Influences of water treatment agents on oil-water interfacial properties of oilfield produced water

The emulsion stability of oilfield produced water is related to the oil-water interfacial film strength and the zeta potential of the oil droplets. We investigated the effects of water treatment agents （corrosion inhibitor SL-2, scale inhibitor HEDP, germicide 1227, and flocculant polyaluminium chloride PAC） on the stability of oilfield produced water. The influence of these treatment agents on oil-water interfacial properties and the mechanism of these agents acting on the oilfield produced water were studied by measuring the interfacial shear viscosity, interfacial tension and zeta electric potential. The results indicated that the scale inhibitor HEDP could increase the oil-water interfacial film strength, and it could also increase the absolute value of the zeta potential of oil droplets. HEDP played an important role in the stability of the emulsion. Polyaluminum chloride （PAC） reduced the stability of the emulsion by considerably decreasing the absolute value of the zeta potential of oil droplets. Corrosion inhibitor SL-2 and germicide 1227 could decrease the oil-water interfacial tension, whereas they had little influence on oil-water interfacial shear viscosity and oil-water interfacial electricity properties.

Use of Oral Agents and/or Insulin in the Treatment of Diabetes during Pregnancy: An Examination of Outcomes in Pregestational versus Gestational Diabetics

The management of diabetes in pregnancy varies depending on whether the condition was first diagnosed during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) or was diagnosed before pregnancy (pregestational diabetes). Little has been published comparing the relative efficacy of various oral agents for the treatment of gestational diabetes and the reported experience with the insulin pump in pregnancy for pregestational diabetes remains meager. We conducted a retrospective chart review of women managed in a specialized diabetic clinic to compare the results of treatment of gestational diabetes with oral agents, glyburide and acarbose, to those treated with split-mixed insulin and treatment of pregestational diabetes with either the insulin pump or conventional splitmixed insulin. Gestational diabetics treated with split-mixed insulin were hospitalized significantly more often (p < 0.001) than those treated with oral agents only. The incidence of several important pregnancy complications (growth restriction, preterm labor, preeclampsia, oligohydramnios) did not differ between groups. Pregestational diabetics managed with an insulin pump had comparable glycemic control, as measured by hemoglobin A1c, to those managed with split-mixed insulin. Infant birth weights and Apgar scores were similar in each group. There were no perinatal deaths in either group. Acarbose and glyburide showed comparable efficacy in treating gestational diabetics. In addition, our experience adds to the small number of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes who were managed with an insulin pump that have been reported in the literature.

Molecular targeting agents associated with transarterial chemoembolization or radiofrequency ablation in hepatocarcinoma treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the fifth most common cause of cancer in the world.According to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer modified criteria,patients with early stage disease are candidate to radiofrequency ablation(RFA),while patients with intermediate stage HCC are usually treated by transarterial chemoembolization(TACE).TACE and RFA induce a transient devascularisation effect followed by strong neoangiogenic stimulus.In fact,after these procedures,it has been demonstrated an up-regulation of pro-angiogenic and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A,which might contribute to accelerated progression in patients with incomplete response.Several studies have demonstrated that MAP-kinase and AKT pathways,in addition to neo-angiogenesis,have an important role in the development of HCC.In advanced HCC,anti-angiogenic therapy and tyrosine kinases inhibitors showed potential clinical benefit.Actually,a number of clinical studies are ongoing testing these agents in combination with TACE or RFA.In this paper,we have reviewed the most recent preclinical and clinical results of such trials.

Preliminary Findings on the Use of Targeted Therapy with Pazopanib and Other Agents in Combination with Sodium Phenylbutyrate in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme

The most common and aggressive type of brain tumor is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The prognosis for GBM remains poor with a five-year survival rate between 1% and 2%. The prospects for patients with recurrent GBM (RGBM) are much worse, with the majority dying within 6 months. This publication provides a brief description of the treatment of 11 GBM patients treated with sodium phenylbutyrate (PB) in combination with pazopanib, m-TOR inhibitors, and other agents. The treatment was associated with tolerable side effects and resulted in objective responses in 54.5% of cases (complete response 18.2%, partial response 36.3%) and 27.3% cases of stable disease. The preferable treatment regimen consisted of PB, pazopanib, dasatinib, everolimus, and bevacizumab (BVZ). For various reasons not all patients were compliant with the treatment regimen. In patients who strictly complied with the treatment plan, all responded as CR or PR. Based on preliminary findings, the authors propose further phase I/II clinical trials with PB in combination with pazopanib, dasatinib, everolimus, and BVZ in patients with RGBM who failed standard surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. With proper dose reductions, the treatment appears to be well-tolerated. Molecular profiling of patient subgroups with favorable genomic signatures may help to select patients for future studies.

