“叶护葛逻禄”译名辨误

jafʁu(yabğū,yabqu,jabghu)和jabaqu(yabāğū,yabaqu)常见于古代波斯语文献和突厥语文献,是完全不同的两个词语。jafʁu即汉文史籍中的“叶护”;jabaqu为操用印欧语的炽俟(ʧigil)集团中的部落名,亦即狭义的葛逻禄,为葛逻禄集团的核心部落,汉文史籍中音译作“药勿葛”“婆蔔”“婆匐”。jabaqu qarluq实指狭义的葛逻禄,应译作“药勿葛葛逻禄”“婆蔔葛逻禄”或“婆匐葛逻禄”。将二者混同,译作“叶护民族”“叶护族”或“叶护葛逻禄”,并非仅是翻译之误,而是直接关涉到对葛逻禄历史和中亚古代史的认知问题。

Paederia foetida- a promising ethno-medicinal tribal plant of northeastern India

The northeastern region of India constitutes one of the biodi- versity hotspots of the world. The ethnic groups inhabiting this region practice their distinctive traditional knowledge systems using biodiver- sity for food, shelter and healthcare. Among the less-studied plants, Paederia foetida has been used by various ethnic tribes as food and medicine. Many of its therapeutic properties relate to the gastrointestinal system and suggest its potential utility for gastrointestinal ailments. This is a review of the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and therapeutic properties of P. foetida compiled from various reports. P. foetida is promising as a remedy for life-style related conditions, especially treat- ment of ulcers. Its utility highlights the need for proper evaluation of tribal plants as medicines and the species could be considered for devel- opment of new drugs.

Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) Tribal Action Plan Fund Utilisation: How Does Chhattisgarh State in India Fare?

Background: In India, tuberculosis remains as a major public health problem amongst the tribal population. Poor physical access to diagnosis and treatment under the Revised National TB control programme (RNTCP) still remains the problem for the population. RNTCP implements Tribal Action Plan (TAP) for tribal patients. We conducted the study to determine the trends of financial utilisation for the special provisions available under tribal action plan like patient honorarium, incentive for sputum collection and transport, incentive for programme staff and incentive for vehicle maintenance. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on mixed method study approach was conducted in Chhattisgarh, India during Nov. 16 to Jun. 17. District TB Officers implementing TAP were interviewed telephonically using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain and analyse the reasons for low fund utilization in their districts. Retrospective financial data for five financial years from 13 TAP districts for 2012-2013 to 2016-2017 was collected, compiled and analysed. Results: Overall, the trends on states expenditure on tribal action plan in terms of absolute numbers has increased over the past five years;however, in terms of fund utilization against received ranges from 37% - 86% with the utilization rate less than 44% in the recent years (2014-2017). Conclusion: The trends of utilisation of TAP is less than 44% over the recent years. There is an urgent need for the administrators to intervene and improve the efficiency of fund utilisation at State and district levels.

Al-Maliki Tribal Policy and the Emergence of the New Shaykhs in Iraq

The state collapse in Iraq after the US invasion in 2003 resulted in a vacuum of state institution.This helped the emergence and increase of sectarian violence between Shia and Sunni,which led to civil war in 2006-2007.In order to end the violence and to alienate Al-Qaeda,the US authorities and Iraqi government began supporting tribal leaders during the civil war.In 2008,the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki created tribal council called(Majālis al-Asnād)to utilize the tribal groups mainly belong to Shia sect.This article tries to explain the emergence of new social strata called New Shaykhs in Iraqi society,as a result of Maliki’s tribal policy.It is due to the failed state situation in Iraq since 2003 which helped non-state actors to be more and more active,such as new tribal leaders.This paper focus on the political manipulation of tribal societies which is different after 2003,compared to traditional policy in Iraq which have used and mobilized the tribal societies.

Reshaping Tribal Road Network Using Public Information

The area with the fastest growing Native American population in North Dakota is the Fort Berthold Reservation. State and federal road information available to the public is not identical in terms of the number of physical road segments or in the attribute information provided for the road network. In this study we develop: 1) a navigable road network achieved by improving connectivity among road segments, updating road information, and making a comprehensive network;and 2) a standard process for integrating the state and federal local road information. The standard process broadly consists of three Parts: 1) combining road segments from each source;2) providing legitimacy to snapping distance;and 3) performing a snapping based on the result of Part 2 to connect those road segments, which remained unconnected from Part 1. The findings show that data on local roads on the Fort Berthold Reservation from the two different sources are joined through the standard process, and the process saves considerable time and resources required for fixing the road network. The standard process that has been developed here can be applied to a variety of other Indian road information integration projects to join not only physical road segments, but also plural attribute information. The process will also be useful for a variety of other projects integrating road information, which is available to the public, in order to overcome financial and time limitations.

