[Objective] The aim was to research effects of P fertilizer and lime on growth of Trrifolium repens, Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropur- pureum, to provide references for cultivation of the three plant...[Objective] The aim was to research effects of P fertilizer and lime on growth of Trrifolium repens, Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropur- pureum, to provide references for cultivation of the three plants. [Method] Pot experiments were conducted with Trrifolium repens, Charnaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropurpureum in 2010 in order to research effects of lime and P fer-tilizer mixture on growth of the plants in southern hilly acidic red soils. [Result] With lime amount fixed, application of P fertilizer would enhance plant height, total tiller number and dry matter. When P fertilizer was not applied, however, plant height of the three plants achieved the peak by lime at 1.4 g/kg which proved best for improvement of acidity of red soils. With P fertilizer at 200 mg/kg was applied, biomass of Trifolium repens and Macroptilium atropurpureum achieved the highest by lime at 2.1 g/kg, but total biomass of Chamaecrista rotundifolia was the highest by lime at 1.4 g/kg. [Conclusion] The research provides references for planting and production of Trifolium repens, Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropur-pureum in southern hilly regions.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study response of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Trifolium repens L.leaves to water stress from perspective of physiology.[Method] With T.repens cultivar ＂Haifa＂ as tested material...[Objective] The aim was to study response of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Trifolium repens L.leaves to water stress from perspective of physiology.[Method] With T.repens cultivar ＂Haifa＂ as tested material,three soil water content levels were set to culture plants,including 75% （no stress,CK）,50% （moderate stress,LD） and 25% （severe stress,HD）,the effects of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined.[Result] The results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters changed a little when the relative soil moisture content was 75% and 50%,while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as conversion efficiency of primary light energy （Fv/Fm） of PS Ⅱ,the photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） and the quantum yield of PS Ⅱ electron transport （φPS Ⅱ） decreased respectively when the relative soil moisture content was 25%.[Conclusion] When T.repens in severe drought conditions,the physiological functions were damaged,showing symptoms of drought injury.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to select and identify inorganic phosphorus-dissolving bacteria in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens,and to research related effects of growth promotion.[Method] Phosphate solubilizing bacteria i...[Objective] The aim was to select and identify inorganic phosphorus-dissolving bacteria in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens,and to research related effects of growth promotion.[Method] Phosphate solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens in Guizhou Province were separated and selected to determine its ability of phosphate solubilizing and IAA secretion,and growth promotion effect.[Result] Phosphate solubilizing bacteria were multiple and varied in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens;solubilizing quantities of phosphorus from calcium phosphate by RW2,RW6 and RW18 were 337.39,447.45 and 462.03 μg/ml;solubilizing quantity was none of linear relation with organic acid;RW2 proved the one secreted most IAA at 12.69 μg/ml,followed by RW18 at 12.34 μg/ml;the three strains were all of Leclercia sp.,but were of none pathogenicity for seedlings of Trifolium repens,instead,a kind of growth promotion was found.Detailedly,RW18 was most effective in growth promotion for Trifolium repens and plant height,root length and weight,and aboveground biomass increased by 110.98%,9.17%,46.17% and 2% respectively.Hence,RW18 is of great potential.[Conclusion] The research provides scientific references for developing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and compound inoculation and develops a novel way to relieve barren soils,save phosphorus resource,reduce environment pollution,and guarantee sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry.展开更多
The suitability of models for describing the clonal growth of Trifolium repens population was discussed. The results showed that deterministic models were inadequate for describing its clonal growth, but the diffusion...The suitability of models for describing the clonal growth of Trifolium repens population was discussed. The results showed that deterministic models were inadequate for describing its clonal growth, but the diffusion models and the randomwalk models suited for the clonal growth characteristics of the population. And it was found that random-walk models were better than diffusion models for describing a population in an environment with rich natural resources, and the latter was better in a poor environment.展开更多
