Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in China: Progress and Prospects of Research on Treatment Technologies and Policy Provisions

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an atmospheric pollutant with a boiling point of 50˚C - 260˚C at room temperature and pressure. They are precursors of sulfur dioxide and ozone, which can seriously pollute the atmosphere and endanger human health. After the “14th Five-Year Plan”, VOCs, instead of SO2, became one of the five indicators of China’s atmospheric governance. As a result, the government’s efforts to control VOCs have increased significantly. VOCs governance mustn’t be delayed. This paper provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of VOCs governance, covering the classification of VOCs, analysis of VOC governance technology (with a focus on end-of-pipe governance technology), national policy regulations, current governance shortcomings, and a forward-looking perspective on the future direction of VOCs governance, emphasizing healthy and sustainable development.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Life cycle assessment of high concentration organic wastewater treatment by catalytic wet air oxidation

There have been many studies on life cycle assessment in sewage treatment,but there are scarce few studies on the treatment of industrial wastewater in combination with advanced oxidation technology,especially in catalytic wet air oxidation(CWAO).There are no cases of using actual industrialized data onto life cycle assessment.This paper uses Simapro 9.0 software to establish a life cycle assessment model for the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater by CWAO,and comprehensively explains the impact on the environment from three aspects:the construction phase,the operation phase and the demolition phase.In addition,sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis were performed.The results showed that the key factors affecting the environment were marine ecotoxicity,mineral resource consumption and global warming,the operation stage had the greatest impact on the environment,which was related to high power consumption during operation and emissions from the treatment process.Sensitivity analysis showed that electricity consumption has the greatest impact on abiotic depletion and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity,and it also proved that global warming is mainly caused by pollutant emissions during operation phase.Monte Carlo simulations found slightly higher uncertainty for abiotic depletion and toxicity-related impact categories.

Surgical treatment of severe anterior capsular organized hard core cataract: A case report

BACKGROUND Complicated cataract surgery is challenging,especially in cases of hard nuclear cataract with severe anterior capsule organization.It is important to avoid the risk of surgery and improve the surgical skills of surgeons.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old man presented with severe cataract and visual impairment.The anterior capsule of the lens was irregularly organized and pulled to the surrounding capsule,and white porcelain organized cord and brown-black lens nucleus were clearly visible.In phacoemulsification,maintaining the anterior capsule round and intact plays a key role in a successful surgery.In this case,if the conventional capsule treatment method was used,the anterior capsule would be torn.Therefore,we adopted a segmented anterior capsule treatment method,and a blasting method to release energy when dealing with the lens nucleus,and achieved good surgical results.CONCLUSION Complicated cataract surgery is challenging and requires precise skills.Operation plans should be made reasonably to predict the risk of surgery,and improve the visual quality of the patients.

External validation of the Moroccan Arabic version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer colorectal(CR29)module:Monocentric study

BACKGROUND Quality of life(QoL)outcomes are a focal endpoint of cancer treatment strategies.AIM To externally validate the Moroccan Arabic version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)QoL Questionnaire(QLQ)for colorectal cancer(CRC)patients(CR29).METHODS Both Moroccan Arabic modules of QLQ-CR29 and QLQ-C30 were administered to Moroccan CRC.Psychometric properties were retested by measuring Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for reliability and Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)to examine test-retest reproducibility.The multitrait-scaling analysis was performed to demonstrate the validity of the instrument and known-groups comparison was used to test the score’s ability to discriminate between different groups of patients.RESULTS In total,221 patients were included in our study and 34 patients completed the questionnaire twice.The Urinary Frequency scale and Stool Frequency scale had good internal consistency with alpha Cronbach coefficients of 0.79 and 0.83 respectively,while the same coefficients were moderately lower for the Blood and Mucus in Stool scale(0.61)and the Body Image scale(0.67).The ICCs ranged from 0.88 to 1 indicating good to excellent reproducibility.In multitrait scaling analyses,the criterion for item convergent and divergent validity was satisfactory.The known-group comparison showed statistically significant differences between patients according to age,gender,stoma status,tumor location,and radiotherapy.CONCLUSION The Moroccan Arabic version of the EORTC QLQ-CR29 is a valid and reliable tool that can be used safely for research and clinical purposes in Moroccan CRC patients.