Protection and Treatment of Landscape Plant Secondary Disasters (Deicing Agent Damage) Caused by Extreme Weather

Deicing agent is always applied to alleviate urban traffic pressure after snowing in winter,however,such a snow melting agent is extremely harmful for landscape plants.To eliminate or avoid such damages,we have been actively exploring protection and treatment means.By analyzing the protection of landscape plants before using the deicing agent and the treatment after being damaged by the salt,the paper described how landscaping industry of Beijing handled extreme weather and influence of certain urban environment on landscape plants in a high-efficiency and low-cost way,and then figured out the balance point of normal social life and healthy development of ecological environment.

Study of Water Treatment Residue Used as a Profile Control Agent

A large amount of residue from the water treatment process has gradually accumulated and thus caused serious environmental pollution in waterflood oilfields. The water treatment residue is a grey suspension, with a density of 1.08 g/cm^3, and mainly contains over 65% of light CaCO3, MgCO3, CaSO4, Fe2S3 and Ca（OH）2. This paper ascertains the effect of water treatment residue on core permeability and its application in oilfields. Coreflooding tests in laboratory were conducted in two artificial cores and one natural core. Core changes were evaluated by cast model image analysis, mercury injection method and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Fresh water was injected into another natural core, which was plugged with water treatment residue, to determine the effective life. The results indicate that the water treatment residue has a strongly plugging capability, a resistance to erosion and a long effective life, and thus it can be used as a cheap raw material for profile control. In the past 8 years, a total of 60,164 m^3 of water treatment residue has been used for profile control of 151 well treatments, with a success ratio of 98% and an effective ratio of 83.2%. In the field tests, the profile control agent increased both starting pressure and injection pressure of injectors, and decreased the apparent water injectivity coefficient, significantly improving intake profiles and lengthening average service life of injectors. 28,381 tons of additional oil were recovered from these corresponding oil wells, with economic benefits of ￥3,069.55×10^4 （RMB） and a remarkable input-output ratio of 8.6：1.

A Non-Invasive Skin Treatment Combining LED with Pharmacologic and Ultrasonic Technologies for Facial Rejuvenation

Background: Non-invasive facial treatments have the ability to rejuvenate the facial profile when specific pharmacologic agents and modalities are prescribed and used in combination taking into consideration each patient’s unique skin type and condition. RATIONALE Epinova is a non-invasive skin treatment that combines the correct concentrations and combinations of topicals and modalities to elicit facial rejuvenation with no down-time or side effects. Purpose: This paper focuses on facial rejuvenation improvements combining the RATIONALE Essential Six skincare system (RATIONALE, Victoria, Australia) to protect and repair the skin with the RATIONALE Epinova facial treatment every 4-6 weeks—which uses non-invasive technologies and professional strength active ingredients to deliver visible changes to skin tone and texture. Methods: Subjects underwent a RATIONALE consultation, including taking a skin history and skin imaging, followed by a data analysis and diagnosis of skin condition and prescription of a customized RATIONALE treatement (Epinova), including appropriate pharmacologic agents and treatment with personalized photo/sono therapeutic devices. Results: Subjects reported increased skin hydration, tactile improvements, skin firmness and visible radiance following the RATIONALE Epinova treatment. Further investigations will be initiated to explore the potential for longer term improvements, including connenctive tissue deposition, reduction of erythema etc. Treatments should be performed every 4-6 weeks for patients under 40 and every 3-4 weeks for patients over 40, to support cell differentiation, migration and desquamation to achieve non-invasive facial rejuvenation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the synergy of pharmacologic, LED light therapy and ultrasonic technologies when prescribed and administered by a trained skin therapist, can lead to a visible improvement in the signs of facial ageing and photodamage, restoring the appearance of healthy, radiant skin. .

