Construction of Efficient Multiple Planting Patterns of Potato for Tridimensional Climate in Subtropical Region of China

[Objective] The aim was to make full use of light-heat resources to expand the potato planting area on the base of ensuring the production of main grain crops and the limited arable land. [Methods] Through catch crops, multiple cropping and intercropping, new multiple planting patterns of potato with efficiency are constructed, for the purpose of increasing yield and benefit of potato. [Result] In irrigated plain and hill area, three new planting patterns such as autumn potato/rope-rice,winter potato-rice-autumn potato, and autumn（winter） potato-rice were constructed.In dry land of plain and hill area, three new planting patterns such as spring（winter）potato/maize/sweet potato, spring（winter） potato/maize-autumn potato, and wheat ＋ winter potato/maize/sweet potato were constructed. In plateau mountainous area, spring potato/maize was constructed. [Conclusion] With use of new planting patterns, the cropping index of new patterns was 200%-300%, while the accumulated temperature utilization was 68.9%-93.4%, light energy utilization was 0.98%-1.59% and straw utilization was 50%-100%. To compared with traditional planting patterns, the yield increased by 2.6%-93%, and benefit increased by 15.8%-284.3%. Furthermore,multiple planting patterns of potato have become main planting patterns in increasing yield and income in Sichuan.

Light interception and radiation use efficiency response to tridimensional uniform sowing in winter wheat

Improving radiation use efficiency （RUE） of the canopy is necessary to increase wheat （Triticum aesfivum） production. Tridimensional uniform sowing （U） technology has previously been used to construct a uniformly distributed population structure that increases RUE. In this study, we used tridimensional uniform sowing to create a wheat canopy within which light was spread evenly to increase RUE. This study was done during 2014-2016 in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China. The soil type was sandy loam. Wheat was grown in two sowing patterns： （1） tridimensional uniform sowing （U）; （2） conventional drilling （D）. Four planting densities were used： 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, and 4.5 million plants ha-1. Several indices were measured to compare the wheat canopies： photosynthetic active radiation intercepted by the canopy （IPAR）, leaf area index （LAI）, leaf mass per unit area （LMA）, canopy extinction coefficient （K）, and RUE. In two sowing patterns, the K values decreased with increasing planting density, but the K values of U were lower than that of D. LMA and IPAR were higher for U than for D, whereas LAI was nearly the same for both sowing patterns. IPAR and LAI increased with increasing density under the same sowing pattern. However, the difference in IPAR and LAI between the 3.6 and 4.5 million plants ha-1 treatments was not significant for both sowing patterns. Therefore, LAI within the same planting density was not affected by sowing pattern. RUE was the largest for the U mode with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha-1 treatment. For the D sowing pattern, the lowest planting density （1.8 million plants ha-1） resulted in the highest yield. Light radiation interception was minimal for the D mode with a planting density of 1.8 million plants ha-1 treatment, but the highest RUE and highest yield were observed under this condition. For the U sowing pattern, IPAR increased with increasing planting density, but yield and RUE were the highest with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha-1. These results indicated that the optimal planting density for improving the canopy light environment differed between the sowing patterns. The effect of sowing patternxplanting density interaction on grain yield, yield components, RUE, IPAR, and LMA was significant （P〈0.05）. Correlation analysis indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between grain yield and RUE （t=0.880, P〈0.01）, LMA （r=0.613, P〈0.05）, andspike number （t=0.624, P〈0.05）. These results demonstrated that the tridimensional uniform sowing technique, particularly at a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha-0, can effectively increase light interception and utilization and unit leaf area. This leads to the production of more photosynthetic products that in turn lead to significantly increased spike number （P〈0.05）, kernel number, grain weight, and an overall increase in yield.

A Study of Agricultural Tridimension Pollution and Discussion on Its Control

The paper outlines the background of the research on control of agriculture tridimensional pollution and its tendency.The new concept of agricultural tridimension pollution (ATriP) with its control theory is initially proposed as a result ofcontinuously increased agricultural pollution within the systems of hydrosphere, pedosphere, biosphere and atmospheredue to improper use of agricultural management measures. Furthermore, the high priority of the next 5-10 years nationalresearch domains and areas, and techniques for strengthening of ATriP prevention and control is discussed.