Analysis on the Industrial Development Plan of the Tribal Hot Spring Demonstration Area in Taiwan’s Indigenous Areas

Under the impact of modern life, the traditional culture of Taiwan’s indigenous tribes is not only affected, because the traditional life is not easy and employment is difficult, which also causes the outflow of tribal population. Therefore, after the establishment of the Taiwan Council of indigenous people (TCIP), tourism development has been listed as an important policy, and it wants to use tourism development to improve the lives of indigenous people and enhance the ability of tribal economic development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of TCIP in developing tribal hot spring demonstration areas in indigenous areas. This study adopts the method of case study to investigate by means of document analysis, field interview and observation. The results of SWOT analysis show that: 1) Advantages: the indigenous tribes are rich in natural resources and have unique cultural characteristics. 2) Weakness: when indigenous people invest in hot spring industry, they will face difficulties in obtaining development funds, lack of land use and hot spring management talents. 3) Opportunities: Because of the prevailing leisure culture in Taiwan, coupled with the relevant laws and policies and plans of the indigenous people, it is guaranteed that the indigenous people can participate in the development plan of the hot spring demonstration area. 4) Threats: The development of the existing hot springs in the indigenous villages and towns is mostly invested by the Han people, so it is difficult for the indigenous people to compete with them. Moreover, they lack the management ability and guidance to enter the competitive market of hot spring development.

Wild Edible Plants Used by the Tribes of Panvel and Uran Tahsils in Alibaugh District,India:Ethnobotanical Application and Tribal Recipes

The“Indus-Vedic”cultural heritage of India is well-known.Wild edible plants,sometimes known as weeds,are widely consumed in India’s varied areas.Wild edible plants and weeds are essential for tribes’survival,both as a source of food and as a source of money,such as timber.This study aims to identify wild vegetables collected for ethnomedical purposes and their recipes by the local people,as well as determine the local uses and names of these plants,with the goal of closing the gap in traditional knowledge regarding the utility of wild plant species and tapping the hidden potential resources for proper utilization,exploitation,and nutritive evaluation.A field research study was conducted two years 2020-2021.34 wild vegetable plant specimens were collected during this time.The names of the plants found in the area,as well as the parts that were used and how they were prepared,were examined and recorded.This type of extensive survey technique could assist aspiring scientists in learning about the health advantages of wild food plants and weeds,which can subsequently be combined to generate successful crop plants.Such a system will benefit in the mitigation of food shortages,the regeneration of infertile lands,and the enhancement of rural economies.

Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Communities as Observed by the First Tribal Air Quality Network in the Yukon Flat

A tribal-owned network of aerosol monitors and meteorological stations was installed at Ts’aahudaaneekk’onh Denh (Beaver), Gwichyaa Zheh (Fort Yukon), Jalgiitsik (Chalkyitsik), and Danzhit Khànlaii (Circle) in the Yukon Flats, Alaska. Surface inversions occurred under calm wind conditions due to radiative cooling. In May, local emissions governed air quality with worst conditions related to road and river dust. As the warm season progressed, worst air quality was due to transport of pollutants from upwind wildfires. During situations without smoke or when smoke existed at layers above the surface inversion, concentrations of particulate matter of less than 2.5 micrometer in diameter or less (PM2.5) were explainable by the local emissions;24-h means remained below 25 μg·m-3. Absorption of solar radiation in the smoke layer and upward scattering enhanced stability and fostered the persistence of the surface inversions. During smoke episodes without the presence of a surface inversion, daily mean concentrations exceeded 35 μg·m-3 often for several consecutive days, at all sites. Then concentrations temporally reached levels considered unhealthy.

论先秦时期戎的涵义变迁

对于戎的涵义的认识,历代以来众说纷纭,但大家一致认为戎自始至终皆是族称。戎是周人习用的称谓语汇,商人几乎不用。先周至西周时期,戎的涵义由兵器引申为敌人、敌国,涉及戎的相关史实,均与周戎战争有关。进入春秋以后,戎始成为族称,指在语言、体质、饮食、服饰、经济及礼制等方面有别于夏、狄、夷等的人群,戎狄、夷狄是此时诸夏对异族常用的泛称。战国以降,内夏外夷的民族分布地理格局形成,夷蛮戎狄与四方相结合,东夷、南蛮、西戎和北狄的说法在儒家经典《礼记》中被固定下来,西戎泛指西部族群的观点日益流行。