一种新型绿色汞清洗剂的应用研究

主要研究了一种二烷基二硫代次膦酸盐和乙醇组成的汞清洗剂,利用二烷基二硫代次膦酸盐与汞形成配位化合物、采用乙醇作为溶剂体系,在溶剂和配位体作用下,可以让大汞珠转变为细微的配位体颗粒物,分散于乙醇中,无搅拌情况下剥离沉积在壁面的汞,并实现了对沉积于设备内壁的汞的清洗。该工艺的含汞配位体通过简单过滤实现与清洗剂分离,汞清洗剂可循环利用,含汞物可作固废处理,而且所用的清洗剂不腐蚀设备,是一种绿色汞清洗剂。分析了影响洗汞效果的各种因素,得到了最优的洗汞工艺:2%的浓度,保持中性或弱碱性,室温处理,漫灌浸泡不少于6hr。

新型水基高分子焊锡球表面处理剂及其性能研究

为解决焊锡球在长期存放与运输过程中易被氧化的问题,以Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊锡球为研究对象,研制出一种新型水基高分子焊锡球表面处理剂,此种表面处理剂是由苯并三氮唑和聚乙烯醇4000作为成膜剂,使用抗坏血酸作为抗氧化剂,并添加少量碱性配位剂与表面活性剂制成。表面处理剂处理后对焊锡球进行抗氧化性测试、剪切强度测试、空洞测试以及包覆情况测试与Raman光谱表征,结果表明:经此种表面处理剂处理后的焊锡球焊点剪切强度提高48%;焊锡球焊点空洞率低于4%,符合业内要求(低于15%)。上述结果说明此种表面处理剂处理过后的焊锡球会在表面形成一层致密的抗氧化薄膜,能提高焊球的抗氧化性能。

甲银屑病的系统治疗进展

甲银屑病(nail psoriasis,NP)属于银屑病特殊部位受累,可单独存在,亦可合并其他类型的银屑病,大部分银屑病患者在疾病过程中甲会受到不同程度的影响。由于甲特殊的解剖结构和生理特性,其生长缓慢,局部药物不能有效地穿透甲板,且NP的临床表现多样,治疗疗程长、病情易反复,对患者身心造成不同程度的影响,影响生活质量。虽然银屑病的治疗已经被研究了数十年,但NP属于难治部位,治疗具有挑战性。NP的系统治疗如口服维A酸类药物、甲氨蝶呤、环孢素、阿普米司特、托法替布等,生物制剂如阿达木单抗、乌司奴单抗、依奇珠单抗等,部分药物可有效改善NP,治疗相对安全和有效,显示出其治疗NP良好前景。兹结合近年来国内外文献,就NP的系统治疗进展进行综述。

精神分裂症的社区治疗获益:基于长效注射用抗精神病药物

精神分裂症会长期影响患者的社会和职业功能,以社区为基础的精神卫生服务和管理模式通过提高可及性、可接受性、可负担性、实用性和可扩展性来促进患者心理健康。在社区管理模式中,长效注射用抗精神病药物是目前治疗精神分裂症的主要策略之一,但目前缺少相关的证据梳理。本文系统全面地探讨了长效注射用抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者的获益情况,包括有效性和安全性、依从性、使用态度、社会功能恢复及社区康复等。本文研究结果表明在不同的社区管理模式下,长效注射用抗精神病药物在精神分裂症患者的社区康复中可发挥比口服药物更卓越的疗效,不仅体现在能降低疾病复发率和再住院率,也在患者社会功能恢复、降低肇事率等方面有优秀的表现。但我国依然存在长效注射用抗精神病药物整体处方率低的问题,主要原因包括医疗机构与基层社区信息共享不足,社区医疗服务治疗率较低,患者随访率低,社区精神康复开展较少等。本文可为我国精神分裂症患者的社区治疗提供一定的参考,以探索更多的社区治疗方案,提高精神分裂症患者治疗效果及生活质量。