Organizing pneumonia secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis:A case report

BACKGROUND Organizing pneumonia secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis is rare.Moreover,the temporal boundary between pulmonary tuberculosis and secondary organizing pneumonia has not been defined.We report a case of secondary organizing pneumonia associated with pulmonary tuberculosis occurring after nine months of antituberculosis treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 54 years old man,previously diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy,underwent nine months of antituberculosis treatment.Follow-up lung computed tomography revealed multiple new subpleural groundglass opacities in both lungs,and a lung biopsy confirmed organizing pneumonia.Treatment continued with anti-tuberculosis agents and hormone therapy,and subsequent dynamic pulmonary computed tomography exams demonstrated improvement in lesion absorption.No disease recurrence was observed after corticosteroid therapy discontinuation.CONCLUSION When treating patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis,if an increase in lesions is observed during anti-tuberculosis treatment,it is necessary to consider the possibility of tuberculosis-related secondary organizing pneumonia,timely lung biopsy is essential for early intervention.

Organ and function preservation in gastrointestinal cancer: Current and future perspectives on endoscopic ablation

The escalating prevalence of gastrointestinal cancers underscores the urgency for transformative approaches.Current treatment costs amount to billions of dollars annually,combined with the risks and comorbidities associated with invasive surgery.This highlights the importance of less invasive alternatives with organ preservation being a central aspect of the treatment paradigm.The current standard of care typically involves neoadjuvant systemic therapy followed by surgical resection.There is a growing interest in organ preservation approaches by way of minimizing extensive surgical resections.Endoscopic ablation has proven to be useful in precursor lesions,as well as in palliative cases of unrese-ctable disease.More recently,there has been an increase in reports on the utility of adjunct endoscopic ablative techniques for downstaging disease as well as contributing to non-surgical complete clinical response.This expansive field within endoscopic oncology holds great potential for advancing patient care.By addressing challenges,fostering collaboration,and embracing technological advancements,the gastrointestinal cancer treatment paradigm can shift towards a more sustainable and patient-centric future emphasizing organ and function preservation.This editorial examines the evolving landscape of endoscopic ablation strategies,emphasizing their potential to improve patient outcomes.We briefly review current applications of endoscopic ablation in the esophagus,stomach,duodenum,pancreas,bile ducts,and colon.

Neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer: Where we are and where we are going

Locally advanced rectal cancer requires a multidisciplinary approach based on total neoadjuvant treatment with radiotherapy(RT)and chemotherapy(ChT),followed by deferred surgery.Currently,alternatives to the standard total neoadjuvant therapy(TNT)are being explored,such as new ChT regimens or the introduction of immunotherapy.With standard TNT,up to a third of patients may achieve a complete pathological response(CPR),potentially avoiding surgery.However,as of now,we lack predictive markers of response that would allow us to define criteria for a conservative organ strategy.The presence of muta-tions,genes,or new imaging tests is helping to define these criteria.An example of this is the diffusion coefficient in the diffusion-weighted sequence of magnetic resonance imaging and the integration of this imaging technique into RT treatment.This allows for the monitoring of the evolution of this coefficient over successive RT sessions,helping to determine which patients will achieve CPR or those who may require intensification of neoadjuvant therapy.

Anesthetic Treatment in Operations of Small Pelvic Organs Pathology

The article presents data on the surgical treatment of 405 patients with pelvic organ surgical and gynecological diseases. When using regional anesthesia during operations in the lower abdominal cavity of patients with pelvic pathology, a smoother operation course and early postoperative period were observed compared with general anesthesia use. In this work, 405 patients with surgical and gynecological diseases of pelvic organs, operated in the surgical and gynecological departments were analyzed. When using regional anesthesia, it was observed that intraoperative blood loss in patients and consumption of narcotic analgesics in the postoperative period decreases.

Progress of Electrocatalytic Technology in Treating Organic Chemical Wastewater

In recent years,extensive research has been conducted on the preparation of high catalytic performance electrodes and the development of electrocatalytic water treatment processes.This article introduces the basic principles of electrochemical water treatment,the preparation of electrode materials,and the research progress of electrocatalytic technology for degrading organic chemical wastewater.It analyzes the problems faced by electrocatalytic degradation of organic chemical wastewater and looks forward to the development trend of electrocatalytic technology in the field of organic chemical wastewater treatment.

Effects of Nitrogen Treatments on Organic Carbon Mineralization of Citrus Orchard Soil

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of soil organic carbon mineralization at different temperature on the amount of nitrogen application, in order to provide references for the establishment of carbon circulation model for orchard eco-system. [Method] The effects of nitrogen treatments on soil organic carbon mineralization of citrus orchard soil were investigated under 10, 20, 30 ℃ by laboratory simulated experiment. [Result] The mineralization rate decreased quickly at the be- ginning of the experiment but remained stable at the late period under three temper- ature treatments. The amounts of CO2 ranged from 1 328.25-2 219.42 mg/kg under three temperature condition, and the amount of soil organic carbon mineralization of 100 mg/kg （N4） treatment was the greatest, while that of CK was the lowest. High level nitrogen treatment （N4 and N3） were significant higher than the lower level nitro- gen treatment （N2 and N1）. The soil organic carbon mineralization rate increased with the temperature from 10 to 30℃. The dependence of soil carbon mineralization to temperature （Q10） was different under different nitrogen treatments that the Qlo value of N2 treatment was the lowest while that of the N4 treatment was the greatest. The soil organic carbon mineralization in Citrus orange orchard soil was affected significantly by high level nitrogen treatment, but with no significance under lower nitrogen treatment. [Conclusion] The dependence of soil carbon mineralization to temperature （Q10） increased with the increasing nitrogen input. The combination of nitrogen with temperature may increase the CO2 emission from Citrus orchard soil.

