Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in Costa Rica: Implications for Public Health

This commentary delves into the evolving landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the data. Key findings reveal a concerning upward trajectory in cancer incidence rates, placing Costa Rica at the forefront within Central America. While prostate cancer and breast cancer dominate, disparities emerge when scrutinizing gender-specific trends. Notably, stomach and cervical cancers show declines, potentially attributed to targeted interventions. However, colorectal and liver cancers witness mortality increases, necessitating strategic responses. Geographical disparities persist across provinces, highlighting the need for equitable healthcare access. In conclusion, this commentary underscores the urgency of addressing the burgeoning cancer burden in Costa Rica, calling for evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts on a global scale.

Unveiling Global Human Trafficking Trends: A Comprehensive Analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of global human trafficking trends over a twenty-year period, leveraging a robust dataset from the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC). The study unfolds in a systematic manner, beginning with a detailed data collection phase, where ethical and legal standards for data usage and privacy are strictly observed. Following collection, the data undergoes a rigorous preprocessing stage, involving cleaning, integration, transformation, and normalization to ensure accuracy and consistency for analysis. The analytical phase employs time-series analysis to delineate historical trends and utilizes predictive modeling to forecast future trajectories of human trafficking using the advanced analytical capabilities of Power BI. A comparative analysis across regions—Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe—is conducted to identify and visualize the distribution of human trafficking, dissecting the data by victim demographics, types of exploitation, and duration of victimization. The findings of this study not only offer a descriptive and predictive outlook on trafficking patterns but also provide insights into the regional nuances that influence these trends. The article underscores the prevalence and persistence of human trafficking, identifies factors contributing to its evolution, and discusses the implications for policy and law enforcement. By integrating a methodological approach with quantitative analysis, this research contributes to the strategic planning and resource allocation for combating human trafficking. It highlights the necessity for continued research and international cooperation to effectively address and mitigate this global issue. The implications of this research are significant, offering actionable insights for policymakers, law enforcement, and advocates in the ongoing battle against human trafficking.

Factors Associated with Rising Trend in Teenage Pregnancy within the West Gonja Municipality of the Savannah Region of Ghana

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a major public health problem worldwide, also in northern Ghana. The aim of this study was to identify factors contributing to the rising trend in teenage pregnancy and the resultant effects. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a quasi-structured questionnaire on 60 pregnant teenagers. Demographic data and factors associated with teenage pregnancy were collected/analyzed. Results: The mean age of respondents was 17.25 ± 1.93 years. Junior high school students or graduates accounted for 55%. About 35% of participants dropped out of school due to pregnancy. The following factors were identified to be associated with teenage pregnancy: low socio-economic status, no/less sexual- and reproductive-communication with parents, low level of education, no sexual and reproductive health knowledge, and unsafe sexual behaviours. The consequences of teenage pregnancy identified were: truncation of the girls’ education, psychological trauma, and worsening family relationships. The following health consequences were identified;anaemia in pregnancy, severe malaria, hypertension in pregnancy, and prolonged labour. Conclusion: The following factors may account for the rising trend in teenage pregnancy in this area: family-related problem, sociocultural factors, low education level, and the lack of adequate knowledge on reproductive health. Teenage pregnancy caused several problems in themselves and their family members.

Trends and Factors Associated with Changes in Early Initiation of Breastfeeding: Analysis of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys 2004-2016

Background: Despite WHO recommendations on the benefits of early initiation of breastfeeding for both the mother and child, only 53.5% of newborns in Tanzania are breastfed within the first hour of life. The trend for early initiation of breastfeeding shows little progress and Tanzania is still far behind reaching the global recommended rate of 70% of early initiation of breastfeeding. This study aims to determine trends and factors associated with changes in the early initiation of breastfeeding in Tanzania from 2004-2016. Methodology: This was an analytical cross-sectional study utilizing secondary data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) for the years 2004-2005, 2010, and 2015-2016. Data analysis was performed using Stata 15. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarize categorical variables. A Modified Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with the early initiation of breastfeeding. Multivariable Poisson decomposition analysis was used to assess factors associated with changes in the early initiation of breastfeeding across surveys. Results: Trends in early initiation of breastfeeding decreased from 59.53% in 2004/2005 to 46.72% in 2010, and then increased to 51.94% in 2015/2016. Only 5.9% of the overall change in early initiation of breastfeeding was contributed by the difference in characteristics such as mode of delivery and working status. The difference in coefficients contributed to a 94% decrease in early initiation of breastfeeding mostly due to a decrease in early initiation of breastfeeding among caesarean section delivery patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding in Tanzania decreased between 2004 and 2016, then increased from 2010-2016. Interventions and health policies need to target factors that had significant effects on the early initiation of breastfeeding such as increasing health facility delivery and promoting the initiation of breastfeeding soon after caesarean section delivery.

