Influence of volume compression on the unloading deformation behavior of red sandstone under damage-controlled cyclic triaxial loading

A reasonable evaluation of unloading deformation characteristics is of great significance for the effective analysis of deformation and stability of surrounding rocks after underground excavation.In this study,the damage-controlled cyclic triaxial loading tests were conducted to investigate the pore compaction mechanism and its influences on the unloading deformation behavior of red sandstone,including Young’s modulus,Poisson’s ratio,volumetric strain,and irreversible strain.The experimental results show that the increases of volumetric and irreversible strains of rocks can be attributed to the compaction mechanism,which almost dominates the entire pre-peak deformation process.The unloading deformation consists of the reversible linear and nonlinear strains,and the irreversible strain under the influence of the porous grain structure.The pre-peak Young’s modulus tends to increase and then decrease due to the influence of the unloading irreversible strain.However,it hardly changes with the increasing volumetric strain compaction under the influence of reversible nonlinear strain.Instead,the initial unloading tangent modulus is highly related to the volumetric strain,and clearly reflects the compaction state of red sandstone.Furthermore,both the reversible nonlinear and irreversible unloading deformations are independent of confining pressure.This study is beneficial for the theoretical modeling and prediction of cyclic unloading deformation behavior of red sandstone.

Evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different loading cycles and stress paths

Surrounding rocks at different locations are generally subjected to different stress paths during the process of deep hard rock excavation.In this study,to reveal the mechanical parameters of deep surrounding rock under different stress paths,a new cyclic loading and unloading test method for controlled true triaxial loading and unloading and principal stress direction interchange was proposed,and the evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different stress paths was studied,including the deformation modulus,elastic deformation increment ratios,fracture degree,cohesion and internal friction angle.Additionally,stress path coefficient was defined to characterize different stress paths,and the functional relationships among the stress path coefficient,rock fracture degree difference coefficient,cohesion and internal friction angle were obtained.The results show that during the true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading process,the deformation modulus and cohesion gradually decrease,while the internal friction angle gradually increases with increasing equivalent crack strain.The stress path coefficient is exponentially related to the rock fracture degree difference coefficient.As the stress path coefficient increases,the degrees of cohesion weakening and internal friction angle strengthening decrease linearly.During cyclic loading and unloading under true triaxial principal stress direction interchange,the direction of crack development changes,and the deformation modulus increases,while the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease slightly,indicating that the principal stress direction interchange has a strengthening effect on the surrounding rocks.Finally,the influences of the principal stress interchange direction on the stabilities of deep engineering excavation projects are discussed.

Mechanical properties and failure modes of stratified backfill under triaxial cyclic loading and unloading

Multiple filling of gobs will lead to a layered structure of the backfill.To explore the influence of layering structure on the mechanical properties and failure modes of backfill,different backfill specimens were prepared with a cement/sand ratio of 1:4,a slurry concentration of 75%,and backfilling times of 1,2,3 and 4,separately.Triaxial cyclic loading and unloading experiments were carried out.The results show that with an increase in backfilling time,the peak strength of backfill decreases as a polynomial function and the peak strain increases as an exponential function.The cyclic load enhances the linear characteristic of backfill deformation.The loading and unloading deformation moduli have a linear negative correlation with the backfilling time.The unloading deformation modulus is always slightly higher than the loading deformation modulus.The failure modes of stratified backfill are mainly characterized by conjugate shear failure at the upper layer and tensile failure across the layer plane,and there is usually no damage in the lower layer away from the loading area.

Strength characteristics and energy dissipation evolution of thawing silty clay during cyclic triaxial loading

Cyclic triaxial tests are conducted to analyze the evolution of strength parameters and energy dissipation of thawing silty clay under different stress paths.The effects of freezing temperature,thawing temperature and confining pressures on the stress-strain and strength characteristics of soil samples are studied through monotonic loading and cyclic loading tests by using high-and low-temperature triaxial apparatus.The variation of the total work,elastic deformation energy,dissipated energy,energy dissipation rate,residual strain,and damage variable during loading and unloading are discussed.The experimental results show that the samples have higher strain tolerance under high confining pressure,low freezing temperature,and low thawing temperature,and the same other conditions.The soil sample state and failure pattern can be judged by using the energy parameters measured in the experiment.

