It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin (TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This...It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin (TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH (glutathione) by BaP or TBT alone. MDA (malondialdehyde) contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.展开更多
Tributyltin(TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide, has been reported to induce masculinization of fish. Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been repo...Tributyltin(TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide, has been reported to induce masculinization of fish. Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been reported that its microsomal metabolites can produce an estrogenic response when tested in vitro. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of TBT, BaP and their mixture on sex hormone levels in serum of Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were given 2 separate intraperitoneally (ip) injections(a single injection every 7 d) of TBT(0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg), BaP(0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg), or both in combination(0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg); control fish received olive oil vehicle only. Six days after the 2nd injection, serum samples were collected and analyzed for sex hormone levels and alkali labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), which is related to the yolk precursor protein vitellogenin. The pollutants at all doses significantly reduced serum testosterone, estradiol and ALPP content after 2 injections compared with the corresponding controls. The reduction of the estradiol levels should be response for the decrease of the vitellogenin levels. The results in the present study suggested that aromatase seems not the major target acted by TBT and BaP in fish. This study demonstrated that TBT or BaP exposure both inhibit the reproductive potential in female Sebastiscus marmoratus. Combined effect of TBT and BaP on the serum testosterone, estradiol and ALPP was not antagonism from the anticipation.展开更多
The effects of inorganic and organic tin compounds and various factors affecting the toxicity of the latter to Escherichia coli were studied.In comparison to stannous chloride,tributyltin chloride(TBTC)was more inhibi...The effects of inorganic and organic tin compounds and various factors affecting the toxicity of the latter to Escherichia coli were studied.In comparison to stannous chloride,tributyltin chloride(TBTC)was more inhibitory to the growth of the test organism;this may be due to its greater liposolubility and ready absorption through the bacterial membrane.The toxicity of TBTC to E.coli was modulated by various factors,such as pH,sulfate and chloride ions,and the presence of glucose,succinate,and reducing agents like cysteine and dithiothreitol(DTT). TBTC was more toxic to cells in minimal than in complex media.Similarly,this compound was more inhibitory to the growth of E.coli at acid pH than at basic pH.Succinate in contrast to glucose,when used as a carbon source,made the bacterium more sensitive to TBTC.Cysteine and DTT(both at a final concentration of 0.5 mM)partially protected the cells against the inhibitory effect of this agent.1989 Academic Press,Inc.展开更多
The effects on ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH cytochrorne b5 reductase activities of digestive gland in Meretrix meretrix exposed to tributyltin (TBT) at environmental l...The effects on ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH cytochrorne b5 reductase activities of digestive gland in Meretrix meretrix exposed to tributyltin (TBT) at environmental levels (0.1,1.0,10.0 ng/dm as stannum concentration),in experimental condition, were evaluated. The EROD, NADH cytochrorne b5 reductase activities were significantly inhibited after exposure to 10.0 ng/dm^3 TBT for 8 and 20 d, the NADPH cytochrorne c reductase activities were significantly inhibited after exposure to 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 ng/dm TBT for 8 d and to 1.0 and 10.0 ng/dm for 20 d, as compared with the matched control, while NADH cytochrorne b5 reductases and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities were induced after exposure to 10.0 ng/dm^3 TBT for 2 d. The EROD activity in the 10 ng/dm^3 group,and the NADH cytochrome b5 reductases activities in 1.0 and 10.0 ng/dm groups, were significantly induced when transferred to clean recovery tanks for 7 d. The three enzymic activities in the clams exposed to TBT were recovered to the level corresponding to that of the control group after transfer to clean recovery tanks for 20 d. NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity in Meretrix meretrix seems to be more sensitive to exposure of TBT than that of the EROD and NADH cytochrome b5 reductases. The results suggest that induction and inhibition by TBT to the monooxygenase system enzymic activity in Meretrix meretrix would simultaneously exist. The enzymic activities were inhibited by exposure for a long time. The results suggest that inhibition of the monooxygenase system should be an indication of the exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBT for a long time.展开更多
