Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors, especially in China which is the high incidence area. As a result of mild symptoms of early-stage esophageal cancer, the majority of patients cannot be ...Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors, especially in China which is the high incidence area. As a result of mild symptoms of early-stage esophageal cancer, the majority of patients cannot be diagnosed until they develop to advanced cancer, and the treatment outcome of surgery or chemoradiotherapy is still unsatisfactory at present. The guidelines of esophageal cancer issued by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) are regarded as important reference tools by clinical oncologists, and provide uniform criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma. However, the guidelines are not always suitable for Chinese patients because the data come from European and American population which have significant ethnical difference from Chinese. We retrospectively analyzed the changes of treatment strategy of esophageal cancer in NCCN guidelines and the advance of treatment for esophageal carcinoma in China, aiming to provide our oncologists with new research ideas. We also hope to set up clinical cancer cooperation organizations, and release our own cancer guidelines to serve Chinese patients and oncologists.展开更多
Boronizing was applied to Inconel 718. In order to obtain the optimal combination of strength and ductility, the borided Inconel 718 was subjected to standard heat treatment. This consists of solution treatment and th...Boronizing was applied to Inconel 718. In order to obtain the optimal combination of strength and ductility, the borided Inconel 718 was subjected to standard heat treatment. This consists of solution treatment and then a two-step aging treatment. The borided layer is composed of the compound layer and the boron diffusion zone. Because of the superior hardness of borides, the borided Inconel 718 exhibits a significant reduction in its wear rate and relatively low coefficient of friction （COF） compared with the unborided Inconel 718. The standard heat treatment efficiently promotes the diffusion of boron into the interior of the material and the generation of new borides （Fe2B, CrB）. The borided layer with standard heat treatment shows much better wear resistance due to the thicker borided layer （313.76 μm）.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease,affecting all ages,characterised by elevated transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels,positive autoantibodies,interface hepatitis at liver histology an...Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease,affecting all ages,characterised by elevated transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels,positive autoantibodies,interface hepatitis at liver histology and good response to immunosuppressive treatment. If untreated,it has a poor prognosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence for standard treatment and to provide a systematic review on alternative treatments for adults and children. Standard treatment is based on steroids and azathioprine,and leads to disease remission in 80%-90% of patients. Alternative first line treatment has been attempted with budesonide or cyclosporine,but their superiority compared to standard treatment remains to be demonstrated. Second-line treatments are needed for patients not responding or intolerant to standard treatment. No randomized controlled trials have been performed for second-line options. Mycophenolate mofetil is the most widely used second-line drug,and has good efficacy particularly for patients intolerant to azathioprine,but has the major disadvantage of being teratogenic. Only few and heterogeneous data on cyclosporine,tacrolimus,everolimus and sirolimus are available. More recently,experience with the anti-tumour necrosis factoralpha infliximab and the anti-CD20 rituximab has been published,with ambivalent results; these agents may have severe side-effects and their use should be restricted to specialized centres. Clinical trials with new therapeutic options are ongoing.展开更多
The present research is focused on the effects of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion brazed IN-738 LC superalloy.Three distinct heat treatment cycles of full solution ...The present research is focused on the effects of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion brazed IN-738 LC superalloy.Three distinct heat treatment cycles of full solution annealing,partial solution annealing,and aging treatment were applied to the bonded specimens,sequentially.The results reveal that bonding at 1120℃for 5 min leads to incomplete isothermal solidification and formation of eutectic phases including Ni-and Cr-rich borides in the joint centerline.Increasing the holding time to 45 min leads to the full isothermal solidification and formation of a nickel proeutectic solid-solution phase(γ)in the joints.The standard heat treatment of isothermally solidified and non-isothermally solidified specimens results in the complete elimination of the boride phases in the diffusion-affected zone and also the formation ofγ’precipitates in the isothermally solidified zone.However,discontinuously re-solidified products are observed in joint district in the non-isothermally solidified sample.The highest shear strength(~801 MPa)is achieved for isothermally solidified specimen after standard heat treatment;this strength is approximately 99%that of the substrate material.展开更多
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system,and the number of deaths continues to increase.The standardized management of the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is challenging ...Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system,and the number of deaths continues to increase.The standardized management of the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is challenging due to the great differences in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in different regions.The Gastric Cancer Expert Committee of the National Cancer Quality Control Center(NCQCC)identified a lack of authoritative quality control standards as an opportunity to utilize its multidisciplinary membership to improve the standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.The Gastric Cancer Expert Committee of the NCQCC aims to promote quality control and national standardization,uniformity,and normalization of gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment,which ultimately improved the survival rate and quality of life of gastric cancer patients.A panel of experts with gastrointestinal cancer surgery,gastrointestinal cancer medicine,medical imaging,pathology and radiotherapy were drawn together and determined the quality control standards for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.The authors then utilized a modified Delphi approach to generate consensus recommendations.展开更多
文摘Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors, especially in China which is the high incidence area. As a result of mild symptoms of early-stage esophageal cancer, the majority of patients cannot be diagnosed until they develop to advanced cancer, and the treatment outcome of surgery or chemoradiotherapy is still unsatisfactory at present. The guidelines of esophageal cancer issued by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) are regarded as important reference tools by clinical oncologists, and provide uniform criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma. However, the guidelines are not always suitable for Chinese patients because the data come from European and American population which have significant ethnical difference from Chinese. We retrospectively analyzed the changes of treatment strategy of esophageal cancer in NCCN guidelines and the advance of treatment for esophageal carcinoma in China, aiming to provide our oncologists with new research ideas. We also hope to set up clinical cancer cooperation organizations, and release our own cancer guidelines to serve Chinese patients and oncologists.