Settlement and Stability Analysis on Soft Clay Under Cyclic Loading

The results of undrained cyclic triaxial tests on three types of clays are collected and a relationship among the accumulated strain, the initial stress state, cyclic stress in the soil, as well as the number of cycles is established based on the experimental data. With this relationship, a procedure is proposed for subsidence and stability analysis on soft clay under the action of cyclic loads.

Dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil in northeast India under staged cyclic loading

Estimation of strain-dependent dynamic soil properties, e.g. the shear modulus and damping ratio, along with the liquefaction potential parameters, is extremely important for the assessment and analysis of almost all geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. This paper presents the dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil subjected to staged cyclic loading, which may be caused by main shocks of earthquakes preceded or followed by minor foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens prepared at different dry densities （1.5 g/cm3 and 1.75 g/cm3） and different water contents ranging from 8% to 25%. The results indicated that the shear modulus reduction （G/Gmax） and damping ratio of the specimen remain unaffected due to the changes in the initial dry density and water content. Damping ratio is significantly affected by confining pressure, whereas G/Gmax is affected marginally. It was seen that the liquefaction criterion of cohesive soils based on single-amplitude shear strain （3.75% or the strain at which excess pore water pressure ratio becomes equal to 1, whichever is lower） depends on the initial state of soils and applied stresses. The dynamic model of the regional soil, obtained as an outcome of the cyclic triaxial tests, can be successfully used for ground response analysis of the region.

Experimental study of seismic cyclic loading effects on small strain shear modulus of saturated sands

The seismic loading on saturated soil deposits induces a decrease in effective stress and a rearrangement of the soil-particle structure, which may both lead to a degradation in undrained stiffness and strength of soils. Only the effective stress influence on small strain shear modulus Gmax is considered in seismic response analysis nowadays, and the cyclic shearing induced fabric changes of the soil-particle structure are neglected. In this paper, undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated sands with the shear wave velocity measured by bender element, to study the influences of seismic loading on Gmax. And Gmax of samples without cyclic loading effects was also investigated for comparison. The test results indicated that Gmax under cyclic loading effects is lower than that without such effects at the same effective stress, and also well correlated with the effective stress variation. Hence it is necessary to reinvestigate the determination of Gmax in seismic response analysis carefully to predict the ground responses during earthquake more reasonably.

Experimental Study on Excavation Characteristics of Rockmass by Triaxial Test

Applying MTS rock stiffness test machine, tests under triaxial condition were carried out for rockmass under loading and unloading. By measuring and analyzing such mechanical properties as stress, strain, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio and elastic wave velocity during the whole test process, the differences of mechanical characteristics under loading and unloading conditions were revealed, to provide some useful references for excavation.

各向异性层状千枚岩渗透率及有效孔隙率试验研究

采用岩石全自动三轴伺服仪和气体渗透装置,对一种致密的各向异性层状千枚岩开展了气体渗透率及有效孔隙率试验,研究常规三轴压缩和围压循环加卸载2种应力路径下,气体渗透率、有效孔隙率随层理倾角及偏应力的演化规律。结果表明:围压相同时,岩样的初始气体渗透率k0随着层理倾角β的增大呈“W”型变化,在β=45°时取最大值;在围压循环加卸载过程中,气体渗透率先随围压的加载而减小,后随围压的卸载而增大,卸载时的气体渗透率小于加载时的渗透率;层状千枚岩有效孔隙率和气体渗透率呈指数关系;平行于层理方向的气体渗透率远大于垂直于层理方向的气体渗透率;岩样有效孔隙率和气体渗透率随偏应力变化经历初始压密阶段、线弹性阶段和塑性变形阶段,随着偏应力的增大,岩样有效孔隙率和气体渗透率先减小,接着保持稳定,最后快速增大,并在岩样应力-应变曲线斜率接近于0时达到最大值。