Marine sediments collected from Onne Port, Rivers State Nigeria were manually polluted with tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) to evaluate the abilities of bacterial isolates to degrade the pollutant. Bacterial isolates wer...Marine sediments collected from Onne Port, Rivers State Nigeria were manually polluted with tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) to evaluate the abilities of bacterial isolates to degrade the pollutant. Bacterial isolates were screened with at varying concentrations of 3 mM, 5 mM, 7 mM, and 10 mM. Bacterial strains with outstanding capabilities of utilizing TBTCl were biochemically and molecularly characterized. The total bacterial counts varied from 42 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 64.4 × 10<sup>2</sup> cfu/g when plated on MSA only and the viable counts on MSA to 3 mM TBTCl and MSA + 5 mM TBTCl ranged from 22 × 10<sup>1</sup> to 38.5 × 10<sup>2</sup> cfu/g and 18 × 10<sup>1</sup> from 21.9 × 10<sup>1</sup> cfu/g respectively;however, the total viable count in MSA + 10 mM TBTCl ranged from 1.1 × 10<sup>1</sup> - 3.8 × 10<sup>1</sup> cfu/g. Statistically, total bacterial count varied significantly across the sample sites p < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA). The 2 isolates that showed distinctive growth in the presence of high concentration of TBTCl (10 mM) were molecularly identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The 16 SrRNA sequence phylogenetic analysis using BLAST program showed that the isolates were proteobacteria. Since there are scanty works on the mechanisms of the degradation of organotin, it is then important that isolates that can tolerate organotin to a large extent can be used in the cleanup of organotin-contaminated site. Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens are candidates for the bioremediation of the contaminated site.展开更多
A full life-cycle toxicity test,combined with histology,on calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia was used to study the effect of bis(tributyltin)oxide(TBTO).The results indicate no sex-specific differences in TBTO tox...A full life-cycle toxicity test,combined with histology,on calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia was used to study the effect of bis(tributyltin)oxide(TBTO).The results indicate no sex-specific differences in TBTO toxicity.Long-term mortalities of the copepods exposed to concentrations higher than 20 ng TBTO L-1were significantly elevated compared with that of control,and larval development was inhibited when they were exposed to 40 and 60 ng TBTO L-1.The percentages of ovigerous females were reduced compared with the control(P<0.01)after 24 days exposure to concentrations higher than 10 ng TBTO L-1.Histological examinations suggest that exposure to TBTO might block the posterior end of the diverticula and inhibits the production of egg sacs.A modified Euler-Lotka equation was used to calculate a population-level endpoint,the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rm),from individual life-table endpoints,i.e.mortality rate,time of release of first brood,sex ratio,the fraction of ovigerous females among all females as well as the number of nauplii per ovigerous female.Apart from the highest TBTO concentration(60 ng L-1),where all females aborted their egg sacs,20 ng TBTO L-1was the only concentration that significantly decreased rm compared with that of control(an effect associated with decreased sex ratio).The results show that the S.poplesia is affected by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TBTO.The full life-cycle toxicity test combined with histology experiments provides more integral understanding of the toxicity of endocrine disrupters.展开更多
We investigated the effect of tributyltin (TBT) exposure on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity levels of the superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),and acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP an...We investigated the effect of tributyltin (TBT) exposure on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity levels of the superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),and acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and AKP) enzymes in the small abalone,Haliotis diversicolor supertexta.We collected samples of the hepatopancreas and hemolymph 2,6,24,48,96,and 192 h after exposure to 0.35 μg (Sn)/L TBT.In the hepatopancreas,ACP activity was significantly higher in animals exposed to TBT 2,24,and 96 h post-exposure compared with the control animals.AKP activity was also higher after 2 h,but SOD and CAT activity was unchanged.The concentration of MDA in the hemolymph was significantly higher than the control animals 2 and 6 h post-exposure.In the hemolymph of animals exposed to TBT,ACP activity was significantly lower than in the control animals 192 h post-exposure,whereas AKP activity was significantly lower 2 and 192 h post-exposure.Hemolymph SOD activity and levels of MDA were significantly lower than in the control animals 24 h after exposure but significantly higher after 96 h.Our results demonstrate that exposure to TBT cause rapid changes in ACP and AKP activity as well as altering the concentration of MDA in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph.SOD and CAT do not appear to be involved in the detoxification of TBT in the hepatopancreas of small abalone.展开更多
