based on a comparative analysis of 2276 county units in China in the two years, we found that county units can be categorized as under-urbanized, basic coordination and over-urbanized in various areas. No situation was observed where urbanization seriously lagged behind the economic development level, so the levels of urbanization and economic development appear to be basically coordinated,and the coordination state may be gradually optimized over time. 3) Over time, the spatial dependency of the RCUED has weakened and the spatial heterogeneity has increased. Northeast China has always been an area characterized by over-urbanization. The number of county units classified as under-urbanized has begun to decline in eastern coastal urban agglomeration areas, while counties rich in resources have transformed from having point-shaped over-urbanization to plane-shaped under-urbanization along the northern border,and the number of over-urbanized county units has increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 4)’Lag-lag’ type and ’advance-advance’ type accounted for 68% of all counties in China, and these counties were shown to have obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.

Travel time prediction with viscoelastic traffic model

Travel time through a ring road with a total length of 80 km has been predicted by a viscoelastic traffic model(VEM), which is developed in analogous to the non-Newtonian fluid flow. The VEM expresses a traffic pressure for the unfree flow case by space headway, ensuring that the pressure can be determined by the assumption that the relevant second critical sound speed is exactly equal to the disturbance propagation speed determined by the free flow speed and the braking distance measured by the average vehicular length. The VEM assumes that the sound speed for the free flow case depends on the traffic density in some specific aspects, which ensures that it is exactly identical to the free flow speed on an empty road. To make a comparison, the open Navier-Stokes type model developed by Zhang(ZHANG, H. M. Driver memory, traffic viscosity and a viscous vehicular traffic flow model. Transp. Res. Part B, 37, 27–41(2003)) is adopted to predict the travel time through the ring road for providing the counterpart results.When the traffic free flow speed is 80 km/h, the braking distance is supposed to be 45 m,with the jam density uniquely determined by the average length of vehicles l ≈ 5.8 m. To avoid possible singular points in travel time prediction, a distinguishing period for time averaging is pre-assigned to be 7.5 minutes. It is found that the travel time increases monotonically with the initial traffic density on the ring road. Without ramp effects, for the ring road with the initial density less than the second critical density, the travel time can be simply predicted by using the equilibrium speed. However, this simpler approach is unavailable for scenarios over the second critical.

Exploring Temporal Activity Patterns of Urban Areas Using Aggregated Network-driven Mobile Phone Data:A Case Study of Wuhu,China

The increasing availability of data in the urban context(e.g.,mobile phone,smart card and social media data)allows us to study urban dynamics at much finer temporal resolutions(e.g.,diurnal urban dynamics).Mobile phone data,for instance,are found to be a useful data source for extracting diurnal human mobility patterns and for understanding urban dynamics.While previous studies often use call detail record(CDR)data,this study deploys aggregated network-driven mobile phone data that may reveal human mobility patterns more comprehensively and can mitigate some of the privacy concerns raised by mobile phone data usage.We first propose an analytical framework for characterizing and classifying urban areas based on their temporal activity patterns extracted from mobile phone data.Specifically,urban areas’diurnal spatiotemporal signatures of human mobility patterns are obtained through longitudinal mobile phone data.Urban areas are then classified based on the obtained signatures.The classification provides insights into city planning and development.Using the proposed framework,a case study was implemented in the city of Wuhu,China to understand its urban dynamics.The empirical study suggests that human activities in the city of Wuhu are highly concentrated at the Traffic Analysis Zone(TAZ)level.This large portion of local activities suggests that development and planning strategies that are different from those used by metropolitan Chinese cities should be applied in the city of Wuhu.This article concludes with discussions on several common challenges associated with using network-driven mobile phone data,which should be addressed in future studies.

CLEAN:Frequent Pattern-Based Trajectory Compression and Computation on Road Networks

The volume of trajectory data has become tremendously huge in recent years. How to effectively and efficiently maintain and compute such trajectory data has become a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a trajectory spatial and temporal compression framework, namely CLEAN. The key of spatial compression is to mine meaningful trajectory frequent patterns on road network. By treating the mined patterns as dictionary items, the long trajectories have the chance to be encoded by shorter paths, thus leading to smaller space cost. And an error-bounded temporal compression is carefully designed on top of the identified spatial patterns for much low space cost. Meanwhile, the patterns are also utilized to improve the performance of two trajectory applications, range query and clustering, without decompression overhead. Extensive experiments on real trajectory datasets validate that CLEAN significantly outperforms existing state-of-art approaches in terms of spatial-temporal compression and trajectory applications.

Spatial Pattern and Development of Protected Areas in the North-south Transitional Zone of China