Application of Waveform Factors in Extracting Fault Trend of Rotary Machines

Vibration intensity and non-dimensional amplitude parameters are often used to extract the fault trend of rotary machines. But,they are the parameters related to energy,and can not describe the fault trend because of varying load and conditions or too slight change of vibration signal. For this reason,three non-dimensional parameters are presented,namely waveform repeatability factor,waveform jumping factor and waveform similarity factor,called as waveform factors jointly,which are based on statistics analysis for the waveform and sensitive to the change of signal waveform. When they are used to extract the fault trend of rotary machines as a kind of technology of instrument and meter,they can reflect the fault trend better than the vibration intensity,peak amplitude and margin index.

Analysis on Change Trend and Influencing Factors of Natural Resource Utilization of Community Farmers around the Habitat of Giant Pandas

The habitat of giant pandas borders the living areas of farmers in surrounding communities. Due to the low level of economic development and resource used method, the life of community farmers depends on the natural resources of the habitat of giant pandas. Analyzing the natural resource utilization of farmers in communities around the habitat of giant pandas is conducive to formulating more reasonable management policies and protecting the habitat of giant pandas more effectively. Based on the field survey data, this paper classifies the main ways of community farmers using the natural resources of the habitat of giant pandas, counts the quantity of resources used and analyzes their change trends. On this basis, this paper selects indicators, constructs a model and analyzes the main influencing factors affecting the natural resources utilization of community farmers from three aspects: the individual characteristics of household heads, the family characteristics of community farmers and the residence characteristics of community farmers.

Analysis of the Main Factors Influencing Food Production in China Based on Time Series Trend Chart

Based on the annual sample data on food production in China since the reform and opening up,we select 8 main factors influencing the total food production( growing area,application rate of chemical fertilizer,effective irrigation area,the affected area,total machinery power,food production cost index,food production price index,financial funds for supporting agriculture,farmers and countryside),and put them into categories of material input,resources and environment,and policy factors. Using the factor analysis,we carry out the multi-angle analysis of these typical influencing factors one by one through the time series trend chart. It is found that application rate of chemical fertilizer,the growing area of food crops and drought-affected area become the key factors affecting food production. On this basis,we set forth the corresponding recommendations for improving the comprehensive food production capacity.

2018—2022年某三级甲等医院分娩产妇特征变化分析

目的:分析2018—2022年某三级甲等医院分娩产妇数量、分娩方式、不良妊娠结局、妊娠高危因素等内在特征的变化,为提高孕产妇救治能力提供依据。方法:调阅患者病历信息,收集分娩产妇基本信息、分娩方式、不良妊娠结局等指标,探讨产妇内在特征的变化。结果:2018—2022年该院产妇数量呈波动下降趋势,从2018年的9216人下降致2022年的7218人,其中2019年产妇人数达到最高峰(10084人),之后产妇数量快速下降,2022年产妇数量下降幅度趋向平稳。2018—2022年该院高龄产妇比例呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.819,P<0.05),其中2018年高龄产妇比例最高,为24.61%,2019年快速下降,之后逐年上升,至2022年达到22.39%。分娩结局方面,剖宫产率及无痛分娩顺产率呈逐年波动上升趋势,不良妊娠结局中低出生体重儿占比呈上升趋势,巨大儿占比呈下降趋势。2018—2022年该院胎膜早破、高龄产妇、妊娠糖尿病为发生率排名前3位的高危因素,发生率分别为22.73%、21.16%、18.42%。各高危因素中,高龄产妇、妊娠糖尿病、低出生体重儿、甲状腺功能异常、高血压、子宫肌瘤发生率呈上升趋势,巨大儿、胎心/胎动异常、过期妊娠发生率呈下降趋势。结论:2018—2022年该院产妇数量逐年下降,高龄产妇占比增加,产妇中大部分不良妊娠结局及高危因素占比均呈上升趋势。建议加强高危妊娠管理,降低产科风险因素,保障产妇及新生儿生命健康。