坏疽性脓皮病治疗进展

坏疽性脓皮病(PG)是一种以皮肤出现复发性、疼痛性及坏死性溃疡为特征的嗜中性皮病。目前尚无PG治疗的共识,且治疗困难。既往糖皮质激素为临床上常用的一线治疗药物,免疫抑制剂等其他传统药物可单独或联合糖皮质激素使用,但部分患者仍难以取得满意疗效。近年来生物制剂及小分子靶向药物逐渐应用于该病的治疗并取得了一定的疗效。本文主要对近年来治疗PG的生物制剂、JAK抑制剂等靶向药物的疗效和安全性进行综述,为临床治疗提供参考。

智能钻井液温度响应控制处理剂研究进展

智能钻井液作为一种性能可控的流体,相对常规钻井液体系对复杂地层的适应性更强。地层温度变化为环境刺激的主要方式,因此,温度响应控制处理剂在钻井液中得到广泛应用。文章将钻井液主要的温度响应性控制处理剂类型分为聚合物、纳米材料和膨润土,综述了各类型温度响应型处理剂的合成及控制方式,讨论了其在钻井液中的作用机理、使用范围以及功能特点。最后基于目前温度响应型材料的不足,探讨了未来高性能温度响应控制处理剂的研究发展方向。

纳米SiO_(2)界面剂对新旧混凝土界面抗渗性能和微观结构影响研究

采用试验的方法探究了纳米SiO_(2)界面剂对新旧混凝土界面劈裂黏结强度和抗渗性能的影响,其使用形式包括喷洒稀释溶液及作为增强相的砂浆界面剂两种方式,并与整体现浇试件及传统界面凿毛组的抗渗性能进行对比分析.同时,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对不同纳米界面剂的黏结面微观结构进行了探究.最后,从界面强度、抗渗性能和微观机理3方面分析了纳米SiO_(2)界面剂对新旧混凝土界面黏结性能的影响.结果表明:两种纳米SiO_(2)界面剂均能不同程度地提高界面黏结强度及其抗渗性能,其中纳米SiO_(2)砂浆界面剂效果明显优于纳米SiO_(2)溶液组,且两者均存在最优掺量,分别为3.75%和2.5%;随着界面粗糙度的增加,黏结试件渗水高度和相对渗透系数逐渐降低;界面相对渗透系数与劈裂强度呈负相关,且相比于劈裂强度,相对渗透系数对界面缺陷更敏感.微观分析结果表明:纳米SiO_(2)的掺入改变了界面过渡区(ITZ)水化产物数量和C-S-H凝胶形貌,有效抑制了界面孔隙网络贯通,使ITZ微观结构更为致密.

复合磷酸盐螯合剂对超高压处理的骆驼乳品质的影响

骆驼乳有较高的营养价值及保健功效,但超高压灭菌过程中经常出现凝乳现象,因而常加入磷酸盐螯合剂提高骆驼乳的稳定性。该研究以探究超高压处理的骆驼乳品质的影响为目的,以超高压处理后的骆驼乳为研究对象,对不同磷酸盐螯合剂的种类、比例进行感官评定,优化加入磷酸盐螯合剂后超高压处理的工艺,分析加入复合磷酸盐螯合剂的超高压处理骆驼乳的理化指标、流变学特性、感官风味等品质特性产生的影响。结果表明,加入0.07%焦磷酸钠和0.1%(均为质量分数)六偏磷酸钠组成的复合磷酸盐螯合剂的骆驼乳,经550 MPa、22 min超高压处理后,其酸度值降低,pH值升高,流变学特性良好,酸味、苦味和涩味值减弱,且对氮氧化合物、醛酮类及芳香族化合物敏感。综上所述,加入复合磷酸盐螯合剂可改善超高压处理的骆驼乳的品质。该研究为综合利用骆驼乳以及骆驼乳的产业化提供试验基础和理论依据。

气田采出水处理药剂优选及应用

苏里格气田中油、铁离子和悬浮物质量浓度都较高,管线在此环境中腐蚀、结垢严重,针对这一问题分析苏里格气田多个区块混合水样的水质和成分,对常规污水处理工艺处理污水过程中存在的主要问题开展研究。采用化学氧化-絮凝沉淀法优化污水处理工艺,并进行实验室药剂配伍实验研究。确定采出水处理药剂配方,投入生产实际应用。改进后的处理工艺能通过动态调整加药量方案,确保该气田污水的各项指标达到回注标准。