The north-south transitional zone in China mainly consists of the Qinling-Daba Mountains. It is the most important West-East geo-ecological space in China, containing protected areas vital for biodiversity conservation and ecological security of China. The protection and rational development of its natural habitat is of great significance to China’s ecological security and integration of protected areas based on mountain forest ecosystems on a global scale. In this study, five important types of protected areas in the transitional zone were selected, and their spatial patterns were analysed. Spatial analysis methods, such as kernel density estimation and accessibility analysis, were employed for both point and areal data, and focused on four aspects: land use scale, shift in the centre of gravity, spatial agglomeration, and accessibility. In addition, policy background and evolution of spatial and temporal characteristics of the protected area system in the transitional zone from 1963 to 2017 were also examined. We analysed the characteristics and geographical significance of the West-east corridor using the spatial pattern of the protected area system from the perspective of ecological and economic spaces. We focused on spatial shape, type intersection, and key areas to analyse the spatial overlap of the protected areas. Protected area establishment was divided into three stages: initial(1956–1980), rapid development(1981–2013), and national park transformation(2014–present). These stages reflected the change in the concept of ‘simple protection—sustainable use—integration and upgrade’ for protected areas of China. The spatial centre of gravity of the protection zone system was located in the west Qinling-Daba Mountains, and its high-density core exhibited a relatively stable N-shaped structure composed of four gathering areas. Affected by factors such as geographic environment and socio-economic development density, the average access time for protected areas was high(1.56 h);wetland parks and scenic areas are located closer to the city centre. As the West-east corridor in the transitional zone extends from west to east, there is a clear spatial dislocation between the development of protected areas and the intensity of human activities. During development, differentiated goal orientation should be adopted based on the idea of zoning and classified governance. With the advancement of the construction of protected areas, the spatial overlap of protected areas in the transition zone has become more prominent. At present, the spatially overlapped protected areas in the transitional zone remain prominent, with inclusion overlap being the most common, and forest parks exhibiting the highest probability of overlap with other protected areas, we should focus on in the integration process of the corridor-type ecological space based on the mountain forest ecosystem.

融合出行拓扑与序列分析的车辆时空出行模式挖掘

城市小汽车出行的时空特性是支撑城市交通规划设计与交通需求管理的重要基础。针对传统的以集计数据或抽样数据研究的局限性,本文基于车牌识别数据,全量感知车辆出行活动,分析城市中个体车辆的出行时空模式。首先,从数据中提取并分离车辆出行链,获得小汽车出行的时间、空间、频率和拓扑特征,根据各时段停留点构造车辆出行活动序列。其次,融合兴趣点(Point of Interest, POI)数据识别出行起讫点关联的土地利用特性作为停留点特征,在出行活动序列上应用k-modes聚类算法挖掘出常规通勤模式、特殊通勤模式、短时活动模式和外来办事模式这4类30种小汽车出行模式。最后,对每一类模式的群体规模、特征和典型出行行为进行详细地分析讨论。结果表明,95%的车辆出行活动可以用不多于3条边组成的简单拓扑结构表示,其中,约30%的车辆可构造出行活动序列,并用k-modes聚类算法有效分离出各类机动车全天出行的时空模式。工作日车辆出行主要表现为常规通勤模式,休息日则以短时活动模式为主。通过对个体车辆的微观行为分析,结合出行拓扑结构和出行活动序列进行出行模式的挖掘,能够全面地反映城市机动车出行的实际情况,为精细化机动车出行行为分析与管控策略制定提供理论支撑。

公交出行时空模式的影响因素和效应研究

为揭示公交出行时空模式的影响因素和作用效应,利用智能公交数据获取公交出行时空特征,应用DBSCAN聚类算法挖掘公交出行的时空规律性。以起点建成环境、终点建成环境、出行路径性能、公交运营性能和公交出行强度5个方面的18个指标为自变量,以公交出行时空特征和公交出行时空规律性2个方面的4个指标为因变量构建变量指标体系,融合智能公交、POI等多源数据对指标进行量化计算,建立结构方程模型对公交出行时空模式的影响效应进行分析。研究结果表明:公交出行模式具有时空异质性,平峰时段公交出行距离和出行时长均长于早、晚高峰时段;时间规律性强的公交出行主要发生在高峰时段,空间规律性强的公交出行集中分布在城市中心区;出行路径性能、公交运营性能、起点建成环境、终点建成环境对公交出行的时空特征有显著影响(早高峰影响效应分别为-0.749,-0.413,-0.244,-0.228);公交出行强度、出行路径性能、起点建成环境和终点建成环境对公交出行的时空规律性有显著影响(早高峰影响效应分别为0.688,0.069,0.022,0.021);各因素对公交出行时空模式的影响具有时间异质性,平峰时段的影响均大于早、晚高峰时段。研究结论能够为公交导向的城市规划设计、公交系统优化等工作提供参考依据。

多元交通流视角下长江经济带城市网络空间组织模式分析

从复杂网络和个体出行行为角度挖掘多中心城市网络空间组织模式,有助于优化城市空间结构。该文基于长江经济带多元交通流数据,采用TCD(Transportation Cluster Detection)社区发现算法融合百度地图API获取的城市内外部实时时间成本数据,构建多元交通流网络社区结构探测模型,对长江经济带城市网络的空间组织模式进行特征提取和规则挖掘。结果表明:(1)公路网络在省域尺度表现出显著的“核心—边缘”结构;铁路网络表现出“东高西低”的分布态势;航空网络分布态势与铁路网络相反,西部城市航空网络的枢纽效应强于中部、东部城市;综合交通网络总体呈现“以铁路为主、公路为辅、航空为补”的共振状态。(2)利用TCD算法合并节点过程中,社区数量与城市节点的邻近指数符合幂律分布,共识别出24个社区,其中包括贵州、云南、安徽、川渝、鄂湘赣和江浙沪六大“城市经济社区”。(3)长江经济带城市网络空间组织模式包括以贵州、昆明、合肥为核心的“单核心”模式、成都—重庆构建的“双核心”模式以及长沙—武汉—南昌和上海—南京—杭州构建的“多核心”模式,该城市网络空间组织模式对于揭示地级市网络空间关联格局具有指示意义。