interactions,many flowers are known to display their attractive qualities,such as scent emission,flower rewards and floral vertical direction,in a rhythmic fashion.However,less is known about how plants regulate the r...interactions,many flowers are known to display their attractive qualities,such as scent emission,flower rewards and floral vertical direction,in a rhythmic fashion.However,less is known about how plants regulate the relationship between these flower traits to adapt to pollinator visiting behavior and increase reproduction success.Here we investigated the adaptive significance of the flower bending from erect to downward in Trifolium repens.We observed the flowering dynamic characteristics(changes of vertical direction of florets,flowering number,pollen grain numbers,pollen viability and stigma receptivity over time after blossom)and the factors affecting the rate of flower bending in T.repens.Then we altered the vertical direction of florets in inflorescence of different types(upright and downward),and compared the pollinator behaviors and female reproductive success.Our results showed that florets opened sequentially in inflorescence,and then bend downwards slowly after flowering.The bending speed of florets was mainly influenced by pollination,and bending angle increased with the prolongation of flowering time,while the pollen germination rate,stigma receptivity and nectar secretion has a rhythm of“lowhigh-low”during the whole period with the time going.The visiting frequency of all the four species of pollinators on upward flowers was significantly higher than that of downward flowers,and they especially prefer to visit flowers with a bending angle of 30°–60°,when the flowers was exactly of the highest flower rewards(nectar secretion and number of pollen grains),stigma receptivity and pollen germination rate.The seed set ratio and fruit set ratio of upward flowers were significantly higher than downward flowers,but significantly lower than unmanipulated flowers.Our results indicated that the T.repens could increase female and male fitness by accurate pollination.The most suitable flower angle saves pollinators’visiting energy and enables them to obtain the highest nectar rewards.This coordination between plants and pollinators maximizes the interests of them,which is a crucial factor in initiating specialized plant-pollinator relationships.展开更多
Resource sharing in the different parts of the clonal white clover plant (Trifolium repens L.) was investigated in this study. The results showed that the integration of water and nitrogen metabolism occured among par...Resource sharing in the different parts of the clonal white clover plant (Trifolium repens L.) was investigated in this study. The results showed that the integration of water and nitrogen metabolism occured among parental, young and old branches of a plant when water passed through its stolons. Under the sufficient supply of light, water and nutrients from soil the newly developed branches showed similar capacity in taking in sufficient water and nitrogen to that of old branches. The development of the new branches did not affect the growth of the old and parental branches attached. The results also indicated that energy values in roots was significantly related with plant age, however, the energy values were various in the different parts of a plant.展开更多
The aim of this work was to study the effect of condensed tannins （CT） on the kinetic of gas production in vitro, on the three main species of Azorean pasture： Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and Lolium perenn...The aim of this work was to study the effect of condensed tannins （CT） on the kinetic of gas production in vitro, on the three main species of Azorean pasture： Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and Lolium perenne, using Quebracho extract as the source of CT, and also to calculate total tannins and condensed tannins on the species studied. Lotus corniculatus, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens were tested in vitro with the inclusion of Quebracho extract in doses of 0%, 2.5% and 5% DM. The total content in tannins was determined in the 3 species. We have found, in comparison with standard tannic acid, that tannins exist in the flower of T. repens （0.81 equivalents of tannic acid） and in L .corniculatus （1.07 equivalents of tannic acid） but not in L .perenne （0 equivalents of tannic acid）. The concentration of condensed tannins in the 3 species was： 0.34 mg/mL for T. repens; 0.83 mg/mL for L. corniculatus and 0 mg/ml for L. perenne. We verified that a significant reduction （P 〈 0.05） of gas production happened for doses of 5% of CT in comparison with the other two concentrations： 0% and 2.5% of CT. The results of this study express a reduction of the fermentation rate, which implies a reduction of gas production, so, a reduction of methane emission to the atmosphere and an increase of exploitation of the protein by ruminants.展开更多