Study on Original Ecological Tridimensional Slope Vegetation

No matter from the perspective of slope protection, landscape effect and construction cost, or from the perspective of ecological benefit, the development of original ecological tridimensional vegetation has become the inevitable trend for slope vegetation in pursuit of protecting ecological condition, decreasing soil erosion, maintaining ecological balance and beautifying environment of slope. The concept of original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is proposed in this paper, and the original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. Specifically, the mechanical effect of slope vegetation in reinforcing the cohesion and shear strength of soil mass is firstly discussed, and then experiments are performed to study the water interception and containing function of slope under various vegetation conditions. Moreover, the relation between soil moisture and cohesion, the relation between root distribution density and cohesion, and the relation between root distribution density and soil shear strength are also studied based on experiments.Finally, based on field observation, the soil erosion states of slope under various vegetation conditions are comparatively studied. It is found that the original ecological tridimensional slope, which combines grass,shrub and tree, can generate comprehensive slope protection effects, and hence strengthen the slope protection ability and bring multiple slope protection benefits. Thereby, the theoretical foundation for developing original ecological tridimensional slope vegetation is established.

Controlling Agricultural Tridimensional Pollution through Circular Economy Mechanism

Agricultural tridimensional pollution （AtriP） has multi-directional and complicated chains. Circular economy is found to be an efficient mechanism that can help control AtriP. The application of three circular economic modes in agriculture and its related industries call not only interdict the AtriP chains in different stages and different directions, but also produce greater ecological, social and economical returns with less input. Nevertheless, it is a complicated systematic engineering to construct and implement effective circular economic modes to bring AtriP under control, and it depends not only on the support of the relevant technology system, but also on the supports of the relevant policies and law systems.

Study of Current Sheath Velocity and Its Distribution Using Tridimensional Magnetic Probe in Sahand Plasma Focus

The current sheath velocity in 0.25 Torr gas pressure of Filippov type plasma focus is studied experimentally. By using two tridimensional magnetic probes on top of the anode surface, the current sheath velocity is measured for argon, oxygen and nitrogen. Additionally, the effect of charging voltage on the current sheath velocity is studied in both axial and radial phases. We found that, the maximum current sheath velocities at both radial and axial phases are respectively 4.33 ± 0.28 （cm/μs） and 3.92 ± 0.75 （cm/μs） with argon as the working gas at 17 kV. Also, the minimum values of current sheath velocity are 1.48 ± 0.15 （cm/μs） at the radial phase and 1.14 ± 0.09 （cm/μs） at the axial phase with oxygen at 12 kV. The current sheath velocity at the radial phase is higher than that at the axial phase for all gases and voltages. In this study, variation of the full width half maximum （FWHM） of magnetic probe signals with voltage is investigated for different gases at radial and axial phases.

Research Progress and Present Situation of Tridimensional Reservoir Development

Designing special well patterns, tridimensional reservoir development selects a variety of wells and uses the gravity energy to maximize the hydrocarbon recovery. It's a new development model to implement the oil and gas exploitation economically and efficiently. It is suitable for both huge oiliness altitude reservoirs and large dip-angle sandstone reservoirs, and more for the carbonate reservoirs developed in high-angle fractures, volcanic reservoirs and metamorphic reservoirs.

立体化大学生素质能力贯通式分类培养方法探索与实践

人才培养是高校的主要任务之一,培养适应社会需求的高水平人才是高校义不容辞的责任。该文构建了以思想政治为引领,分类成才为标准、学科平台为支撑的3×3×3大学生立体化培养路径。首次构建“科研项目-科技成果-教学项目-教学成果-科技人才-科研创新-科研项目”的良性循环机制。人才培养过程中形成产教融合贯通“联合导师-校企课程-示范基地”、科教融合贯通“教学名师-品牌金课-科研平台”、师生共创贯通“双创导师-创业课程-孵化平台”的三类培养理念。形成产教融合可推广的新机制,学生创新创业能力显著增强,师资团队教学科研能力显著提升。

微纳加工技术“四位一体”教学模式探索

先进制造业的发展对我国产业升级转型具有重要意义,为适应该领域技术和产业的人才需求,亟需加强相关专业人才的培养。针对目前“微纳加工技术”课程教学模式、评价体系存在的问题,结合“微纳加工技术”多学科交叉、实践性强的特点,提出理论结合仿真、实验融合实践“四位一体”多层次、立体化教学模式,为微纳加工教学的发展和变革做出探索,为微纳电子领域应用创新型人才培养提供参考。

流域生态环境治理体系构建研究——以南流江为例

针对河流污染问题,以南流江为例,探讨了流域生态环境信息化治理体系构建方法。阐述了流域生态环境立体监测、三维实景重建、水质时空模拟与预警、信息服务拆分与聚合等关键技术,集成多源时空信息数据,科学布设环境防污设施,提供流域时空信息、水环境预警与污染决策支持服务,为管理者开发流域生态环境监管系统,为调查者开发污染源实时上报系统,建立全要素、全过程、全流域生态环境协同治理模式。该模式已推广至广西钦州江、九洲江流域。