Screening on oil-decomposing microorganisms and application in organic waste treatment machine

As an oil-decomposable mixture of two bacteria strains(Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.), Y3 was isolated after 50 d domestication under the condition that oil was used as the limited carbon source. The decomposing rate by Y3 was higher than that by each separate individual strain, indicating a synergistic effect of the two bacteria. Under the conditions that T=25—40℃,pH=6—8, HRT(Hydraulic retention time)=36 h and the oil concentration at 0.1%, Y3 yielded the highest decomposing rate of 95.7 %. Y3 was also applied in an organic waste treatment machine and a certain rate of activated bacteria was put into the stuffing. A series of tests including humidity, pH, temperature, C/N rate and oil percentage of the stuffing were carried out to check the efficacy of oil-decomposition. Results showed that the oil content of the stuffing with inoculums was only half of that of the control. Furthermore, the bacteria were also beneficial to maintain the stability of the machine operating. Therefore, the bacteria mixture as well as the machines in this study could be very useful for waste treatment.

Organobentonites as adsorbents for some organic pollutants and its application in wastewater treatment

Two organobentonites were synthesized by placing quaternary ammonium cationscetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on bentonite bycation exchange. Their ability to adsorb phenol, aniline. nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol were examined.The optimal conditions for organobentonites to remove the organic pollutants from waterwere studied. The removal rates for organobentonites to treat the organic compounds in water werefound to be over 8 times for the original mineral (untreated bentonite).The removal rates of organic pollutants and COD of wastewater were further improved by organobentonites in the presence of aluminum sulfate. The structure of organobentonites and the mechanism for their adsorption were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, infrared spectra and BET surface area.

Prospects of effective microorganisms technology in wastes treatment in Egypt

Sludge dewatering and treatment may cost as much as the wastewater treatment.Usually large proportion of the pollutants in wastewater is organic.They are attacked by saprophytic microorganisms,i.e.organisms that feed upon dead organic matter.Activity of organisms causes decomposition of organic matter and destroys them,where the bacteria convert the organic matter or other constituents in the wastewater to new cells,water,gases and other products.Demolition activities,including renovation/remodeling works and complete or selective removal/demolishing of existing structures either by man-made processes or by natural disasters,create an extensive amount of wastes.These demolition wastes are characterized as heterogeneous mixtures of building materials that are usually contaminated with chemicals and dirt.In developing countries, it is estimated that demolition wastes comprise 20%to 30%of the total annual solid wastes.In Egypt,the daily quantity of construction and demolition(C&D) waste has been estimated as 10 000 tones.That is equivalent to one third of the total daily municipal solid wastes generated per day in Egypt.The zabbaliin have since expanded their activities and now take the waste they collect back to their garbage villages where it is sorted into recyclable components:paper,plastics, rags,glass,metal and food.The food waste is fed to pigs and the other items are sold to recycling centers.This paper summarizes the wastewater and solid wastes management in Egypt now and future.

Source,Process and End Treatment Technology of Volatile Organic Compounds in Oil Storage

Oil storage is a source of volatile organic compounds( VOCs). Volatile organic compounds can cause different damages to the environment,animals and plants. Therefore, it is important to control the discharge of VOCs in oil storage. In this paper,the control technology of sources of VOCs pollution in oil storage was analyzed from the source,process and end treatment,and measures for the prevention and control of VOCs pollution in oil storage were proposed.

Removal and transformation of organic matter during soil-aquifer treatment

This study investigated the removal and transformation of organic matter through laboratory-scale soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) soil columns over a 110-day period. Reductions in total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), nonbiodegradable dissolved organic carbon (NBDOC) and absorbance of ul-traviolet light at 254 nm (UV-254) averaged 71.46%, 68.05%, 99.31%, 33.27% and 38.96% across the soil columns, respectively. DOC/TOC ratios increased slightly with depth while BDOC/DOC ratios showed a converse trend. DOC exiting the soil-column system contained only a very small biodegradable fraction. SAT decreased the concentration of DOC present in feed water but increased its aromaticity, as indicated by specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA), which increased by 50%～115% across the soil columns, indicating preferential removal of non-aromatic DOC during SAT. Overall, laboratory-scale SAT reduced triha-lomethane formation potential (THMFP), although specific THMFP increased. THMFP reduction was dominated by removal in chloroform. All samples exhibited a common general relationship with respect to weight: chloroform>dichlorobromomethane >dibromochloromethane>bromoform.

