Primary Investigation into the Laser Triggering Multi-Gap Multi-Channel Gas Switch in a Single Test Module Facility

A high precision laser trigger system is built up in the single test module of Primary Test Stand （PTS） facility. A fourth harmonic, with a wavelength A of 266 nm, Q-switched Nd：YAG laser was used to trigger the 5 MV multi-gap multi-channel gas switch which was filled with high pressure SF6-N2 mixture gas. The maximum deviation and the standard deviation in the jitter time of the trigger system is 4- 0.7 ns and 0.3 ns respectively. The maximum deviation and the standard deviation in the jitter time for the multi-gap multi-channel laser triggering switch is 4- 2.4 ns and 1.5 ns respectively. The curve of switch delay-time versus laser energy is obtained, which is helpful for the choice of fitting laser energy. The successful test with two lasers indicated that the design of using twenty-four lasers to trigger twenty-four switches respectively is feasible in ＂PTS＂.

A reusable planar triggered spark-gap switch batched-fabricated with PCB technology for medium- and low-voltage pulse power systems

Triggered spark-gap switch is a popular discharge switch for pulse power systems.Previous studies have focused on planarizing this switch using thin film techniques in order to meet the requirements of compact size in the systems.Such switches are one-shot due to electrodes being too thin to sufficiently resist spark-erosion.Additionally,these switches did not employ any structures in securing internal gas composition,resulting in inconsistent performance under harsh atmospheres.In this work,a novel planar triggered spark-gap switch(PTS)with a hermetically sealed cavity was batched-prepared with printed circuit board(PCB)technology,to achieve reusability with low cost.The proposed PTS was inspected by micro-computed tomography to ensure PCB techniques meet the requirements of machining precision.The results from electrical experiments demonstrated that PCB PTS were consistent and reusable with lifespan over 20 times.The calculated switch voltage and circuit current were consistent with those derived from real-world measurements.Finally,PCB PTS was used to introduce hexanitrostilbene(HNS)pellets in a pulse power system to verify its performance.

Experimental Study on Triggering Characteristics of a Surface Flashover Triggered Vacuum Switch

Triggering characteristics of triggered vacuum switch （TVS）, including the discharge delay time, delay jitter, range of operational voltage and peak of pulsed current, are investigated. Both structure and experimental circuit of TVS are presented. The results indicate that TVS, as a surface flashover triggering device with high dielectric permittivity material, is with excellent triggering characteristics. When the hold-off voltage reaches 120 kV, the minimum operational voltage is 1.3 kV, and the minimum discharge delay time and jitter are 100 ns and ±10 ns, respectively. The peak current is up to 240 kA when the operational voltage reaches 100 kV. TVS can well satisfy the main demands of high voltage and current applications, and can also be used under a multi-crowbar circuit.

Experimental Investigations on Trigger Characteristics of Pseudospark Switch Based on Surface Flashover Technology

A trigger device and a triggered pseudospark switch （TPSS） were designed based on surface flashover technology, in order to meet the requirements from present pulse power technology and pulse current test technology such as a long lifetime, reliability in a wide voltage range, a short delay time, as well as small delay jitters. The trigger devices were made from different dielectric materials, with their permittivities from tens to thousands. The trigger characteristics of TPSS were investigated. The results indicate that the high-dielectric trigger device shows better performance and higher emitted charge of the electron emission within all adjusted parameters including the gas pressure and applied voltage. For the dielectric material with relative permittivity εr of 3460, when the gas pressure is 7 Pa, the hold-off voltage of TPSS is 28 kV, the minimum trigger switch voltage drops to 128 V, the minimum discharging delay time and delay jitter are less than 35ns and 6ns, respectively, and the reliable operation can be reached within a very large range of charging voltage, between 0.46% and 99% of its self-breakdown voltage.

Development of a 4 MV Laser-Triggered Multi-Stage Switch

A 22-stage 4 MV laser-triggered multistage multi-channel switch （LTS） was designed according to the hypothesis that the well-proportioned electrical field distribution is helpful in reducing the jitter of delay. Field distribution in the switch section is regulated by a metal field regulation ring and several gradient rings. In order to reduce the jitter further, a SFB/N2 mixture is chosen as the switching medium. The generalized standard deviation of the self-breakdown voltage and the deviation of the average value from the prediction is less than 4.4% and 13% respectively. Linearity of the self-breakdown voltage is better than 0.95. Triggered by a laser pulse of 35 mJ/3 ns, the delay is about 26 ns at a working voltage of 85±3% USB （Self-breakdown Voltage）. Maximum deviation of delay is less than =t=2.5 ns. Jitter is less than 1.5 ns. The delay and jitter decrease with the increase in the working ratio （the ratio of working voltage to USB）, pressure or voltage.