基金Projects(2011CB013402,201303002,2014028002)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Boronizing was applied to Inconel 718. In order to obtain the optimal combination of strength and ductility, the borided Inconel 718 was subjected to standard heat treatment. This consists of solution treatment and then a two-step aging treatment. The borided layer is composed of the compound layer and the boron diffusion zone. Because of the superior hardness of borides, the borided Inconel 718 exhibits a significant reduction in its wear rate and relatively low coefficient of friction （COF） compared with the unborided Inconel 718. The standard heat treatment efficiently promotes the diffusion of boron into the interior of the material and the generation of new borides （Fe2B, CrB）. The borided layer with standard heat treatment shows much better wear resistance due to the thicker borided layer （313.76 μm）.
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease,affecting all ages,characterised by elevated transaminase and immunoglobulin G levels,positive autoantibodies,interface hepatitis at liver histology and good response to immunosuppressive treatment. If untreated,it has a poor prognosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence for standard treatment and to provide a systematic review on alternative treatments for adults and children. Standard treatment is based on steroids and azathioprine,and leads to disease remission in 80%-90% of patients. Alternative first line treatment has been attempted with budesonide or cyclosporine,but their superiority compared to standard treatment remains to be demonstrated. Second-line treatments are needed for patients not responding or intolerant to standard treatment. No randomized controlled trials have been performed for second-line options. Mycophenolate mofetil is the most widely used second-line drug,and has good efficacy particularly for patients intolerant to azathioprine,but has the major disadvantage of being teratogenic. Only few and heterogeneous data on cyclosporine,tacrolimus,everolimus and sirolimus are available. More recently,experience with the anti-tumour necrosis factoralpha infliximab and the anti-CD20 rituximab has been published,with ambivalent results; these agents may have severe side-effects and their use should be restricted to specialized centres. Clinical trials with new therapeutic options are ongoing.
基金support from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad(FUM)under the research scheme(No.2/45210)。
文摘The present research is focused on the effects of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion brazed IN-738 LC superalloy.Three distinct heat treatment cycles of full solution annealing,partial solution annealing,and aging treatment were applied to the bonded specimens,sequentially.The results reveal that bonding at 1120℃for 5 min leads to incomplete isothermal solidification and formation of eutectic phases including Ni-and Cr-rich borides in the joint centerline.Increasing the holding time to 45 min leads to the full isothermal solidification and formation of a nickel proeutectic solid-solution phase(γ)in the joints.The standard heat treatment of isothermally solidified and non-isothermally solidified specimens results in the complete elimination of the boride phases in the diffusion-affected zone and also the formation ofγ’precipitates in the isothermally solidified zone.However,discontinuously re-solidified products are observed in joint district in the non-isothermally solidified sample.The highest shear strength(~801 MPa)is achieved for isothermally solidified specimen after standard heat treatment;this strength is approximately 99%that of the substrate material.
基金supported by“Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program”(No.PX2018043)。
文摘Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system,and the number of deaths continues to increase.The standardized management of the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is challenging due to the great differences in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer in different regions.The Gastric Cancer Expert Committee of the National Cancer Quality Control Center(NCQCC)identified a lack of authoritative quality control standards as an opportunity to utilize its multidisciplinary membership to improve the standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.The Gastric Cancer Expert Committee of the NCQCC aims to promote quality control and national standardization,uniformity,and normalization of gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment,which ultimately improved the survival rate and quality of life of gastric cancer patients.A panel of experts with gastrointestinal cancer surgery,gastrointestinal cancer medicine,medical imaging,pathology and radiotherapy were drawn together and determined the quality control standards for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.The authors then utilized a modified Delphi approach to generate consensus recommendations.