LPWCO method for the treatment of high concentrated organic wastewater

Based on wet air oxidation (WAO) and Fenton reagent, this paper raised a new low pressure wet catalytic oxidation (LPWCO) which requires low pressure for the treatment of highly concentrated and refractory organic wastewater. Compared with general wet air oxidation, the pressure of the treatment(0 1—0 6MPa) is only one of tens to percentage of latter (3 5—10MPa). In addition, its temperature is no more than 180℃. Compared with Fenton reagent, while H 2O 2/COD(weight ratio) is less than 1 2, the removal of COD in the treatment is over twenty percents more than Fenton's even the value of COD is more than 14000mg/L. In this paper, the effect factor of COD removal and the mechanism of this treatment were studied. The existence of synergistic effect (catalytic oxidation and carbonization) for COD removal in H 2SO 4 Fenton reagent system under the condition of applied pressure and heating (0 1—0 6MPa, 104—165℃) was verified. The best condition of this disposal are as follows: H 2O 2/COD (weight ratio)=0 2—1 0, Fe 2+ 0 6×10 -3 mol, H 2SO 4 0 5mol, COD>1×10 4mg/L, the operating pressure is 0 1—0 6MPa and temperature is 104—165℃. This method suits to dispose the high concentrated refractory wastewater, especially to the wastewater containing H 2SO 4 produced in the manufacture of pesticide, dyestuff and petrochemical works.

Management of recto-vaginal fistulas after prosthetic reinforcement treatment for pelvic organ prolapse

AIM: To communicate our findings on successful treat-ment of recto-vaginal fistulas (RVFs) after prosthetic reinforcement surgery of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS: A retrospective single center study between 1998 and 2008 was performed. A total of 80 patients with RVF were identified, of which five patients (6%), with a mean age of 65 years (range: 52-73), had undergone previous surgery for POP with pros-thetic reinforcement. RESULTS: All patients complained about ongoing vaginal infections and febrile episodes. These symptomswere reported after a mean period of 18 mo after POP repair. As a first intervention, three patients underwent ablation of the prosthetic material (PM). As a second intervention, open proctectomy with a primary anas-tomosis, an omental patch, and a protective ileostomy were performed in two patients. One patient required a terminal colostomy due to complete destruction of the anal sphincters. In two other patients, ablation of the PM and proctectomy was performed as a one-step procedure. The postoperative course in all patients was uneventful, with a mean length of hospitalization of 20 d (range: 15-30). Closure of the ileostomy was achieved in all four patients within four months. After a mean period of 35 mo (range: 4-60) of follow-up, no recurrence was observed with normal continence in four patients.CONCLUSION: In our experience, the definitive treat-ment of high RVFs after PM repair for POP necessitates ablation of the PM, proctectomy with a primary colo-rectal anastomosis, an omental patch interposition, and a temporary ileostomy.

Seasonal Variation and Removal of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater Using Low-Cost Treatment Technologies in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

The use of wastewater as alternative source of water for vegetable crop irrigation has become an eminent component of urban agriculture due to current global water crises in most developing countries, and admits the increasing effects of global climate change. The practise is however noted to be associated with significant health and environment risk due to excessive pollutant load. The study assessed the level of seasonal variation and removal of organic pollutants in wastewater using gravel filters combined with stabilisation ponds at Zagyuri in the Tamale Metropolis. The yard scale experiment consisted of cylindrical containers of different length filled with six different sizes of filter media and connected to stabilisation ponds where wastewater is allowed to pass through for filtration and stabilisation. The results indicated that for both seasons, the average concentration of BOD released into the stream at Zagyuri was 92.98 mg/l and 103.54 mg/l for the dry and wet season respectively whilst the COD was averaged 132.78 mg/l and 143.75 mg/l for the dry and wet seasons respectively. The results of the simple linear regression revealed a strong positive linear relationship between BOD and COD with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.873 which was statistically highly significantly at Pr value of <0.0001. The results for ANOVA for the treatment factor were statistically highly significant at Pr values of 0.0011 and <0.0001 respectively for BOD5 and COD. The average concentration of BOD was higher than the Ghana EPA recommended levels while that of COD was lower and thus within safety range for discharge into the environment.

Study on Treatment Technologies of High Concentrations of Industrial Organic Wastewater

The characteristics and harm of high concentrations of organic wastewater were introducecl firstly, and then several treatment processes and effects of high concentrations of organic wastewater were summarized, which can provide theoretical references for the choice of wastewater treatment process.