随机应力循环加卸载三轴试验土的变形稳定状态初探

为研究土在随机应力幅值循环加卸载条件下的应力-应变关系,基于土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,以福建标准砂和硅微粉为研究对象进行一系列三轴试验。据此分析土样在不同随机应力循环加卸载过程的应力-应变行为,判断其是否达到变形稳定状态,同时与等应力幅值循环加卸载和阶梯应力幅值循环加卸载试验进行对比。结果表明:无论是恒定应力幅值、阶梯应力幅值还是随机应力幅值加卸载循环,当循环次数超过一定次数后,土样逐渐趋于变形稳定状态,且变形稳定状态对应的循环次数值不同;土在受到超过历史最大应力幅值时,应力-应变关系会回到初次单调加载的应力-应变曲线;在最大应力值小于破坏应力的条件下,应力加卸载时间过程幅值的随机特征,如幅值大小和分布对土的应力-应变行为,包括变形稳定状态没有影响。

循环加卸载过程中灰岩微细观损伤特征的试验研究

岩石的动力学性质是影响岩质边坡地震动力稳定性的关键内因。地震产生的循环往复作用会造成岩石损伤和破坏,劣化岩石性能,降低岩质边坡的稳定性。为了深入研究岩石在动力荷载下的损伤特征,以某岩质斜坡出露的二叠系灰岩为研究对象,联合单轴循环加卸载试验和微细观试验,从微细观角度研究了岩样在循环加卸载过程中的损伤特征和损伤演化规律,分析了不同加载条件对微细观损伤的影响,开展了宏观和微细观参数的关联分析。研究结果表明:岩样内部的损伤是一个渐进性过程,在破坏前,随着应力幅值和循环周次的增加,表现为以小孔隙的生成、扩展和贯通为主,大孔隙的数量轻微增加且数量相对少得多;与变上限应力加载相比,变下限应力加载更有利于小孔隙的连通和大孔隙的形成,导致岩样内部微裂隙面积更大,在宏观上表现为平均弹性模量的降低;在变上限应力时,低应力幅值的循环荷载对岩石内部结构劣化效应比单轴压缩条件下的大,而高应力幅值的循环荷载反而可能对岩石内部孔隙有一定压密作用,导致孔隙度相对较小,劣化效应相对减弱;综合多种微细观损伤变量演化趋势,可判断岩样在循环加卸载下经历了一段裂纹稳定扩展的阶段,对应的上限应力和下限应力范围分别为(0.4~0.6)σ_(f)(σ_(f)为静态峰值强度)和(0.3~0.5)σ_(f)。研究成果有助于从微细观层次更好地理解岩石的动力学特性,为岩质斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应行为和灾害孕育及启动过程提供理论解释。

循环荷载作用下土工格栅加筋黄土动力特性研究

【目的】由于黄土所具有的结构疏松、抗剪性低,以及对水、力及震动都十分敏感等工程特性,故探究采用双向土工格栅对西宁地区黄土加筋前后土体动力性能的改善效果。【方法】采用GDS双向动三轴测试系统开展不同加筋层间距、不同围压、不同动应力幅值工况条件下加筋黄土的动三轴试验,分析循环荷载作用下加筋层间距对黄土动强度、动剪切模量、阻尼比等动力响应特性的影响,探讨分析加筋黄土动力响应特性的演化规律。【结果】结果显示:黄土动应变随着动应力的增大而增大,骨干曲线呈现应变强化型,并且骨干曲线随加筋层间距的减小逐渐由曲线型过渡为直线型;随着加筋层间距的减小,黄土强度随之增大,随着围压和加筋层间距的增加,黄土幅值剪应力明显增大,动剪应变减小,阻尼比明显减小。【结论】结果表明:围压和加筋层间距对加筋黄土的动力特性具有显著的增强作用,且存在一个最优加筋层间距。研究成果可为西宁地区加筋黄土道路设计提供参考依据。