眼睑痉挛患者治疗期间习得性无助感的影响因素

目的 分析眼睑痉挛患者治疗期间习得性无助感的影响因素。方法 采用纵向研究设计,于注射用A型肉毒素治疗前、治疗1周后、治疗4周后采用临床资料问卷、习得性无助感量表(LHS)对138例眼睑痉挛患者展开调查,运用重复测量方差分析、广义估计方程分析变化趋势及影响因素。结果 研究对象治疗前、治疗1周后、治疗4周后绝望感得分、无助感得分、LHS总分均呈降低趋势(P<0.05);治疗前后不同年龄、痉挛强度、病程、受教育程度、家庭月收入、性格特征、自我效能感、社会支持研究对象LHS总分呈降低趋势(P<0.05);广义估算方程显示,年龄(OR=0.569)、痉挛强度(OR=5.270)、受教育程度(OR=0.516)、家庭月收入(OR=0.522)、自我效能感(OR=0.576)、社会支持(OR=0.547)是眼睑痉挛患者治疗期间习得性无助感的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 眼睑痉挛患者治疗期间习得性无助感呈下降趋势,医护人员应加强眼睑痉挛患者习得性无助感多时间点筛查,重点针对低自我效能感、低社会支持、内向、低受教育程度患者采取合理措施,满足患者身心需求,提高身心健康水平。

罗玉沟流域水沙变化趋势及影响因素

[目的]探讨小流域水沙变化趋势及影响因素,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理和水土保持措施布设提供参考依据。[方法]采取Spearman秩次相关检验方法、累积距平法和双累积曲线法等对黄土丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域1986—2016年降水量、径流量和输沙量变化趋势和演变过程进行分析。[结果](1) 1986—2016年罗玉沟流域年降水量趋势性变化不显著;流域年径流量和年输沙量变化具有明显的阶段性,以1993年为界,年径流量和年输沙量呈显著降低趋势。(2)降水和水土保持措施影响罗玉沟流域年径流量和输沙量,不同降水水平年,降水和水土保持措施对流域水沙变化的影响不同,水土保持措施使流域枯水年份径流量和输沙量减少最为显著。(3)水土保持措施对年径流量和年输沙量的减少贡献率分别为83.50%和80.97%。[结论]降水量变化不显著的情况下,水土保持措施对罗玉沟流域年径流量和年输沙量的减少起主导作用,水土保持综合治理对枯水年径流量和输沙量的影响幅度最大。

冻土区土壤甲烷排放的研究进展及发展趋势

作为全球碳循环系统及陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,冻土区土壤甲烷排放在土壤碳库与气候变化之间的反馈联动机制中扮演着关键性角色,并因此成为全球气候变化研究中的前沿热点问题。冻土区土壤甲烷排放的气源主要为微生物产甲烷活动和冻土层、天然气水合物中的气体释放作用,其中,微生物气源的研究较为成熟,而冻土层和天然气水合物气源甲烷的排放研究目前尚停留在定性分析阶段。在影响因子方面,文献计量学统计结果中出现频次最多的关键词依次为土壤温度、湿度和水位条件、有机质含量、地表植被条件等,这些要素可以对甲烷产生、传输和氧化吸收等多个环节产生影响。模型计算法是当前冻土区土壤甲烷排放评估预测的主要方法,包括早期的统计计算模型和近年来出现的基于土壤甲烷排放成因机理的过程模型,相关计算结果有效地支撑了全球气候变化评估研究。通过对冻土区土壤甲烷排放研究成果的梳理和总结,发现当前对冻土区土壤甲烷排放的气源和单因子影响作用认识较为明确,不同尺度的监测和评估方法也较为成熟。但是,对多气源作用下的冻土区土壤甲烷复合排放研究仍然较为薄弱,尤其是在冻土层和天然气水合物的甲烷释放方面,还缺少相关的定量计算研究。与此同时,在影响因子研究方面,也缺少多因素作用下的成因机理和驱动机制分析。因此,可以通过多方法、多因素综合监测研究,利用产甲烷微生物的元基因组分析、多气源土壤甲烷排放的同位素示踪等新技术和新方法,结合卫星遥感等大尺度观测结果,完善冻土区土壤甲烷排放的过程模型。此外,作为全球的“第三极”,青藏高原区域碳循环系统的变化将对亚洲,乃至全球气候变化产生重大影响。因此,还应进一步加强对青藏高原中纬度高原冻土区土壤甲烷排放的相关研究,为区域碳排放的定量评估和全球气候变化的研究提供理论支撑。