Tributyltin(TBT),a common organotin environmental pollutant,may pose a threat to human development during critical early-life periods.We aimed to assess the neurodevelopmental intergenerational toxicity of early-life ...Tributyltin(TBT),a common organotin environmental pollutant,may pose a threat to human development during critical early-life periods.We aimed to assess the neurodevelopmental intergenerational toxicity of early-life exposure to TBT and the protective effect of DNA methyl donor folic acid(FA).Specifically,after early-life exposure(1–21 days postfertilization,dpf)to TBT(0,1,10 and 100 ng/L),zebrafish(Danio rerio)were cultured in clean medium until sexual maturity.The exposed females were mated with unexposed males to produce embryos(F1).The F1 generation were cultured(4–120 hours post-fertilization,hpf)with and without 1 mmol/L FA.The neurotoxic effects of early-life TBT exposure for zebrafish and their offspring(F1)were significantly enhanced anxiety and reduced aggression,decreased gene expression of DNA methyltransferase in the brain and increased serotonin levels in the body.Moreover,the intergenerational neurodevelopmental toxicity,as manifested in the F1 generation,was attenuated by FA supplementation.In summary,early-life TBT exposure led to intergenerational neurodevelopmental deficits in zebrafish,and DNA methyl donors had a protective effect on F1 neurodevelopment,which can inform the prevention and treatment of intergenerational neurotoxicity due to organotin pollutants.展开更多
The acute (12 h) and chronic (7 or 14 d) effects of tributyltin chloride (TBT) on a new type of test fish, the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), have been studied. High accumula-tion of the pollutant in the fis...The acute (12 h) and chronic (7 or 14 d) effects of tributyltin chloride (TBT) on a new type of test fish, the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), have been studied. High accumula-tion of the pollutant in the fish muscle and obvious changes in hepatosomatic index and gonad somatic index were observed after exposure. The ultrastructural findings show a series of patho-logical changes existing in the exposed gill cells and hepatocytes, which demonstrates the toxicity effects of tributyltin compounds on aquatic organisms. The results clearly show that the Chinese rare minnow is a new sensitive test fish material, whose exposure system is suitable for the exten-sive organometallic toxicity studies.展开更多
Tributyltin(TBT),a biocide used in antifouling paints,has shown strong teratogenic effects on Xenopus tropicalis embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations.X.tropicalis embryos were exposed to 50,100 and 200...Tributyltin(TBT),a biocide used in antifouling paints,has shown strong teratogenic effects on Xenopus tropicalis embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations.X.tropicalis embryos were exposed to 50,100 and 200 ng/L tributyltin chloride for 72 hr.The histological changes were further observed on abnormal eyes,enlarged trunks,enlarged proctodaeums and absence of fins induced by TBT.The lens and the retinal layers of abnormal eyes were slightly or barely differentiated,and that the pigment epithelium was neither continuous nor smooth.The abdomens were full of undifferentiated gut tissue with yolk-rich inclusions in the tadpoles with enlarged trunks.The proctodaeums formed a bump-like or columnar structure.The mass of yolk-rich cells occupied the lumen,blocked the opening and even turned inside out of the proctodaeum.Both the ventral and dorsal fins in trunks and tails became narrow or even disappeared totally.Our results suggest that great changes of histology took place corresponding to the unique phenotypes.The gut tissue was poorly differentiated,which led to the failed elongation of the guts and subsequently the enlarged trunks.The enlarged proctodaeums were due to the undifferentiation of inner layer,the expansion of outer epidermal part and the absence of fins around them.In brief,the histological observations provided insights into the reason of the unique external malformations in some degree.展开更多
The toxic effects of tributyltin(TBT) have been extensively documented in several types of cells, but the molecular mechanisms related to the genotoxic effects of TBT have still not been fully elucidated. Our study ...The toxic effects of tributyltin(TBT) have been extensively documented in several types of cells, but the molecular mechanisms related to the genotoxic effects of TBT have still not been fully elucidated. Our study showed that exposure of human hepatoma G2 cells to 1–4 μmol/L TBT for 3 hr caused severe DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of key DNA damage sensor genes such as the replication factor C, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 were inhabited in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that TBT induced cell apoptosis via the p53-mediated pathway, which was most likely activated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad-3 related(ATR)protein kinase. The results also showed that cytochrome c, caspase-3, caspase-8,caspase-9, and the B-cell lymphoma 2 were involved in this process. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that the inhibition of the DNA repair system might be more responsible for TBT-induced genotoxic effects in cells. Then the generated DNA damage induced by TBT initiated ATR-p53-mediated apoptosis.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20447001, 40476049)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(No. D0410007).