Objective:To investigate antibacterial potential of Trifolium alexandrinum(T.alexandrinum) Linn,against seven gram positive and eleven gram negative hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains responsible for...Objective:To investigate antibacterial potential of Trifolium alexandrinum(T.alexandrinum) Linn,against seven gram positive and eleven gram negative hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains responsible for many tropical diseases.Methods:Non-polar and polar extracts of the leaves of T.alexandrinum i.e.,hexane,dichloromethane(DCM),ethyl acetate(EtOAc), methanol(MeOH) and aqueous(AQ) extracts at five different concentrations(1,2,5,10 and 15 mg/ mL) were prepared to evaluate their antibacterial value.NCCL standards were strictly followed to perform antimicrobial disc susceptibility test using disc diffusion method.Results:Polar extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested pathogens.EtOAc and MeOH extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity with higher inhibition zone and were found effective against seventeen of the tested pathogens.While AQ plant extract inhibited the growth of sixteen of the test strains.EtOAc and MeOH plant extracts inhibited the growth of all seven gram positive and ten of the gram negative bacterial strains.Conclusions:The present study strongly confirms the effectiveness of crude leaves extracts against tested human pathogenic bacterial strains causing several tropical diseases.Since Egyptian clover is used as a fodder plant,it could be helpful in controlling various infectious diseases associated with cattle as well.展开更多
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a legume forage abundant in phenolic compounds. It tends to brown when cut for hay, due to oxidation of phenolic compounds catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and subsequent bi...Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a legume forage abundant in phenolic compounds. It tends to brown when cut for hay, due to oxidation of phenolic compounds catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and subsequent binding to proteins. Selecting for a greener hay may provide information about the relationship of browning, PPO, and phenolics to each other. The red clover Kenland cultivar was selected over eight breeding cycles for decreased browning after being cut and dried 48 h in the field. Expression of PPO1 and PPO3, in Kenland and three of the eight cycles, was compared by real-time quantitative PCR. Phenolic compounds in Kenland and Cycle 8, collected 0, 24, and 48 h after cutting, were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Visual browning scores decreased 12% between Kenland and Cycle 8 (P = 0.02). PPO1 and PPO3 gene expression were not affected by selection. Clovamide decreased 26% in Cycle 8 relative to Kenland (P = 0.016). Sissotrin decreased 10% in Cycle 8 (P = 0.043). Neither total formononetin nor total biochanin A was affected by selection (P = 0.63 and 0.45, respectively). These results suggest that when selecting clover for decreased postharvest browning, a decrease occurs in a phenolic compound that can bind protein independently of PPO. However, PPO1 and PPO3 gene expression, and the major red clover isoflavones, are minimally affected.展开更多
基金Supported by National Science & Technology Pillar Program(2012BAD05B05)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201303139)+1 种基金国家科技支撑计划"中低产田改良科技工程"项目(2012BAD05B05)农业部公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201303139)资助
文摘[Objective] The aim was to research effects of P fertilizer and lime on growth of Trrifolium repens, Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropur- pureum, to provide references for cultivation of the three plants. [Method] Pot experiments were conducted with Trrifolium repens, Charnaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropurpureum in 2010 in order to research effects of lime and P fer-tilizer mixture on growth of the plants in southern hilly acidic red soils. [Result] With lime amount fixed, application of P fertilizer would enhance plant height, total tiller number and dry matter. When P fertilizer was not applied, however, plant height of the three plants achieved the peak by lime at 1.4 g/kg which proved best for improvement of acidity of red soils. With P fertilizer at 200 mg/kg was applied, biomass of Trifolium repens and Macroptilium atropurpureum achieved the highest by lime at 2.1 g/kg, but total biomass of Chamaecrista rotundifolia was the highest by lime at 1.4 g/kg. [Conclusion] The research provides references for planting and production of Trifolium repens, Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Macroptilium atropur-pureum in southern hilly regions.
基金Supported by Doctor Foundation of Shanghai Institute of Technology~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study response of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in Trifolium repens L.leaves to water stress from perspective of physiology.[Method] With T.repens cultivar ＂Haifa＂ as tested material,three soil water content levels were set to culture plants,including 75% （no stress,CK）,50% （moderate stress,LD） and 25% （severe stress,HD）,the effects of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined.[Result] The results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters changed a little when the relative soil moisture content was 75% and 50%,while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as conversion efficiency of primary light energy （Fv/Fm） of PS Ⅱ,the photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） and the quantum yield of PS Ⅱ electron transport （φPS Ⅱ） decreased respectively when the relative soil moisture content was 25%.[Conclusion] When T.repens in severe drought conditions,the physiological functions were damaged,showing symptoms of drought injury.