中国包容性旅游发展评估及空间格局研究——基于287个城市面板数据

旅游业的包容性发展对促进机会平等、平等发展和成果共享具有重要作用。以全国287个城市为研究对象,基于2010—2019年面板数据构建了综合评价指标体系,综合应用熵值法、灰色关联度和空间分析等方法对中国包容性旅游发展水平进行评估,揭示空间分布特征及演变趋势,并测度影响因素。结果表明:(1)中国包容性旅游发展水平存在显著空间差异,由带状分布逐渐过渡到块状分布,最后形成点状分布。城市间包容性旅游发展差异不断扩大,空间极化现象加剧,不平衡发展问题凸显。(2)中国包容性旅游发展水平可以划分为欠发展地区、低度发展地区、中度发展地区、高度发展地区4种类型,包容性旅游高度发展地区主要集中于东部地区。(3)中国包容性旅游发展可分为2010—2014年缓慢增长和2015—2019年快速增长2个阶段。(4)城镇登记失业率、星级酒店数量和人均公园绿地面积是影响中国包容性旅游发展空间格局的主要因素,空气质量状况和第三产业占地区生产总值比重是次要因素。研究结果可为优化中国包容性旅游空间布局、助推旅游业包容性发展提供参考依据。

北方主要河流水沙变异及其成因

为研究我国北方河流的水沙变异及主要成因,本文利用M-K检验法和水文量累积曲线法,分析了1950—2020年我国北方河流代表站径流量和输沙量的变化特征,探讨了影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素。结果表明,淮河代表站年径流量没有明显的变化趋势,其他北方河流的年径流量具有减小或显著减小趋势;松花江代表站年输沙量无趋势变化,其他北方河流代表站年输沙量都有显著减少趋势;影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素包括水土保持、水库拦沙、流域降水变化、引水引沙与泥沙综合利用、工程建设等,其中水土保持是北方河流流域保水减沙的主要措施,水库拦沙在江河水沙态势变异中发挥重要作用,流域降水变化也是北方河流水沙变异的影响因素,引水引沙与泥沙综合利用也对北方平原河流水沙变化发挥一定的作用。

我国预制菜产业的发展现状、影响因素及发展趋势

预制菜是通过标准化生产的便捷菜肴,符合餐饮市场降本增效和人们快节奏生活的需求,行业发展迅猛,前景广阔。文章综述了我国预制菜的市场发展现状、产业链、派别、企业区域分布和产业指数排行榜、影响因素及未来趋势。简述了预制菜产业链和企业的分类。从食品质量安全、消费者认知度、政府监管与标准化程度3个方面分析了我国预制菜行业发展的影响因素;从加强科技投入和专业人才培养、预制菜品类及场景细分化、B端和C端协同发展角度剖析了我国预制菜行业的发展趋势。最后从我国农业发展、冷链物流发展、面临的机遇和挑战方面展望了我国预制菜行业的发展前景。该综述以期为我国预制菜行业的发展和趋势提供参考。

2012—2021年我国15~24岁人群健康素养水平及其影响因素

目的了解2012—2021年我国15~24岁人群健康素养水平变化趋势,探索该特定人群健康素养影响因素,为制定该人群健康教育和健康促进相关政策措施提供参考。方法基于全国2012—2021年居民健康素养监测数据,分析15~24岁人群健康素养水平现状及其影响因素。结果经加权调整,2012—2021年间我国15~24岁人群健康素养水平依次为9.43%、9.39%、10.78%、11.45%、12.78%、15.58%、18.45%、22.55%、23.15%和30.46%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,以西部为参照,东部地区15~24岁人群健康素养水平较高,OR值为1.593(95%CI:1.291~1.966);以男性为参照,女性健康素养水平较高,OR值为1.400(95%CI:1.167~1.679);以小学及以下文化程度为参照,大专/本科及以上文化程度者健康素养水平较高,OR值为18.837(95%CI:6.825~51.991);以家庭年收入<2万元者为参照,家庭年收入≥8万元者的健康素养水平较高,OR值为1.321(95%CI:1.011~1.726)。结论我国15~24岁人群健康素养水平在稳步提升,不同地区、性别、文化程度和家庭收入水平是15~24岁人群健康素养水平的主要影响因素。