环氧渣油套漏治理剂的研制与应用

以环氧植物渣油和甲基六氢苯酐为原料,制备了套漏治理剂(CLTA)。通过FTIR、SEM和金相显微镜对CLTA进行了表征,测试了CLTA的稳定性、流变性和力学性能,探讨了CLTA渗透性、封堵性及其固化机理和降解机理。结果表明,CLTA注入性能较好,固化时间可控,其适用温度上限为258℃,可用于<258℃油藏环境的封堵。在温度为100℃、矿化度为8×10~4 mg/L的模拟地层环境中,老化90 d后,CLTA的抗压强度为41.93 MPa,质量保留率为93.1%,表明制备的CLTA具有优异的长期稳定性,可满足储层的长效堵水需求。CLTA固化物的抗压强度和弹性模量分别为44.77 MPa和1.62 GPa,约为G级水泥的1.77倍和12.5%,其破坏形变达到7.63%,而G级水泥仅为0.53%,表明CLTA在强度和弹塑性方面优于G级水泥。此外,CLTA的胶结强度为5.09 MPa。并且CLTA在80~140℃环境中,能在270 h内被降解剂完全降解。

氯虫苯甲酰胺等种子处理剂对草地贪夜蛾的控制作用

[目的]探索种子处理对草地贪夜蛾的控制作用,为草地贪夜蛾科学防控提供依据。[方法]测定50%氯虫苯甲酰胺等几种种子处理剂对玉米的安全性,拌种后不同时期叶片对草地贪夜蛾毒杀作用及田间防效试验,最终对玉米进行测产。[结果]药剂拌种处理后玉米出苗率显著高于空白对照,拌种剂对玉米有促进出苗的作用;草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫取食7 d后各处理玉米叶片,随着取食时间的延长,死亡率上升,72 h后氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴酰·噻虫嗪处理的死亡率达100%,取食14 d后各处理玉米叶片死亡率较7 d有所下降;播种后14、21、55 d,各种子处理对草地贪夜蛾的田间防效随时间推移都有所下降,50%氯虫苯甲酰胺各处理表现稳定,播种后21 d,50%氯虫苯甲酰胺1590 g/100 kg种子和1060 g/100 kg种子处理杀虫防效仍保持在80%以上,40%溴酰·噻虫嗪处理前期效果较好,但后期效果下降明显。[结论]药剂拌种处理可有效控制玉米生长前期草地贪夜蛾的发生危害,播种后55 d,单纯依靠种子处理已无法有效控制草地贪夜蛾的发生,中后期仍需配合茎叶喷雾才能有效控制草地贪夜蛾。

2022~2023年国内钻井液处理剂研究进展

近两年(2022~2023年)我国在钻井液处理剂方面,针对钻井液技术发展和安全高效钻井对钻井液的要求,尤其是针对钻井施工中存在的摩阻大、井壁不稳定和钻井液高温下长期老化稳定性不足等问题,在抗高温降滤失剂、封堵剂、抑制防塌剂、润滑剂以及降黏剂、增黏提切剂、絮凝包被剂等方面投入了更多的精力开展研究,并取得了一些可喜的进展。就研究情况看,以降滤失剂、封堵剂、抑制防塌剂、润滑剂等研究较多,并更加关注封堵剂和润滑剂,而其他处理剂研究相对较少。而且多数处理剂的研究对现场存在问题的针对性不够强,深度和覆盖面还不够,创新性不足,由于缺乏经济性和可行性的考虑,致使用于现场的处理剂较少。今后处理剂的研究要在现场需求分析的基础上,围绕绿色、低成本钻井液发展及抗温抗盐的目标,利用价廉易得的天然材料,开发基于生物质资源的低成本处理剂。用支化或星形、树枝状或树形结构的聚合物材料替代传统处理剂,并在分子设计上突破传统结构,提高处理剂研究的针对性、适用性和效率,重视处理剂生产工艺及经济性研究,使成果更具向现场转化的基础。