城市公园绿地植被群落郁闭度与三维绿量对夏季降温增湿效应的影响

为充分利用城市公园绿地的降温增湿效应缓解城市热岛,文章基于苏州市典型城市公园绿地植被群落样方的实测,分析植被群落郁闭度和三维绿量等结构指标对夏季降温增湿效应的影响,得到植被群落结构配置的最优阈值。研究表明:不同群落结构的降温效应为乔-草型>乔-灌型或乔-灌-草型>灌-草型>草地型,增湿效应为乔-草型>乔-灌-草>乔-灌型>灌-草型>草地型;郁闭度和三维绿量对降温增湿效应均有明显影响,但郁闭度影响高于三维绿量。建议优先选择乔-草型绿地并合理控制植被群落的郁闭度和三维绿量在一定区间内,即郁闭度为0.4~0.77,三维绿量大于9 m^(3)·m^(-2)。

新能源非晶合金立体卷铁心变压器技术参数的确定及设计

本文作者基于新能源变压器的运行工况,拟定了非晶合金变压器的技术参数;基于该参数对非晶合金闭口立体卷铁心变压器的设计方法进行了介绍;通过实物试制验证、经济性计算等方法,验证了新能源非晶合金闭口立体铁心变压器的性能可靠性及运行经济性。

薄—超薄煤层特征及天然气合层开发突破——以沁水盆地潘河区块为例

沁水盆地已在下二叠统山西组3号和上石炭统太原组15号煤层相继实现煤层气商业开发,且证实整套地层具有良好的煤层气勘探开发潜力,而介于两套煤层中间的5~9号和11~13号煤层单层厚度薄(小于2 m),通常被视为无效资源。为了最大限度动用地下天然气资源,通过系统取心测试分析,明确了沁水盆地南部潘河区块5~9号和11~13号煤层的天然气资源和储层条件,并结合压裂技术,实现了薄—超薄煤层天然气高效开发。研究结果表明:①研究区8层煤层埋深介于300~600 m,累计厚度约4.75 m,除9号煤层厚度约1.25 m外,其余7层煤层超薄,单层厚度小于0.8 m,相邻煤层间距总体介于5~15 m;②煤层均属镜质体反射率介于3.4%~4.0%的无烟煤,以原生—碎裂结构煤为主,含气量介于13~19 m3/t,渗透率主体低于1 mD,均呈欠饱和状态;③各薄煤层纵向紧邻,压力系统一致,采用直井多层压裂克服了薄煤层厚度有限和展布不均影响,并以“厚层兼顾薄层,多层优于少层”为原则,划分出5+6号、7+8+9+11号和12+13号三套煤层压裂组合,建立了不同组合压裂技术优化准则,多层系立体开发动用,多口井稳产在1×104 m3/d以上;④该区薄—超薄煤层天然气有效开发,将产气层进行了纵向拓展,不仅实现了老气田的稳产,而且还进一步实现了持续增产。结论认为,薄—超薄煤层天然气开发突破了煤层开发厚度下限,开辟了中高煤阶薄—超薄煤层天然气开发新领域,发展了成熟探区天然气增储上产新动能,并可为类似煤层天然气勘探突破提供借鉴。

4种通风模式对猪舍空气质量和猪只健康的影响

为了探索非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)常态化防控背景下垂直立体通风系统的生物安全性,研究设置自然通风(CK)、垂直立体通风、纵向通风、无动力风机4种通风模式,研究了其对猪舍气象条件、有害气体浓度、粉尘浓度、微生物气溶胶浓度和猪只健康的影响。结果表明:垂直立体通风系统能显著改善舍内气象指标,具体表现为降低猪舍的平均温度和相对湿度,提高平均风速;降低有害气体浓度、微粒浓度和微生物气溶胶浓度;减少舍内病原菌含量;提高猪只抗体水平和猪群健康度。在当前ASF常态化防控背景下,建议有条件的规模化养猪企业推广应用垂直立体通风系统。

石家庄市动物园彩叶植物三维彩量分析

以石家庄市动物园为研究对象,在实地踏查的基础上,利用“立体量模拟立体量”的方法,分析了石家庄动物园绿地植物的三维彩量。结果表明:动物园彩叶植物资源相对丰富,达21.72%;因常色叶类、秋色叶类等植物的应用较多,因而秋季三维彩量值和彩化率最高;冬季彩叶植物落叶后,三维彩量值和彩化率明显降低。依据该结果,建议丰富全年彩叶植物配置的数量和种类。

基于思辨能力培养的大学英语立体化教学模式构建研究

大学英语教学在经过数次改革后取得了长足发展,但学生思辨能力培养仍处于边缘化状态,对教学产生了诸多不良影响。文章详细分析了大学英语思辨教学现状,重点研究了基于思辨能力培养的大学英语立体化教学模式构建路径,以期在大学英语教学中有效培养学生思辨能力。