高原湖泊水质变化趋势及驱动因素研究:以四川邛海为例

邛海是四川第二大湖泊,地处高原,距离西昌市城区不足5 km,生态位置重要。本文以近20年邛海湖区主要水质监测数据为依据,采用M-K检验定量解析了水生态环境历史变化特征,建立邛海污染物浓度、营养状态指标的时空对应关系,分析其驱动因素,识别风险并提出对策建议。结果表明:(1)1980s—2000年是有记录以来邛海水质最差的时期,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度远超地表水Ⅲ类标准;(2)2003—2020年,邛海氨氮(NH_(3)-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)年际变化总体呈下降趋势,TN、TP、透明度、溶解氧浓度年际变化趋势总体不明显,COD_(Mn)、TN、TP浓度在研究期间出现多个显著变化过程;(3)2003-2020年,邛海营养状态整体为中营养水平,综合营养状态指数TLI(∑)为33.82±6.88,叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度为(4.234±3.903)μg/L,TLI(∑)和Chl.a浓度年际变化没有显著趋势;(4)多年数据统计表明,邛海宾馆所在区域水质最差,邛海湖心水质最好,2003—2020年COD_(Mn)、TP等指标最大单月浓度均出现在邛海宾馆所在水域;(5)COD_(Mn)浓度在枯水期低于丰水期,NH_(3)-N浓度在枯水期高于丰水期,TP浓度高值和低值集中出现在枯水期,TN各月浓度没有显著差异,Chl.a浓度与COD_(Mn)、TP、NH_(3)-N浓度呈显著正相关,从水体中氮磷比来看,磷是邛海藻类生长限制性元素;(6)面源污染主要通过邛海大小支流入湖,环湖湿地对邛海面源污染削减效果总体有限,未来邛海发生水华的风险较大,建议以小流域为单元推进陆源污染控制,按照“游在邛海,吃、住在城区”的理念布局旅游发展,探索用“物理+生态”方式调控和预防邛海水生态系统失衡的问题。

克里雅河流域中游绿洲蒸散发的时空演变与驱动因素分析

蒸散发是评估荒漠绿洲水热循环的关键因素,其时空变化监测及驱动力研究可为水资源的精准调控与生态环境保护提供科学依据。以克里雅河流域中游绿洲地区为研究区域,本文基于Landsat遥感影像与SEBS模型分析了2010—2022年蒸散发的时空变化,通过蒸发皿实测数据和Penman-Monteith模型进行了估算结果的精度验证,并进一步探讨了蒸散发的影响因素。结果表明:①蒸散发的SEBS模拟值与蒸发皿观测值的相关系数和R 2分别为0.93和0.87,RMSE为0.96 mm/d;与彭曼公式观测值的相关系数和R 2分别为0.90和0.81,RMSE为0.64 mm/d。②2010—2022年的实际蒸散发呈下降趋势,其变化速率为14.75 mm/a;在春季、夏季和秋季呈下降趋势,在冬季则呈上升趋势。③蒸散发的空间异质性明显,高值主要集中在克里雅河沿岸附近,低值则分布在绿洲边缘地区的沙地;近13年整个研究区约有70.2%的像元呈无显著下降趋势,10.4%的像元呈显著下降趋势。④蒸散发与气温、气压、日照时数、地表温度和NDVI呈显著相关关系,与风速和地表反照率呈弱相关关系。总体而言,研究结果能够较好地模拟克里雅河流域中游绿洲的蒸散发时空异质特征,有助于流域水资源合理规划与调控政策的制定。