论黄帝、炎帝及华夏文明的起源

炎帝是起源于宝鸡一带的姜姓部落首领;黄帝是从北方迁到河南新郑一带的姬姓部落首领。二者异地、异姓、异德,绝非胞族弟兄。为了争夺适于原始农耕和定居生活的晋南三角地带,炎、黄、蚩尤先后在盐池附近爆发了阪泉、浊鹿之战。战后建立了以炎、黄部落为主体的部落联盟,号称华夏。它善于融合来自周边的各种先进文化成果,从陶寺文化遗址看,到尧舜时,华夏文明已孕育形成。炎、黄是中华民族的共祖,这是历史形成的事实。

试论古代云南政区地名的第一次大变迁

云南的政区地名始于西汉中期,此后一直处在不断的演变过程中。汉代至魏晋南北朝,其大体上呈延续发展的情形,相对稳定而又逐渐变化,各朝代相对于前代都有数量不等的一些增减,改易也时有发生。隋至唐前期,一种基本上是全新的政区格局经两个王朝前后相继的积极经营而建立起来,从而诞生了一个新的政区地名组群,将云南政区地名的发展史带入了一个新的时代。唐代以来的政区地名在这一阶段经历了整体性的、大幅度的更迭。导致这一次大变迁的原因,一是云南各地部族分化状况的较大变化,二是羁縻政区制在云南地区的普遍推行,三是隋唐政区层级制的变革。

Institutional arrangement and typology of community forests of Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland of North-East India

Most community forests in hill regions of northeast India have been managed by traditional local institutions for centuries and most of these institutions remain functional even today. Higher forest coverage on private and community lands as compared to government land indicates that traditional institutions effectively manage community forests in the region. The present study was conducted through a survey of literature and field work using participatory research tools viz., PRA exercises, group discussions and questionnaire interviews with key informants in northeast India. We categorized the institutions involved in conservation and management of forests into three major types： traditional, quasi-traditional and modern. Traditional institutions with hierarchal structure were found in all states and are intact and functional in the state of Meghalaya. Quasi-traditional institutions, a blend of traditional and modern institutions were prevalent in Nagaland while modern institutions have almost replaced traditional institutions in Mizoram. We recorded at least eleven types of community forests viz., group of village forest, village forest, restricted forest, sacred forest, clan forest, cemetery forest, regeneration forest, bamboo forest, recreation forest, village reserved forest and medicinal plantation in villages of three states. The tribal people, through long-term trial and error experiments, have developed an elaborate, functional and generally democratic system of conservation and management of forests and associated natural ecosystems. Several forest and natural resource management lessons can be learnt from the institutional structure and decision making system of the evolving and dynamic institutions of tribal communities of the region.

How some demographic factors affects postpartum haemorrhage prevention in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Aim: The following work studied how tribal affiliation, educational level and occupation of some women that had PPH in Maiduguri metropolis between September 2007 and March 2009 relate with PPH occurrence. The study was aimed at identifying possible risk factors and also to compare the relative prevention efficacies of oxytocin or misoprostol within the matrix of these factors. Method: A total of 1800 pregnant women who have received either oxytocin injection or oral misoprostol in third stage of labour as a prophylaxis of postpartum haemorrhage, were enrolled within three health care facilities in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Each patient was observed at parturition and for 24 h after, during which blood lost was estimated to the nearest millilitres. Demographic characteristics were recorded in a structured proforma. The relationship of the occurrence of PPH (occurrence of blood loss > 500 ml) and mean blood loss (MBL) was studied with respect to the prophylactic medication used and some demographic factors. Results: The incidence of PPH was higher in Igbo, and some “minority” tribes of Borno state (Babur, Bura, Mafa). The tribes that constituted the majority of the study population (Kanuri, and Hausa) exhibited low incidences of PPH. Significant relationships were demonstrated between PPH and educational levels and occupations of participants. Conclussions: It was concluded that PPH occurrence is related to tribal affiliation, educational level and occupation, and the relative efficacies of oxytocin and misoprostol varies between the tribal groups.

Chemical pre-treatments improve seed germination and seedling growth in Semecarpus kurzii:an ethnomedicinally important plant

Semecarpus kurzii Engl.is an important ethnomedicinal plant used for curing tumours,inflammation,fever and pain,and is also a source of iso ricinoleic acid.During the present investigation,effect of chemical pretreatments on germination and seedling growth revealed significant differences.Different pre-treatments could improve germination and treatment with KNO_3 （9.9 mM）was significantly superior（94%） to the untreated control（76%）.Mean daily germination varied among the treatments（0.90–4.14 seeds per day）,when compared with 2.27 seeds per day in control.Mean germination time was significantly reduced from 22.14 days（control） to 16.40 days（19.8 mM KNO_3） and 17.16 days（1.45 mM GA_3）.Treatment with KNO_3（19.8 mM） and GA_3（1.45 and 2.90 mM）significantly reduced the time for 50% germination.Treatment with higher concentrations of GA_3 and KNO_3 exhibited significantly faster germination initiation（11.0 and 12.0 days,respectively） over the control（17.0 days）.Seedling vigour index was not improved by pre-treatments.Chemical treatments did not improve shoot growth,collar thickness,or number of seedling leaves; however,root growth was significantly improved over control.Treatment with GA_3（2.90 mM） promoted leaf elongation but reduced leaf width significantly.Treatment with KNO_3 and GA_3 could be recommended to obtain healthy seedlings for establishing new plantations of this important medicinal plant species.