循环荷载作用下含水合物粉细砂的残余变形

本文针对不同饱和度和不同围压水平的含水合物粉细砂进行了一系列不排水循环三轴剪切试验,研究了轴向应变和孔隙水压力的发展,分析了影响含水合物粉细砂残余应变的主要因素:循环应力比、有效围压和水合物饱和度。在Monismith公式的基础上,提出了一种新的经验公式,能够预测循环荷载作用下含水合物粉细砂的残余变形,预测结果与实验结果的对比表明该经验公式具有良好的适用性。

循环荷载下重载铁路道砟磨耗破碎及力学特性试验研究

为深入研究重载列车循环动载作用下散粒体道砟的颗粒磨耗破碎和力学行为劣化等特征,开展3种不同动应力幅值下的室内大型动三轴试验。通过对染色道砟颗粒进行激光扫描和三维重构,量化分析不同循环加载应力状态下不同粒径道砟颗粒的磨耗破碎特征,深入分析循环加载下试样的宏观力学特性和力学行为劣化等。研究结果表明,循环加载后道砟颗粒普遍从原始粒径破碎至相邻粒径,偶尔出现破碎至相隔粒径的现象,另有质量占比1%左右的少量道砟颗粒破碎至最小粒径4.75~22.4 mm;在相同的循环加载动应力幅值下,随粒径的增大,道砟颗粒破碎至相邻粒径的质量占比总体呈增大趋势;循环加载过程中颗粒磨耗存在尖角磨损、棱边磨耗与表面纹理改变等3种典型类型,动应力幅值230 kPa下颗粒最大磨耗深度为0.36~5.2 mm,平均磨耗深度为0.03~0.62 mm,颗粒磨耗程度随粒径的增大而逐渐加剧,尖角磨损出现的数量更多且概率更大,其次为棱边磨耗;循环加载三轴试验前后各粒组颗粒含量变化幅度与级配曲线偏移距离随动应力幅值的增大而增大,Bg、Br与BBI 3种颗粒破碎指标均随动应力幅值的增大而增大,Br与BBI两者对动应力幅值的变化反应程度一致,并且更为灵敏;试样轴向累积塑性应变、阻尼比与回弹模量均随动应力幅值的增大而增大。研究结果可为重载铁路散粒体有砟道床长期服役性能劣化评估及其养护维修提供理论依据和技术参考。

循环三轴试验加载频率和压实度对重塑砂土液化行为的影响

通过对各向同性固结不排水试样进行循环三轴试验,研究了饱和重塑砂土的液化行为。试验采用恒幅正弦载荷,通过测量剪切模量、阻尼比、轴向应变和超孔隙水压力比的变化,评估了加载频率(分别为0.1、0.5、1.0 Hz)和压实度(分别为0.95、0.90和0.80)对砂土液化行为的影响。试验结果表明,对于压实度为0.95的砂样,在5000次加载循环中,0.1 Hz的加载频率对液化过程影响甚微;而对于压实度为0.90和0.80的砂样,此频率的影响显著。对于压实度为0.80的砂样,当频率增加到0.5 Hz时几乎一加载就直接发生液化。这表明增加加载频率会加快液化速度,而增加压实度则会减慢液化速度。因此,通过一系列的试验可以模拟现场砂土在不同频率下的动荷载条件。试验结果表明,饱和砂土的液化行为由以下因素决定:(1)试样的压实度越低,液化越容易发生;(2)加载频率越高,液化越容易发生;(3)循环轴向应变越大,发生液化所需的循环次数越少;(4)超孔隙水压力随加载循环次数增加,直至试样完全液化。

循环加卸载下花岗岩能量演化及分配规律

为探究岩石损伤破坏过程中的能量演化及分配规律,以焦家矿区花岗岩为研究对象,利用ZTR-276三轴应力试验系统进行三轴循环加卸载试验。研究结果表明:循环加卸载试验过程中,花岗岩的应力峰值和轴向应变量随着围压增加逐渐增大,表现出明显的围压效应;循环加卸载试验下,总能量密度、弹性能密度和耗散能密度在峰前阶段均与轴向应变呈正相关关系;随着围压增大,岩石储能效率增加,最大弹性能占比增大,最大耗散能占比却随着围压的增大而降低。研究结果可为循环扰动条件下深部巷道围岩损伤破坏失稳提供理论指导意义。