文摘It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin (TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH (glutathione) by BaP or TBT alone. MDA (malondialdehyde) contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.
基金TheN ationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No.40476049)andtheStateKeyLaboratoryofM arineEnvironm entalScience(X iam enU niversity),China(No.M EL201)
文摘Tributyltin(TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide, has been reported to induce masculinization of fish. Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been reported that its microsomal metabolites can produce an estrogenic response when tested in vitro. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of TBT, BaP and their mixture on sex hormone levels in serum of Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were given 2 separate intraperitoneally (ip) injections(a single injection every 7 d) of TBT(0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg), BaP(0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg), or both in combination(0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg); control fish received olive oil vehicle only. Six days after the 2nd injection, serum samples were collected and analyzed for sex hormone levels and alkali labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), which is related to the yolk precursor protein vitellogenin. The pollutants at all doses significantly reduced serum testosterone, estradiol and ALPP content after 2 injections compared with the corresponding controls. The reduction of the estradiol levels should be response for the decrease of the vitellogenin levels. The results in the present study suggested that aromatase seems not the major target acted by TBT and BaP in fish. This study demonstrated that TBT or BaP exposure both inhibit the reproductive potential in female Sebastiscus marmoratus. Combined effect of TBT and BaP on the serum testosterone, estradiol and ALPP was not antagonism from the anticipation.
文摘The effects of inorganic and organic tin compounds and various factors affecting the toxicity of the latter to Escherichia coli were studied.In comparison to stannous chloride,tributyltin chloride(TBTC)was more inhibitory to the growth of the test organism;this may be due to its greater liposolubility and ready absorption through the bacterial membrane.The toxicity of TBTC to E.coli was modulated by various factors,such as pH,sulfate and chloride ions,and the presence of glucose,succinate,and reducing agents like cysteine and dithiothreitol(DTT). TBTC was more toxic to cells in minimal than in complex media.Similarly,this compound was more inhibitory to the growth of E.coli at acid pH than at basic pH.Succinate in contrast to glucose,when used as a carbon source,made the bacterium more sensitive to TBTC.Cysteine and DTT(both at a final concentration of 0.5 mM)partially protected the cells against the inhibitory effect of this agent.1989 Academic Press,Inc.
文摘The effects on ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH cytochrorne b5 reductase activities of digestive gland in Meretrix meretrix exposed to tributyltin (TBT) at environmental levels (0.1,1.0,10.0 ng/dm as stannum concentration),in experimental condition, were evaluated. The EROD, NADH cytochrorne b5 reductase activities were significantly inhibited after exposure to 10.0 ng/dm^3 TBT for 8 and 20 d, the NADPH cytochrorne c reductase activities were significantly inhibited after exposure to 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 ng/dm TBT for 8 d and to 1.0 and 10.0 ng/dm for 20 d, as compared with the matched control, while NADH cytochrorne b5 reductases and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities were induced after exposure to 10.0 ng/dm^3 TBT for 2 d. The EROD activity in the 10 ng/dm^3 group,and the NADH cytochrome b5 reductases activities in 1.0 and 10.0 ng/dm groups, were significantly induced when transferred to clean recovery tanks for 7 d. The three enzymic activities in the clams exposed to TBT were recovered to the level corresponding to that of the control group after transfer to clean recovery tanks for 20 d. NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity in Meretrix meretrix seems to be more sensitive to exposure of TBT than that of the EROD and NADH cytochrome b5 reductases. The results suggest that induction and inhibition by TBT to the monooxygenase system enzymic activity in Meretrix meretrix would simultaneously exist. The enzymic activities were inhibited by exposure for a long time. The results suggest that inhibition of the monooxygenase system should be an indication of the exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBT for a long time.
