Clinical application of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection and monoclonal antibody therapies against COVID-19

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical application of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)specific antibody detection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)in the treatment of coronavirus infectious disease 2019(COVID-19).The dynamic changes of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies during COVID-19 were studied.Immunoglobulin M(IgM)appeared earlier and lasted for a short time,while immunoglobulin G(IgG)appeared later and lasted longer.IgM tests can be used for early diagnosis of COVID-19,and IgG tests can be used for late diagnosis of COVID-19 and identification of asymptomatic infected persons.The combination of antibody testing and nucleic acid testing,which complement each other,can improve the diagnosis rate of COVID-19.Monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies can be used to treat hospitalized severe and critically ill patients and non-hospitalized mild to moderate COVID-19 patients.COVID-19 convalescent plasma,highly concentrated immunoglobulin,and anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific mAbs are examples of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody products.Due to the continuous emergence of mutated strains of the novel coronavirus,especially omicron,its immune escape ability and infectivity are enhanced,making the effects of authorized products reduced or invalid.Therefore,the optimal application of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody products(especially anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific mAbs)is more effective in the treatment of COVID-19 and more conducive to patient recovery.

Sensitivity and Specificity Determinations with Isoelectric Focusing Fractions of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>for Antibody Detection in Serum Specimens from Infected Dogs

Blastomycosis and histoplasmosis manifest as lung and systemic fungal infections in mammals caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis. These infections exhibit cross reactivity of antibodies which makes a correct diagnosis potentially elusive. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of which isoelectric focusing fractions (RotoforTM) of B. dermatitidis were reactive or cross reactive with serum specimens from dogs infected with B. dermatitidis, H. capsulatum, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Three serum specimens from dogs that were infected with B. dermatitidis, two dogs infected with H. capsulatum, and one dog infected with C. neoformans were assayed against the 20 B. dermatitidis RotoforTM fractions. Reactivity was determined using the indirect enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). Reactivity with B. dermatitidis was found predominantly in the protein fractions 1 - 6, and cross reactivity with H. capsulatum, and C. neoformans sera was found within the B. dermatitidis protein fractions 15 - 19.

Development and application of antibody microarray for white spot syndrome virus detection in shrimp

Detecting white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp in high efficiency and veracity is important for disease prevention in aquaculture. Antibody-based microarray is a novel proteomic technology that can meet the requirements. In this study, we developed an antibody microarray for WSSV-detection in a specific and parallel way at multiple samples. First, seven slides each with different modifications were characterized by atomic force microscope, and were compared in the efficiency of immobilizing proteins. Of the seven, 3-dimensional structured agarose gel-modified slides were chosen appropriate for the microarray for having higher signal value and superior spot size. A purified rabbit anti-WSSV antibody was arrayed as the capture antibody of the microarray on the agarose gel-modified slides, and then the microarray slides were incubated in the tissue homogenate of sampled shrimp and the antibody-antigen complex was detected by Cy3-conjugated anti-WSSV monoclonal antibody. The results were measured by a laser chipscanner and analyzed with software. To obtain satisfied fluorescence signal intensity, optimal conditions were searched. The detection limit of the antibody microarray for WSSV is 0.62 μg/mL, with a proven long shelf life for 6 months at 4°C or 8 months at -20°C. Furthermore, concordance between antibody microarray and traditional indirect ELISA reached 100% for WSSV detection. These results suggest that the antibody microarray could be served as an effective tool for diagnostic and epidemiological studies of WSSV.

Comparison of antibody detection with <i>Blastomycesdermatitidis</i>yeast lysate antigens in serum specimens from immunized rabbits and infected dogs

This present study was designed to evaluate B. dermatitidis antigens, prepared from two isolates (B5896, 597), when the yeast cells were allowed to lyse in distilled water for one day or seven days. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the ability of the lysate reagents to detect antibodies in 30 rabbit and 30 dog serum specimens. Mean absorbance values with B5896 lysate antigen ranged from 1.637 (day 1) to 1.461 (day 7) and absorbance values with 597 antigen ranged from 1.579(day 1) to 1.396 (day 7) with the serum specimens from immunized rabbits. Serum specimens from infected dogs yielded absorbance values ranging from 1.672 (day 1) to 1.763 (day 7) with the B5896 and values ranging from 1.909 (day 1) to 1.224 (day 7) with the 597. Optimal reactivity was obtained with the day 1 lysate using both lysate antigens against the rabbit sera and with the 597 antigen against the dog sera. Slightly greater reactivity was evidenced with the day 7 B5896 antigen when the dog sera was tested. Comparative studies are continuing in order to produce an optimal anti-genic preparation for antibody detection in blastomycosis.