Emission Current Characteristics of Triggered Device of Vacuum Switch

The characteristics of the triggered vacuum switch （TVS） are obviously influenced by the emission current ie and emission charge of the trigger device. In this paper, an RC charge collector is designed, and the characteristics of emission current ie and collecting charge Qc of the trigger device are studied. The experimental results indicate that the emission current ie which is produced by the initial plasma has both positive and negative components, and the polarity of the emission current ie depends mainly on the polarity of the bias voltage UBias. The emission current ie and collecting charge Qe increase with the increase of the trigger voltage Utr and the bias voltage UBias. The emission efficient r] increases linearly with the increase of the bias voltage UBias. When the gap distance is 15 mm and bias voltage UBias is 160 V and trigger voltage Utr is 2.6 kV, the emission efficiency r/reaches 6%

Comparative study on breakdown characteristics of trigger gap and overvoltage gap in a gas pressurized closing switch

Gas pressurized closing switches are one of the most important elements in FLTD-based systems. Improving the trigger performance of gas switches is useful for optimizing the output parameters and the reliability of the FLTD. In this paper, the breakdown characteristics of the trigger gap and the overvoltage gap are studied experimentally. The reasons for the different breakdown performance of the two gaps are also investigated. The results show that the breakdown delay of the trigger gap is more influenced by the trigger voltage, while the breakdown delay of the overvoltage gap is more influenced by the working coefficient and always higher than that of the trigger gap. The jitter of the trigger gap is more influenced by the trigger voltage and accounts more than 60% of the total switch jitter, while the jitter of the overvoltage gap is hardly changed with the trigger voltage as well as the working coefficient and maintains less than 1.4 ns. It is proved that the discharging product from the trigger gap can effectively reduce the breakdown delay and jitter of the overvoltage gap. Based on that, the effect and improvement of pre-ionization on the two gaps are also studied. It is concluded that the jitter of the trigger gap reduces obviously when the pre-ionization is added, while the pre-ionization almost has no effect on the jitter of the overvoltage gap. The jitter of the overvoltage gap is about two times higher than the trigger gap in the pre-ionizing switch.

Time-varying formation for general linear multi-agent systems via distributed event-triggered control under switching topologies

This paper investigates the time-varying formation problem for general linear multi-agent systems using distributed event-triggered control strategy.Different from the previous works,to achieve the desired time-varying formation,a distributed control scheme is designed in an event-triggered way,in which for each agent the controller is triggered only at its own event times.The interaction topology among agents is assumed to be switching.The common Lyapunov function as well as Riccati inequality is applied to solve the time-varying formation problem.Moreover,the Zeno behavior of triggering time sequences can be excluded for each agent.Finally,a simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Hybrid-triggered consensus for multi-agent systems with time-delays,uncertain switching topologies, and stochastic cyber-attacks

We propose a new approach to discuss the consensus problem of multi-agent systems with time-varying delayed control inputs, switching topologies, and stochastic cyber-attacks under hybrid-triggered mechanism.A Bernoulli variable is used to describe the hybrid-triggered scheme, which is introduced to alleviate the burden of the network.The mathematical model of the closed-loop control system is established by taking the influences of time-varying delayed control inputs,switching topologies, and stochastic cyber-attacks into account under the hybrid-triggered scheme.A theorem as the main result is given to make the system consistent based on the theory of Lyapunov stability and linear matrix inequality.Markov jumps with uncertain rates of transitions are applied to describe the switch of topologies.Finally, a simulation example demonstrates the feasibility of the theory in this paper.