三苗部族名称解析

综合苗语黔东北次方言语汇、古代文献及考古材料,发现三苗诸部族的名称大多与动物图腾尤其是人类驯化的动物有关,这是三苗部族联盟以畜牧养殖业为主要生产方式的远古农业文明发展达到较高水平的标志。这种在部落联盟内群体性以动物名称命名各部族的现象,是远古时代部族及部族联盟产生发展的一个重要现象,也是特殊现象。

The Interdependent Coexistence of the Rational Civilizations: The Mental Origin of Civilizations

The paper purposes that the three major civilizations are territorial rational civilization originated from the tribes before the Axial Age, discrete Western rational civilization originated from the mega empires in Middle East and Greece during the Axial Age, and the connective Eastern rational civilization originated from the mega empires in India and China during the Axial Age. Territorial rational civilization with territorial worldview for ingroup and outgroup individuals produces territorial nationalist democracy based on rule of boundary to deal with ingroup and outgroup individuals. Discrete Western rational civilization with discrete worldview for discrete and independent individuals produces discrete liberty-equality democracy based on rule of law to deal with discrete individuals. Connective Eastern rational civilization with connective worldview for connective and related individuals produces connective common wellbeing democracy based on rule of relation to deal with connective individuals. The current highly international interdependence produces the purposed internationalized interdependent community which allows the interdependent coexistence of the three rational civilizations by establishing the promotion of rational civilizations, the basic rules of relation and law, the potential civilizational and the regional defense boundaries, and the cooperation in international relations. The mental origin of the rational civilization consists of the social brain for instinctive intragroup relations and worldviews to form the original human social group, the mental immune system for instinctive mental therapy, theory of imaginary mind for imaginary religious and political entities with their own minds to form cohesive large social groups, and the thinking brain for rule to form rational civilization.

Study of the Role of Ethnicity in the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia: A Prospective Observational Study in a Rural Hospital in India

Hypertensive disorders (HD) of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although several risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have been firmly established, the risk attributable to specific race-ethnicities is less clear. The risk of preeclampsia-eclampsia may differ by maternal ethnicity 30 as also the course, severity and prognosis. This study aimed to compare severe preeclampsia and eclampsia in tribal and nontribal women of Jangalmahal area of West Bengal in terms of incidence, clinical, demographic picture, severity, course of disease, response to treatment, complications and delivery outcome including foetal outcome and maternal outcome.

“僰人悬棺”定名无误——兼析川南悬棺葬的族属问题

长期以来,关于川南"僰人悬棺"的定名问题,学术界争议颇大。有学者认为,应定名为"僚人悬棺",也有学者认为,应定为"都掌蛮悬棺"。笔者经多年来对史籍和地方史志的钻研,认为"僰人悬棺"定名无误,川南悬棺葬的族属即为僰人,也就是明代的都掌蛮。

Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure of Rural Interior Alaska Residents

To assess the exposure of residents in rural communities in the Yukon Flats to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5), both indoor and outdoor concentration observations were carried out from March to September 2019 in Ft. Yukon, Alaska. Indoor concentrations were measured at 0.61 m (breathing level during sleeping) in homes and at 1.52 m heights (breathing level of standing adult) in homes and office/commercial buildings. Air quality was better at both heights in cabins than frame homes both during times with and without surface-based inversions. In frame houses, concentrations were higher at 0.61 m than 1.52 m, while the opposite is true typically for cabins. Differences between shoulder season and summer indoor concentrations in residences were related to changes in heating, subsistence lifestyle and mosquito repellents. In summer, office and commercial buildings, air quality decreased due to increased indoor emissions related to increased use of equipment and mosquito pics as well as more merchandise. During summer indoor concentrations reached unhealthy for sensitive groups to hazardous conditions for extended times that even exceeded the high outdoor concentrations. Due to nearby wildfires, July mean outdoor concentrations were 55.3 μg·m-3 which exceeds the 24-h US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 35 μg·m-3. Indoor and outdoor concentrations correlated the strongest with each other for office/commercial buildings, followed by frame houses and cabins. Office/commercial buildings with temperature monitors had one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations than those without.