文摘Marine sediments collected from Onne Port, Rivers State Nigeria were manually polluted with tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) to evaluate the abilities of bacterial isolates to degrade the pollutant. Bacterial isolates were screened with at varying concentrations of 3 mM, 5 mM, 7 mM, and 10 mM. Bacterial strains with outstanding capabilities of utilizing TBTCl were biochemically and molecularly characterized. The total bacterial counts varied from 42 × 10<sup>2</sup> to 64.4 × 10<sup>2</sup> cfu/g when plated on MSA only and the viable counts on MSA to 3 mM TBTCl and MSA + 5 mM TBTCl ranged from 22 × 10<sup>1</sup> to 38.5 × 10<sup>2</sup> cfu/g and 18 × 10<sup>1</sup> from 21.9 × 10<sup>1</sup> cfu/g respectively;however, the total viable count in MSA + 10 mM TBTCl ranged from 1.1 × 10<sup>1</sup> - 3.8 × 10<sup>1</sup> cfu/g. Statistically, total bacterial count varied significantly across the sample sites p < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA). The 2 isolates that showed distinctive growth in the presence of high concentration of TBTCl (10 mM) were molecularly identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The 16 SrRNA sequence phylogenetic analysis using BLAST program showed that the isolates were proteobacteria. Since there are scanty works on the mechanisms of the degradation of organotin, it is then important that isolates that can tolerate organotin to a large extent can be used in the cleanup of organotin-contaminated site. Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens are candidates for the bioremediation of the contaminated site.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2005CB422300)
文摘A full life-cycle toxicity test,combined with histology,on calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia was used to study the effect of bis(tributyltin)oxide(TBTO).The results indicate no sex-specific differences in TBTO toxicity.Long-term mortalities of the copepods exposed to concentrations higher than 20 ng TBTO L-1were significantly elevated compared with that of control,and larval development was inhibited when they were exposed to 40 and 60 ng TBTO L-1.The percentages of ovigerous females were reduced compared with the control(P<0.01)after 24 days exposure to concentrations higher than 10 ng TBTO L-1.Histological examinations suggest that exposure to TBTO might block the posterior end of the diverticula and inhibits the production of egg sacs.A modified Euler-Lotka equation was used to calculate a population-level endpoint,the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rm),from individual life-table endpoints,i.e.mortality rate,time of release of first brood,sex ratio,the fraction of ovigerous females among all females as well as the number of nauplii per ovigerous female.Apart from the highest TBTO concentration(60 ng L-1),where all females aborted their egg sacs,20 ng TBTO L-1was the only concentration that significantly decreased rm compared with that of control(an effect associated with decreased sex ratio).The results show that the S.poplesia is affected by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TBTO.The full life-cycle toxicity test combined with histology experiments provides more integral understanding of the toxicity of endocrine disrupters.
基金Supported by the Committee of Xiamen Science and Technology,Xiamen,China (No.502Z20055024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20877034)the Innovation Team Foundation of Jimei University (No.2008A001)
文摘We investigated the effect of tributyltin (TBT) exposure on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity levels of the superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),and acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and AKP) enzymes in the small abalone,Haliotis diversicolor supertexta.We collected samples of the hepatopancreas and hemolymph 2,6,24,48,96,and 192 h after exposure to 0.35 μg (Sn)/L TBT.In the hepatopancreas,ACP activity was significantly higher in animals exposed to TBT 2,24,and 96 h post-exposure compared with the control animals.AKP activity was also higher after 2 h,but SOD and CAT activity was unchanged.The concentration of MDA in the hemolymph was significantly higher than the control animals 2 and 6 h post-exposure.In the hemolymph of animals exposed to TBT,ACP activity was significantly lower than in the control animals 192 h post-exposure,whereas AKP activity was significantly lower 2 and 192 h post-exposure.Hemolymph SOD activity and levels of MDA were significantly lower than in the control animals 24 h after exposure but significantly higher after 96 h.Our results demonstrate that exposure to TBT cause rapid changes in ACP and AKP activity as well as altering the concentration of MDA in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph.SOD and CAT do not appear to be involved in the detoxification of TBT in the hepatopancreas of small abalone.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.32071301,31971234 and 42177411)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China (No.2020J01027)。