不同加载路径下大理岩的强度特征研究

选取锦屏大理岩为研究对象,进行恒定围压下的三轴压缩试验、逐步增加围压的三轴压缩试验以及卸围压的三轴压缩试验,研究大理岩岩样在不同加载路径下的强度演化特征。研究结果表明:在恒定围压下的三轴压缩试验中,环向应力级别每提升5 MPa,试件的强度增大约30%;相对于恒定围压下的三轴压缩试验,逐步增加围压的三轴压缩试验黏聚力增加,内摩擦角降低,而卸围压的三轴压缩试验与之相反;在不同的加载路径中,卸围压的三轴压缩试验最易破坏,而逐步增加围压的三轴压缩试验由于经历太多塑性变形,并不能很好地提升试件的强度。

Cyclic deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay under different stress paths

Characteristic of cyclic loading due to passing wheels is associated with one-way loading without stress reversal,which includes a simultaneous cyclic variation of vertical normal stress and horizontal normal stress lasting for a long period of time and generally takes place in partially-drained conditions.Therefore,it is of great practical relevance to study the deformation behaviour according to the characteristic of traffic loading.In this work,a series of one-way stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests with a simultaneous variation of the vertical and horizontal stress components during cyclic loading were conducted to investigate the deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay in partially-drained conditions.Test results demonstrate that not only the deviator part of the stress rules accumulation but also the volumetric part significantly contributes.While the deviator part of the stress amplitude is held constant,the increase amplitude of cyclic confining pressure will promote the development of both permanent volumetric strain and axial strain significantly.Furthermore,the effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay was quantified.Finally,an empirical formula for permanent axial strain considering the effects of cyclic confining pressure was proposed which can be used for feasibility studies or for the preliminary design of foundations on K_0-consolidated soft clay subjected to traffic loading.

真三轴循环主应力作用下砂岩能量演化规律

为了探究真三轴主应力循环加卸载对砂岩能量积聚与耗散的影响,利用自主研发的真三轴扰动卸荷岩石测试系统进行了3个主应力循环加卸载试验。基于真三轴循环加卸载应力-应变演化规律与加卸载特征,划分了主应力循环加卸载试验中加载、卸载的种类;通过对三向主应力循环加卸载过后岩体表面裂纹对比分析,发现最小主应循环对岩体产生损伤最大,中间主应力次之,最大主应产生损伤最小;利用图形面积积分法与叠加法分别计算了真三轴循环加卸载的弹性能密度、耗散能密度与输入能密度,分析了三者随主应力次数增加的演化规律与加卸载过程中的能量分配;利用真三轴同时加卸载试验,验证了上述提出的能量分析方法的合理性与准确性,对其3个主应力方向卸载释放弹性能密度分析,发现循环加卸载产生的损伤对岩体储存弹性能密度影响较小。对比了3个主应力卸载对砂岩损伤与能量耗散的影响,对巷道掘进方向进行了进一步讨论。

循环荷载作用下昆明泥炭质土累积变形试验研究

通过DDS-70型动三轴试验对昆明泥炭质土在不同动应力幅值、固结比、围压和加载频率条件下的累积变形进行研究。研究结果表明:泥炭质土累积变形总体发展规律与一般软黏土的变形总体发展规律相同,即当动应力幅值越大、围压和加载频率越小时,累积变形越大,发展越快。当固结比K_c≤1.50时,累积变形随固结比增大而增大。泥炭质土的累积变形发展模式主要由动应力幅值和固结比共同决定,是外部动荷载和地基土静偏应力水平的综合反映。相比于一般软黏土,泥炭质土的初期累积变形增长速度更快,且达到累积变形破坏时的临界动应力小得多,泥炭质土的累积变形破坏更具有易发性和突发性。对于下卧土层为泥炭质土的地铁工程,当K_c≤1.50,且动应力σ_d≥60 kPa时,泥炭质土累积变形为破坏发散型,为保证其长期服役性能,应避免使泥炭质土处于这种不利的受力状态。