Comparison of Antibody Detection with Yeast Lysate Antigens Prepared from Blastomyces dermatitidis Dog Isolates from Wisconsin and Tennessee

Blastomyces dermatitidis, the causative agent of blastomycosis, a potentially lethal dimorphic fungal disease of humans and animals has been difficult to diagnose in the clinical laboratory. We are attempting to develop and improve immunodiagnostic assays by producing novel yeast lysate reagents for the detection of antibodies in blastomycosis. The objective of this study was to use lysate antigens prepared from four B. dermatitidis antigens isolated from dogs infected with blastomycosis from two different endemic areas (Wisconsin and Tennessee) testing for the detection of antibodies in serum specimens from immunized rabbits and infected dogs using the indirect ELISA. In the dog sera, absorbance values ranged from 0.774 to 1.350, while the rabbit sera values ranged from 0.533 to 1.191. Antigen T-58 appeared to lack any geographical specificity in antibody detection, which could prove useful in future immunodiagnostic detection of blastomycosis infections.

Antigen Detection in Canine Blastomycosis: Comparison of Different Antibody-Antigen Combinations in Two Competitive ELISAs

This present study was designed to evaluate four different Blastomyces dermatitidis antibody-antigen combinations (B5896 and T-58 antibodies and B5896 and WI-R antigens) for the detection of antigen in 36 urine specimens from dogs with blastomycosis using a standard indirect ELISA (STD) and a biotin-streptavidin ELISA (B-SA). The antigen detection sensitivity values ranged from 81% (B-SA: T-58 Ab + WI-R Ag) to 100% (STD and B-SA: B5896 Ab + WI-R Ag;B5896 Ab + B5896 Ag) with the antibody-antigen combinations in the two assays. Optimal detection was evidenced when the B5896 Ab was allowed to react with the urine specimens for 30 min at 37?C and then placed in the B-SA ELISA plates containing the B5896 Ag. The greatest absorbance value obtained with this antibody-antigen com-bination was 0.903 (range of 0.596 - 0.903) as compared to the control value of 1.246. The difference between the control absorbance and the test absorbance values was 0.343 which was considerably greater than the control-test values with the other combinations. This study thus showed that the results obtained in antigen detection assays are dependent upon the antibody used to react with the urine specimens as well as the antigen used in the enzyme immunoassay.

Development of a Multi-Plex Electrochemiluminescent Assay for the Detection of Serum Antibody Responses to Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines

Neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative diplococcal bacterium. Worldwide, N. meningitidis is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis, with five serogroups (A, B, C, Y, and W-135) responsible for the majority of the disease. Multivalent (A, C, Y, and W-135) polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines have been licensed in the United States and elsewhere and are widely available. We have developed a multi-plexed electrochemiluminescent assay to quantitate serum antibody responses to meningococcal polysaccharides A, C, Y, and W-135 to allow for rapid evaluation of li- censed and investigational vaccines. A 96-well plate containing a carbon electrode arrayed with polysaccharides A, C, Y, and W-135 on separate spots within each well has been developed for simultaneous detection of polysaccharidespecific antibodies in serum samples from vaccinated individuals. The assay conditions were optimized using the anti-meningococcal serogroup A/C reference serum pool, CDC 1992 (NIBSC 99/706), through evaluation of plate types, coating polysaccharide concentrations, and blocking and serum diluent buffers. Comparison of single and multiplex assays demonstrated the sensitivity, specificity, and speed of the multi-plex format for the quantification of serum antibody responses to N. meningitidis polysaccharides A, C, Y and W-135.