基金Supported by Guizhou Program for Agricultural Development([2009]3067)Guizhou Science and Technology Foundation([2012]2199)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to select and identify inorganic phosphorus-dissolving bacteria in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens,and to research related effects of growth promotion.[Method] Phosphate solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens in Guizhou Province were separated and selected to determine its ability of phosphate solubilizing and IAA secretion,and growth promotion effect.[Result] Phosphate solubilizing bacteria were multiple and varied in rhizosphere of Trifolium repens;solubilizing quantities of phosphorus from calcium phosphate by RW2,RW6 and RW18 were 337.39,447.45 and 462.03 μg/ml;solubilizing quantity was none of linear relation with organic acid;RW2 proved the one secreted most IAA at 12.69 μg/ml,followed by RW18 at 12.34 μg/ml;the three strains were all of Leclercia sp.,but were of none pathogenicity for seedlings of Trifolium repens,instead,a kind of growth promotion was found.Detailedly,RW18 was most effective in growth promotion for Trifolium repens and plant height,root length and weight,and aboveground biomass increased by 110.98%,9.17%,46.17% and 2% respectively.Hence,RW18 is of great potential.[Conclusion] The research provides scientific references for developing phosphate solubilizing bacteria and compound inoculation and develops a novel way to relieve barren soils,save phosphorus resource,reduce environment pollution,and guarantee sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
文摘The suitability of models for describing the clonal growth of Trifolium repens population was discussed. The results showed that deterministic models were inadequate for describing its clonal growth, but the diffusion models and the randomwalk models suited for the clonal growth characteristics of the population. And it was found that random-walk models were better than diffusion models for describing a population in an environment with rich natural resources, and the latter was better in a poor environment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant Nos.31860051 and 31360044.
文摘interactions,many flowers are known to display their attractive qualities,such as scent emission,flower rewards and floral vertical direction,in a rhythmic fashion.However,less is known about how plants regulate the relationship between these flower traits to adapt to pollinator visiting behavior and increase reproduction success.Here we investigated the adaptive significance of the flower bending from erect to downward in Trifolium repens.We observed the flowering dynamic characteristics(changes of vertical direction of florets,flowering number,pollen grain numbers,pollen viability and stigma receptivity over time after blossom)and the factors affecting the rate of flower bending in T.repens.Then we altered the vertical direction of florets in inflorescence of different types(upright and downward),and compared the pollinator behaviors and female reproductive success.Our results showed that florets opened sequentially in inflorescence,and then bend downwards slowly after flowering.The bending speed of florets was mainly influenced by pollination,and bending angle increased with the prolongation of flowering time,while the pollen germination rate,stigma receptivity and nectar secretion has a rhythm of“lowhigh-low”during the whole period with the time going.The visiting frequency of all the four species of pollinators on upward flowers was significantly higher than that of downward flowers,and they especially prefer to visit flowers with a bending angle of 30°–60°,when the flowers was exactly of the highest flower rewards(nectar secretion and number of pollen grains),stigma receptivity and pollen germination rate.The seed set ratio and fruit set ratio of upward flowers were significantly higher than downward flowers,but significantly lower than unmanipulated flowers.Our results indicated that the T.repens could increase female and male fitness by accurate pollination.The most suitable flower angle saves pollinators’visiting energy and enables them to obtain the highest nectar rewards.This coordination between plants and pollinators maximizes the interests of them,which is a crucial factor in initiating specialized plant-pollinator relationships.