Experimental Research of ZnO Surface Flashover Trigger Device of Pseudo-Spark Switch

Pseudo-spark switch（PSS） is one of the most widely used discharge switches for pulse power technology.It has many special characteristics such as reliability in a wide voltage range,small delay time,as well as small delay jitter.In this paper,the measuring method for the initial plasma of ZnO surface flashover triggering device of PSS is studied and the results of the measurement show that the electron emission charge is mainly influenced by trigger voltage,gas pressure and DC bias voltage.When the bias voltage increases from 2 kV to 6 kV with the gap distancc fixed at 3 mm,the electron emission charge changes from 2 μC to about 6μC.When the gap distance changes from 3 mm to 5 mm with the bias voltage fixed at 2 kV,the electron emission charge increases from 1.5 μC to 2.5μC.When the gap distance is 4 mm,the hold-off voltage of PSS is 45 kV at gas pressure of 2 Pa,the minimum operating voltage is less than 1 kV.So,the operating scope is from 2.22%to 99%of its self-breakdown voltage.The discharging delay time decreases from 450 ns to 150 ns when the trigger pulse voltage is 1 kV and the discharging voltage is changed from 1 kV to 12 kV.When the trigger pulse voltage is 6 kV,the discharging delay time is less than 100 ns and changes from 100 ns to 50 ns,and the delay jitters are less than30 ns.

Event-Triggered Zero-Gradient-Sum Distributed Algorithm for Convex Optimization with Time-Varying Communication Delays and Switching Directed Topologies

Nowadays, distributed optimization algorithms are widely used in various complex networks. In order to expand the theory of distributed optimization algorithms in the direction of directed graph, the distributed convex optimization problem with time-varying delays and switching topologies in the case of directed graph topology is studied. The event-triggered communication mechanism is adopted, that is, the communication between agents is determined by the trigger conditions, and the information exchange is carried out only when the conditions are met. Compared with continuous communication, this greatly saves network resources and reduces communication cost. Using Lyapunov-Krasovskii function method and inequality analysis, a new sufficient condition is proposed to ensure that the agent state finally reaches the optimal state. The upper bound of the maximum allowable delay is given. In addition, Zeno behavior will be proved not to exist during the operation of the algorithm. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the correctness of the results in this paper.

平板触头小开距高电流密度下真空电弧特性的实验研究

平板触头被广泛应用于真空触发开关和真空有载分接开关中,为研究其在高电流密度下的真空电弧特性及阳极模式的转变,该文针对直径15、20mm的平板触头,在3、6mm开距下进行触发燃弧实验,并依次对电弧电压特性、电弧能量特性、电弧形貌、触头烧蚀情况进行分析研究。结果表明:峰值电流一定时,随着触头直径与开距的比值的增大,电弧电压和电弧能量减小。触头直径与开距的比值越小,电弧出现阳极模式的阈值电流越小,且触头烧蚀越严重。在开距6mm时,直径15mm触头电弧电压在大部分时间比较稳定,阳极羽流在电弧快熄灭之前出现,而直径20mm触头电弧电压在整个燃弧期间频繁波动,电弧模式不断变化,阳极羽流在整个燃弧期间都有出现。研究结果对于大电流真空开断具有理论指导意义。

特高压混合直流工程快速旁路保护用兆伏级SF_6间隙等离子体喷射触发特性及工程设计

在江苏白鹤滩±800 kV特高压混合直流工程中,受端交流侧三相接地故障穿越失败时,会在±400 kV柔直母线上产生高幅值过电压,严重威胁柔直阀组安全,而基于等离子体喷射的超快速旁路开关1 ms内将柔直母线快速接地保护柔直阀组是一种全新的解决方案。DC 400 kV触发间隙需满足高耐压(>1.2 MV)、低工作系数(<5%)、短延时(<1 ms)、大通流等严苛要求,而如何实现高气压、长间隙的可靠触发导通,并提出工程化设计方案是关键难题。为此搭建了增强型等离子体喷射触发间隙导通研究平台,重点研究触发电压、气压、间隙长度以及工作系数等关键影响因素对SF_(6)触发间隙导通特性的影响规律。结果表明,提升触发电压可显著提升触发导通概率、降低触发延时,但存在一定的饱和现象;在固定的工作电压下,随气压或间隙长度的增加,工作系数显著减小,导致触发延时骤增且导通概率急剧减小;在相同工作系数下,高气压短间隙的触发导通性能更强。据此提出满足特高压混合直流工程400 kV柔直母线快速接地用DC 400 kV间隙开关,间隙采用复合外套单间隙结构,轮转型触发腔设计实现多次触发。研制了触发间隙试验样机(间隙距离为10 cm、压强为0.5 MPa的SF_(6)),其雷电耐压>1250kV,临界可触发电压<50 kV,导通时延<0.5 ms。该研究结果为特高压混合直流输电系统中柔直阀组快速保护用兆伏级SF_6触发间隙工程应用提供了理论支持和工程初步设计方案。