GENE ENGINEERING EB VIRUS MEMBRANE ANTIGEN IN DETECTION OF MA-IgA ANTIBODY(COMPARISON WITH VCA-IgA AND EA-IgA ANTIBODIES)

With gene engineering EB virus membrane antigen as the diagnostic antigen, indirect immunofluo-rescence (IF) assay was used to detect IgA antibody against EB virus membrane antigen (MA-IgA) in sera from 202 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and 315 controls (normal and patients with other tumors). MA-IgA antibody was positive in 96.8% of the pretreatment NPC patients with a GMT of 1:36.3. MA-IgA detection by this method was more sensitive than EA-IgA detection by IE. In contrast, patients with tumors other than NPC were negative for MA-IgA antibody. 9.1% of VCA-IgA positive persons were MA-IgA positive with a GMT of less than 1:5. No MA-IgA positive was found in VCA-IgA negatives. The results indicated that this method was relatively specific. In the treatment group, the positive rate and GMT of MA-IgA antibody declined with increase in survival time and the decline was faster than VCA-IgA. When recurrence or distant metastasis developed, similar to VCA-IgA and EA-IgA antibodies, the positive rate and GMT of MA-IgA antibody increased to its pretreatment level. Therefore, MA-IgA detection might be valuable in the early diagnosis and monitor of NPC.

Comparison of Two Enzyme Immunoassays and Four Lysate Antigens for the Detection of Antibody in Canine Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis, the systemic fungal disease of humans and animals caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis and the cryptic species Blastomyces gilchristii, is often misdiagnosed as a bacterial or viral pulmonary disease. Therefore, the development of improved immunodiagnostic assays for this disease has been the primary focus of research in our laboratory. The present study was designed to evaluate four Blastomyces yeast-phase lysate antigenic preparations (human, 597, Eagle River, WI;dog, ERC-2, WI;Human, B5927, Mountain Iron, MN;soil, 85, Georgia, ATCC 56920) for their ability to detect antibody in 48 serum specimens from dogs with diagnosed blastomycosis using an indirect ELISA (STD) compared to a biotin-streptavidin ELISA (B-SA). All four lysate antigens were able to detect antibodies in the specimens with mean absorbance values ranging from 0.930 (B5927) to 1.142 (ERC-2) with the STD ELSA and from 1.395 (B5927) to 1.775 (85) with the B-SA ELISA. The results indicated that both ELISA methods could be utilized for antibody detection, but the B-SA ELISA exhibited greater sensitivity than the STD ELISA with all four of the lysates.

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白的真核表达及间接ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

为建立检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)抗体的间接ELISA方法,利用昆虫细胞真核表达系统成功表达E2蛋白,将纯化后的E2蛋白作为包被抗原,用方阵滴定方法对影响ELISA的各个因素进行优化,并进行特异性、敏感性和重复性试验。结果表明,在昆虫细胞中表达了BVDV E2蛋白,Western blot证实目的蛋白可与BVDV阳性血清发生特异性反应。ELISA优化结果显示,E2蛋白最佳包被浓度为0.5μg/mL,最佳封闭液为1%明胶,最佳血清稀释度为1∶400,最佳血清作用方式为37℃作用30 min,酶标抗体的最佳作用方式为1∶2000稀释、37℃作用30 min,最佳底物作用时间为室温20 min,阳性临界值为OD 450≥0.423。与血清中和试验法进行比较,总符合率为97.8%,板内和板间重复性试验的变异系数均小于10%。该方法与牛常见病毒阳性血清均无交叉反应。说明建立的间接ELISA抗体检测方法特异性、敏感性和重复性良好,可用于大批量样本的临床检测和流行病学研究。

口腔液在新型冠状病毒感染抗体流行病学调查中的应用评价

目的 探索无创、安全、便捷的新型生物样本口腔液在新型冠状病毒感染(以下简称新冠病毒感染)血清流行病学调查中的应用价值。方法 从北京市大兴区随机抽样选取505名社区人员,同时采集血清和口腔液样本,血清样本新冠病毒IgG抗体检测采用国家药品监督管理局批准的商品化试剂盒;口腔液样本新冠病毒IgG抗体检测采用北京市疾病预防控制中心建立的口腔液新冠病毒IgG抗体磁微粒化学发光法;运用Spearman相关分析,比较两种样本的新冠病毒抗体检测结果。结果 以血清抗体检测结果为对照,口腔液检测新冠病毒抗体灵敏度为94.1%,特异度为92.9%,符合率为94.1%,阳性预测值为99.8%,阴性预测值为31.0%,约登指数为87.0%,相关系数为0.754(P<0.001)。结论 口腔液和血清检测新冠病毒抗体结果具有很好的符合性,并且其无创、安全、便捷,受试者依从性好,可用于开展大规模人群抗体水平调查和监测。