落叶松人工林三维绿量测算

【目的】探究地基激光雷达获取单木因子的精度以及采用“体元模拟法”计算三维绿量的误差,探索基于TLS数据利用“体元模拟法”计算三维绿量可行性,构建三维绿量模型。【方法】以黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗林场42块样地的落叶松人工林为对象,样地面积为0.06~0.12 hm^(2),样木3366株。选取其中4块落叶松样地(样木208株),采用TLS扫描LiDAR360软件处理可得到单木因子参数,采用“体元模拟法”和Matlab编程实现4块样地(208株)内单木三维绿量计算,与“冠形公式法”计算的三维绿量进行精度分析;以地基提取树冠因子与通过Matlab计算的三维绿量构建单木三维绿量模型;单木三维绿量模型结合42块样地中的每木检尺数据计算每木三维绿量,通过样地中的每木三维绿量累加可得到样地三维绿量值,根据样地面积大小转化为对应的林分三维绿量,结合42块样地林分因子数据构建林分三维绿量模型。【结果】TLS获取的树冠因子数据满足精度要求,其中,胸径的提取效果最好P=97.14%,树高P=90.96%,冠幅P=89.25%,冠长P=77.92%;“体元模拟法”在步长k=0.1 m时在Matlab中计算三维绿量值最稳定;三因子单木三维绿量模型拟合与检验效果最好(R2=0.846,RMSE=0.250,MAE=0.210,MAPE=0.099,P=97.314%);双因子林分三维绿量模型拟合与检验效果最好(R2=0.706,RMSE=0.138,MAE=0.120,MAPE=0.013,P=99.142%)。【结论】TLS获取的树冠因子数据精度较高,采用“体元模拟法”计算三维绿量计算值较精确;通过TLS数据构建单木三维绿量模型和林分三维绿量模型可为探索大尺度区域三维绿量的估算提供新思路。

摇摆对气液并流模式立体旋流筛板压降的影响研究

以空气-水为实验介质,在喷淋密度78~182 m^(3)·(m^(2)·h)^(-1)、气相动能因子1.19~2.77 m·s^(-1)·(kg·m^(-3))0.5、摇摆幅值Θ=5°~15°、周期T=8~20 s的条件下,测定了气液并流模式下立体旋流筛板(TRST)的压降,考察了气液通量、塔板数量、位置和方式对压降的影响,并与直立和倾斜工况对比。结果表明:增加倾斜及摇摆角度干板压降略微下降;摇摆时的湿板压降介于直立和倾斜之间,受摇摆角度影响较大,基本不受周期影响;增大气量有利于抵抗倾斜及摇摆的影响,而增大液量会使倾斜及摇摆的影响作用加剧。整体上,塔板顺、逆向安装时的湿板压降分别在100 Pa和170 Pa以内,而逆向安装的变化率约为顺向的2倍,这是由于逆向安装下改变了气液流动方向,增大了能量损失。建立了气液并流摇摆工况下TRST的湿压降预测模型,相对误差在15%以内。

建设立体化的多层次社会保障体系

健全多层次社会保障体系是新时代我国社会保障事业发展的必然趋势和基本目标,但学术界和实务界对多层次社会保障体系的认识既不统一也不全面。多层次不是单向度的多层次而是多维度的多层次,不是平面化的多层次而是立体化的多层次。多层次社会保障体系是需求满足、目标定位、责任主体、统筹范围多层次的社会保障体系,四个维度的多层次之间相互作用,共同构成系统化、整体化、立体化的多层次社会保障体系。

四川盆地页岩气立体开发缝控压裂技术应用

四川盆地页岩储层物性条件优越,但体积压裂形成的裂缝高度有限,很难动用纵向上厚度达几十米的优质页岩储层。针对该问题,在威远区块X平台进行了加密井试验,并采用缝控压裂技术对新井进行储层改造,以探索该区块立体开发的可行性。结果表明:密布缝技术可增大簇间诱导应力,水力裂缝扩展路径更复杂,综合考虑年产气量和施工成本,最优簇间距为10 m左右;暂堵转向技术有利于提高采收率,当注入50%总液量时投入暂堵材料,多簇裂缝延伸扩展最为均匀;多功能一体化压裂液能达到真正意义上的无级变黏,变黏液体的交替注入,可实现主裂缝和复杂裂缝同步扩展。缝控压裂技术在威远页岩气藏进行了应用,3口新井在投产后90 d和1、2 a的累计产气量分别为邻近3口老井累计产气量的1.85、1.36、1.55倍,压裂效果较好。该技术可为页岩气立体井组开发提供参考。