文摘Tributyltin(TBT),a common organotin environmental pollutant,may pose a threat to human development during critical early-life periods.We aimed to assess the neurodevelopmental intergenerational toxicity of early-life exposure to TBT and the protective effect of DNA methyl donor folic acid(FA).Specifically,after early-life exposure(1–21 days postfertilization,dpf)to TBT(0,1,10 and 100 ng/L),zebrafish(Danio rerio)were cultured in clean medium until sexual maturity.The exposed females were mated with unexposed males to produce embryos(F1).The F1 generation were cultured(4–120 hours post-fertilization,hpf)with and without 1 mmol/L FA.The neurotoxic effects of early-life TBT exposure for zebrafish and their offspring(F1)were significantly enhanced anxiety and reduced aggression,decreased gene expression of DNA methyltransferase in the brain and increased serotonin levels in the body.Moreover,the intergenerational neurodevelopmental toxicity,as manifested in the F1 generation,was attenuated by FA supplementation.In summary,early-life TBT exposure led to intergenerational neurodevelopmental deficits in zebrafish,and DNA methyl donors had a protective effect on F1 neurodevelopment,which can inform the prevention and treatment of intergenerational neurotoxicity due to organotin pollutants.
基金supported by the National“863”Program,the State High Tech Development Plan(Grant No.2001AA640610)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX2-414).
文摘The acute (12 h) and chronic (7 or 14 d) effects of tributyltin chloride (TBT) on a new type of test fish, the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), have been studied. High accumula-tion of the pollutant in the fish muscle and obvious changes in hepatosomatic index and gonad somatic index were observed after exposure. The ultrastructural findings show a series of patho-logical changes existing in the exposed gill cells and hepatocytes, which demonstrates the toxicity effects of tributyltin compounds on aquatic organisms. The results clearly show that the Chinese rare minnow is a new sensitive test fish material, whose exposure system is suitable for the exten-sive organometallic toxicity studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20877023,20507007)
文摘Tributyltin(TBT),a biocide used in antifouling paints,has shown strong teratogenic effects on Xenopus tropicalis embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations.X.tropicalis embryos were exposed to 50,100 and 200 ng/L tributyltin chloride for 72 hr.The histological changes were further observed on abnormal eyes,enlarged trunks,enlarged proctodaeums and absence of fins induced by TBT.The lens and the retinal layers of abnormal eyes were slightly or barely differentiated,and that the pigment epithelium was neither continuous nor smooth.The abdomens were full of undifferentiated gut tissue with yolk-rich inclusions in the tadpoles with enlarged trunks.The proctodaeums formed a bump-like or columnar structure.The mass of yolk-rich cells occupied the lumen,blocked the opening and even turned inside out of the proctodaeum.Both the ventral and dorsal fins in trunks and tails became narrow or even disappeared totally.Our results suggest that great changes of histology took place corresponding to the unique phenotypes.The gut tissue was poorly differentiated,which led to the failed elongation of the guts and subsequently the enlarged trunks.The enlarged proctodaeums were due to the undifferentiation of inner layer,the expansion of outer epidermal part and the absence of fins around them.In brief,the histological observations provided insights into the reason of the unique external malformations in some degree.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40606027)the Project of the Xiamen Science and Technology Program (No. 2013Z20134027)
文摘The toxic effects of tributyltin(TBT) have been extensively documented in several types of cells, but the molecular mechanisms related to the genotoxic effects of TBT have still not been fully elucidated. Our study showed that exposure of human hepatoma G2 cells to 1–4 μmol/L TBT for 3 hr caused severe DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of key DNA damage sensor genes such as the replication factor C, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 were inhabited in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that TBT induced cell apoptosis via the p53-mediated pathway, which was most likely activated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad-3 related(ATR)protein kinase. The results also showed that cytochrome c, caspase-3, caspase-8,caspase-9, and the B-cell lymphoma 2 were involved in this process. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that the inhibition of the DNA repair system might be more responsible for TBT-induced genotoxic effects in cells. Then the generated DNA damage induced by TBT initiated ATR-p53-mediated apoptosis.