自身免疫性肝炎临床误诊分析

目的探讨自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)的诊治措施及误诊原因、防范措施。方法回顾性分析2020年1月—2022年5月收治的AIH误诊为病毒性肝炎21例的临床资料。结果21例主要症状为食欲缺乏、乏力、黄疸、发热,伴腹胀12例,恶心5例,胸闷和胸痛4例,呕吐及关节痛各3例。体形消瘦,巩膜及皮肤黏膜黄染明显。查血丙氨酸转氨酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶升高;7例γ-谷氨酰转肽酶升高,碱性磷酸酶和总胆红素升高各6例。腹部B超检查示肝大18例,肝内回声不均。初期外院诊断为病毒性肝炎,予相应治疗15 d无好转,遂转我院。查血抗平滑肌抗体(SMA)、抗核抗体(ANA)阳性,血γ-球蛋白、IgG升高,结合肝炎病毒血清学检测阴性及相关病史,遂明确诊断为AIH。误诊时间18~21 d。确诊后,18例予泼尼松单独治疗,3例予泼尼松联合硫唑嘌呤治疗。治疗1年后随访,患者病情稳定,无复发。结论AIH发病较隐匿,以年轻女性高发,临床表现多样且无特异性,易误诊为病毒性肝炎,行肝炎病毒血清学检查及ANA、SMA、抗肝肾微粒体、免疫球蛋白或肝组织病理检查可区分二者,确诊后应及时予有效治疗,以改善患者预后。

禽呼肠孤病毒在我国部分地区蛋鸡群中的血清流行率和风险因素分析

禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)在我国流行范围较广,感染家禽后使其出现病毒性关节炎、生长不良和产蛋量下降等表现,对我国养禽业造成较严重的经济损失。为了解我国蛋鸡群中ARV的流行情况及存在的感染风险因素,本试验在2022年11月—2023年3月从北京、天津、河北、山东、河南、江苏、陕西、湖北和重庆9个省市的45个蛋鸡养殖场(其中包括祖代蛋鸡群、父母代蛋鸡群和商品代蛋鸡群),收集共计45份调查问卷和968份血清样本。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中的ARV抗体,并结合调查问卷,采用单因素分析和逻辑回归分析方法找到蛋鸡出现ARV感染症状的风险因素。ELISA检测结果显示,968份血清样本中检出阳性863份,阳性率为89.15%(95%CI:87.0%~91.0%);单因素分析结果显示,全进全出饲养模式下的蛋鸡出现ARV感染症状的概率显著低于区域性全进全出饲养模式或不同日龄、不同批次混养饲养模式下的蛋鸡,且具有较强程度的关联(P<0.05,0.1<OR<0.3);生物安全防控严格的大、中型规模化养殖场(5万只以上)的蛋鸡出现ARV感染症状的概率显著低于生物安全防控存在不足的小型养殖场(2万~5万只)的蛋鸡,且具有较强程度的关联(P<0.05,0.1<OR<0.3);员工不注意对鸡舍消毒的养殖场饲养的蛋鸡出现ARV感染症状的概率显著高于员工对鸡舍具有较强或一般消毒意识的养殖场饲养的蛋鸡,具有中等程度的关联(P<0.05,1.5<OR<3.0)。综上所述,饲养模式、养殖场规模和员工对鸡舍的消毒意识可能是产蛋鸡群感染ARV的风险因素。