文摘Resource sharing in the different parts of the clonal white clover plant (Trifolium repens L.) was investigated in this study. The results showed that the integration of water and nitrogen metabolism occured among parental, young and old branches of a plant when water passed through its stolons. Under the sufficient supply of light, water and nutrients from soil the newly developed branches showed similar capacity in taking in sufficient water and nitrogen to that of old branches. The development of the new branches did not affect the growth of the old and parental branches attached. The results also indicated that energy values in roots was significantly related with plant age, however, the energy values were various in the different parts of a plant.
文摘The aim of this work was to study the effect of condensed tannins （CT） on the kinetic of gas production in vitro, on the three main species of Azorean pasture： Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and Lolium perenne, using Quebracho extract as the source of CT, and also to calculate total tannins and condensed tannins on the species studied. Lotus corniculatus, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens were tested in vitro with the inclusion of Quebracho extract in doses of 0%, 2.5% and 5% DM. The total content in tannins was determined in the 3 species. We have found, in comparison with standard tannic acid, that tannins exist in the flower of T. repens （0.81 equivalents of tannic acid） and in L .corniculatus （1.07 equivalents of tannic acid） but not in L .perenne （0 equivalents of tannic acid）. The concentration of condensed tannins in the 3 species was： 0.34 mg/mL for T. repens; 0.83 mg/mL for L. corniculatus and 0 mg/ml for L. perenne. We verified that a significant reduction （P 〈 0.05） of gas production happened for doses of 5% of CT in comparison with the other two concentrations： 0% and 2.5% of CT. The results of this study express a reduction of the fermentation rate, which implies a reduction of gas production, so, a reduction of methane emission to the atmosphere and an increase of exploitation of the protein by ruminants.
基金financially supported by SERC Fast Track OYSSchem,Department of Science and Technology(DST),New Delhi,India[grant No.304/2004(SR/FT/L-129/2004)]
文摘Objective:To investigate antibacterial potential of Trifolium alexandrinum(T.alexandrinum) Linn,against seven gram positive and eleven gram negative hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains responsible for many tropical diseases.Methods:Non-polar and polar extracts of the leaves of T.alexandrinum i.e.,hexane,dichloromethane(DCM),ethyl acetate(EtOAc), methanol(MeOH) and aqueous(AQ) extracts at five different concentrations(1,2,5,10 and 15 mg/ mL) were prepared to evaluate their antibacterial value.NCCL standards were strictly followed to perform antimicrobial disc susceptibility test using disc diffusion method.Results:Polar extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested pathogens.EtOAc and MeOH extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity with higher inhibition zone and were found effective against seventeen of the tested pathogens.While AQ plant extract inhibited the growth of sixteen of the test strains.EtOAc and MeOH plant extracts inhibited the growth of all seven gram positive and ten of the gram negative bacterial strains.Conclusions:The present study strongly confirms the effectiveness of crude leaves extracts against tested human pathogenic bacterial strains causing several tropical diseases.Since Egyptian clover is used as a fodder plant,it could be helpful in controlling various infectious diseases associated with cattle as well.
文摘Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a legume forage abundant in phenolic compounds. It tends to brown when cut for hay, due to oxidation of phenolic compounds catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and subsequent binding to proteins. Selecting for a greener hay may provide information about the relationship of browning, PPO, and phenolics to each other. The red clover Kenland cultivar was selected over eight breeding cycles for decreased browning after being cut and dried 48 h in the field. Expression of PPO1 and PPO3, in Kenland and three of the eight cycles, was compared by real-time quantitative PCR. Phenolic compounds in Kenland and Cycle 8, collected 0, 24, and 48 h after cutting, were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Visual browning scores decreased 12% between Kenland and Cycle 8 (P = 0.02). PPO1 and PPO3 gene expression were not affected by selection. Clovamide decreased 26% in Cycle 8 relative to Kenland (P = 0.016). Sissotrin decreased 10% in Cycle 8 (P = 0.043). Neither total formononetin nor total biochanin A was affected by selection (P = 0.63 and 0.45, respectively). These results suggest that when selecting clover for decreased postharvest browning, a decrease occurs in a phenolic compound that can bind protein independently of PPO. However, PPO1 and PPO3 gene expression, and the major red clover isoflavones, are minimally affected.