触发开关自动化装配与调测系统设计

在触发开关生产过程中,实现自动化和智能化是提升产能保证装调质量的先决条件。针对触发开关自动装调和检测的问题,设计一套触发开关自动化装调系统,提出一种动作过载调测自主学习算法,实现触发开关螺钉拧紧距离的自动调测。利用机器视觉方法对装配过程中的关键部件进行缺陷检测,以快速完成装配质量检测。该系统可实现触发开关的自动装配、铆接、检测、调测、灌封和固化等功能。

Zinc Oxide Surface Flashover Triggering of Pseudospark Switch

Accurate and reliable triggering is one of the most important issues with high power pseudospark switch, because it not only has an impact on the design of discharge chamber of switch, but also has an influence on the dynamic range of operation voltage, repetition frequencies and lifetime of switch. The unique feature of pseudospark switch is its hollow cathode geometry. The hollow cathode effect produced by the hollow cathode provides the protection of the switch for the triggering unit from erosion by high discharge plasma. In this paper, a zinc oxide (ZnO) surface flashover triggering is presented. This trigger unit possesses an excellent time delay (80 ns - 360 ns) and jitter (20 ns - 50 ns) at the switch voltage of 30 kV - 2 kV. The emitted plasma electron density is high enough to trigger switch reliably down to switch voltage of 440 V.

Event-Triggered Finite-Time <i>H</i>_∞Control for Switched Stochastic Systems

This paper investigates the problem of event-triggered finite-time H∞ control for a class of switched stochastic systems. The main objective of this study is to design an event-triggered state feedback H∞ controller such that the resulting closed-loop system is finite-time bounded and satisfies a prescribed H∞ level in some given finite-time interval. Based on stochastic differential equations theory and average dwell time approach, sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the finite-time stochastic stability with the prescribed H∞ performance for the relevant closed-loop system by employing the linear matrix inequality technique. Finally, the desired state feedback H∞ controller gain matrices can be expressed in an explicit form.

基于事件触发的高阶切换非线性系统的有限时间动态面跟踪控制

针对一类高阶切换非线性系统,研究了基于事件触发的自适应跟踪控制问题.首先,利用模糊逻辑系统近似系统中的不确定非线性函数.通过引入有限时间收敛的一阶滤波器,解决了由虚拟控制器重复求导所导致的计算复杂度问题.利用backstepping控制技术和公共李雅普诺夫函数方法,提出了一种自适应模糊有限时间动态面控制算法.所提出的控制方案可以保证闭环系统的所有信号在有限时间内实现有界并且跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛到原点的一个小邻域内.最后,数值例子说明了所提出控制策略的有效性.

低抖动激光触发伪火花开关的研究

伪火花开关已经成功地应用于各种脉冲功率应用,包括欧洲大型强子对撞机、反导雷达系统、航空发动机点火等。对于这样的应用,降低开关的延迟和抖动来提升稳定性是非常重要的。设计了一种激光触发伪火花开关,使用波长532 nm的激光,在不同气压、工作电压和触发能量下,测试激光触发伪火花开关的阳极着火延迟时间和抖动两项参数。测试结果表明,增加激光能量可以降低开关的延迟和抖动,实现开关稳定性的激光能量阈值在1.5 mJ,可以使得开关的抖动小于1 ns,继续增大触发能量,开关的延迟和抖动不再明显变化;此外,增大管内的氢气压强可降低开关的延迟和抖动;当触发能量足够大时,改变阳极电压,开关的延迟和抖动不随开关电压而改变。

适用于光导开关触发的V/N气体开关设计与验证

为了满足多路精确同步触发开关要求,将光导开关(PCSS)与V/N气体开关结合,可充分发挥PCSS低触发阈值、低抖动和光电隔离以及V/N气体开关工作电压高、带载能力强等优势。两种开关结合的核心是V/N气体开关结构参数与PCSS触发回路的参数匹配。分析计算了V/N气体开关的结构电容、触发回路振荡参数、开关电场分布等,研究了V/N气体开关的结构电容与PCSS、串联电感等构成的振荡回路的匹配关系,通过实验获得了V/N气体开关自击穿电压曲线、导通延迟时间以及不同欠压比下的延迟时间抖动等,初步验证了适用于PCSS触发的V/N气体开关设计。