猪细环病毒1型间接ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

【目的】建立一种检测猪细环病毒1型抗体的血清学方法。【方法】以猪细环病毒1型衣壳蛋白为包被抗原,筛选和优化抗体检测反应条件来建立一种检测猪细环病毒1型衣壳蛋白抗体的间接ELISA方法,之后进行特异性和重复性试验,并进行初步临床应用检测。【结果】确定了检测猪细环病毒1型衣壳蛋白抗体的间接ELISA方法的各项最佳反应条件;对8种猪源病毒阳性血清的检测结果显示只有猪细环病毒1型阳性血清为阳性,显示出良好的特异性;批内变异系数均小于5%,批间变异系数均小于10%,显示出良好的重复性。对来源于北京和湖南地区的400份猪血清样品的检测结果显示,猪细环病毒1型衣壳蛋白抗体阳性率为75.25%,PCR阳性率为71.00%,二者之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),表明这两个地区存在较多的的猪细环病毒1型感染。【结论】建立了一种特异性和重复性都良好的检测猪细环病毒1型衣壳蛋白抗体的间接ELISA,可用于猪细环病毒1型抗体的临床检测。

2016-2020年云南省部分猪场猪繁殖与呼吸综合征免疫抗体检测分析

为了解2016年-2020年云南省部分地区猪场猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗免疫情况,采集了云南省9个州市188个健康猪场的4179份血清样品,应用ELISA方法进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体检测,分析不同州市、不同年份的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体阳性率。结果显示,4179份血清样品中,阳性样品2932份、阴性样品1247份,总体抗体阳性率为70.16%;2016-2018年云南省部分地区抗体阳性率分别为76.97%、76.32%、75.75%,达到我国农业农村部要求的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体阳性率70%的标准;2019-2020年抗体阳性率分别为63.68%、56.50%,未达到农业农村部规定的标准。9个州市中,保山、楚雄、红河、普洱、版纳、玉溪的抗体阳性率分别为84.85%、70.75%、76.46%、80.67%、76.82%、81.39%,达到农业农村部规定标准;大理、昆明、曲靖抗体阳性率分别为61.89%、67.42%、57.88%,未达到农业部规定标准。结果表明,云南省部分地区总体猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体阳性率呈现下降趋势,各州市抗体阳性率也存在差异性。为了降低猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫情发生风险,建议定期做好猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒血清学、病原学监测,优化猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗免疫策略,制定更加科学合理的综合防控方案,从而进一步保障云南省生猪养殖业高质量发展。

山羊源贝氏柯克斯体抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

为建立山羊源贝氏柯克斯体(Coxiella burnetii)抗体间接ELISA检测方法,对贝氏柯克斯体的com1基因进行克隆及原核表达,以com1纯化蛋白作为抗原,建立间接ELISA检测方法,并对临床收集的血清样本进行检测。结果显示,重组蛋白大小为27 ku,经Western blot鉴定com1蛋白反应原性良好;ELISA检测方法抗原包被量为4μg/mL,血清的稀释倍数为1∶100,酶标二抗稀释倍数为1∶2500,阴阳临界值为0.278。用该方法对流产衣原体、山羊支原体、牛支原体阳性血清进行检测,均为阴性;当C.burnetii阳性血清稀释至2048倍时检测结果仍为阳性;批内、批间变异系数均小于10%。用该方法对陕西省部分羊场收集到的307份血清样本进行检测,样本阳性率为9.12%。成功建立了一种检测贝氏柯克斯体抗体的间接ELISA检测方法,这为C.burnetii引起的Q热的实验室诊断和流行病学调查提供了技术支持。

同时快速检测蔬菜中百菌清和多菌灵的胶体金免疫层析法

该研究制备分别特异性识别百菌清、多菌灵的两种单克隆抗体,并建立一种同时快速检测蔬菜中百菌清和多菌灵的胶体金免疫层析法。在最适工作条件下,所建立的方法对百菌清、多菌灵的检测限分别为0.08 ng/mL和1.95 ng/mL,线性范围分别为0.08~10.00 ng/mL和1.95~250.00 ng/mL。黄瓜、番茄、包菜3种样品加标回收率为79.2%~112.1%(百菌清)和63.3%~97.5%(多菌灵),变异系数均低于18.9%,试纸条所需检测时间为20 min,可应用于蔬菜中百菌清、多菌灵残留的现场高通量快速筛查。