基于机器学习的汾渭平原PM_(2.5)和O_(3)变化特征及影响因素

本文以2017—2021年汾渭平原典型城市西安大气PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度数据为基础,运用机器学习方法分析了PM_(2.5)和O_(3)的变化特征和趋势,讨论了污染气体(NO_(2)、SO_(2)、CO和HCHO)与气象因素(温度、相对湿度、风速、大气压力、边界层高度和太阳辐射)对PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度变化的交互影响.Theil-Sen趋势分析发现2017—2021年西安市PM_(2.5)和O_(3)分别以每年6.03%和2.06%的速度下降.单因素广义加性模型(GAM)中,NO_(2)、SO_(2)和CO对PM_(2.5)浓度变化影响的模型解释率较高,温度、太阳辐射和大气压对O_(3)浓度变化影响的模型解释率较高.多因素GAM模型中,PM_(2.5)和O_(3)均呈现非线性变化,模型的解释方差分别为84.9%和75.0%,拟合程度较高.通过等高线图分析了多个气象因素和多种污染气体两两交互作用分别对PM_(2.5)和O_(3)浓度的影响,其中温度和污染气体(NO_(2)、SO_(2)、CO和O_(3))对PM_(2.5)浓度的影响更大;温度和太阳辐射对O_(3)的影响更大.NO_(2)和CO分别与气象条件两两相互作用时,PM_(2.5)浓度随NO_(2)和CO的增高而增高,O_(3)浓度则与NO_(2)和CO的变化趋势相反.结合本地污染物源清单,建议加强控制工业源和移动源排放,有助于降低PM_(2.5)和O_(3)的浓度.

滇池近20年水环境变化趋势与影响因素分析

利用2001—2020年滇池水质监测数据,研究其水环境时空变化特征。结果表明:滇池水质呈现波动变化趋势,TN波动区间较大,呈现雨季<旱季的变化趋势。TP年内变化3—6月呈现增长趋势,空间上滇池北部TP值整体较高。Chl-a年内变化7—10月出现明显提升。I_(Mn)波动区间较大,空间上滇池南部呈现I_(Mn)值较高且稳定。NH3 N年内2—11月整体呈现连续下降趋势。2001—2020年滇池TLI整体呈现波动降低;空间上呈现由北向南递减,草海区域富营养化较为严重。滇池Chl-a与TN、TP、水温、pH值及降雨量呈现正相关性,与水位和透明度呈现负相关性。

1990-2019年中国哮喘患病、疾病负担趋势及其危险因素研究

背景哮喘是最常见的慢性呼吸道疾病之一,了解其流行现状、趋势及危险因素,对采取有针对性的哮喘防控措施具有重要意义。目的本研究分析1990—2019年我国哮喘患病、疾病负担情况及其趋势,并进行哮喘危险因素的顺位分析,为我国哮喘的有效防控提供借鉴。方法本研究基于全球疾病负担数据库(GBD)2019,通过伤残调整寿命年(DALY)、早死损失寿命年(YLL)、伤残损失寿命年(YLD)和患病率分析我国1990—2019年不同性别、不同年龄的疾病负担变化趋势,并通过标化DALY率和死亡率的人群归因分值(PAF)分析哮喘危险因素的顺位变化情况。结果2019年我国哮喘年龄标化DALY率、YLL率、YLD率分别为102.81人年/10万、24.50人年/10万和78.31人年/10万,标化患病率为1974.16人年/10万,男性的哮喘年龄标化DALY率、YLL率、YLD率均高于女性,1~9岁和≥65岁组的哮喘年龄标化DALY率、YLL率、YLD率高于其他人群。1990—2019年,≥40岁人群的YLL粗率在逐渐下降,DALY粗率、YLD粗率和患病率在<65岁人群中都有所交叉,但之后呈现出逐年下降的趋势。哮喘二级危险因素的顺位为烟草使用、高BMI和职业性危害。吸烟始终居于造成哮喘疾病负担危险因素的首位,2019年高BMI上升至造成哮喘疾病负担的第二危险因素,且高BMI死亡率的PAF上升至第一位。结论1990—2019年,我国哮喘人群的人均健康损失总体呈下降趋势,1~9岁和≥65岁人群的哮喘疾病负担仍处于较高水平。男性哮喘疾病负担高于女性。哮喘相关危险因素的PAF发生了变化,职业性危害的重要性相对下降,烟草使用、高BMI的影响日益突出。哮喘防治重点可侧重于高危人群(1~9岁、≥65岁、男性、烟草使用、有职业暴露)筛查、戒烟教育、体质量控制以及职业场所监测管理。