Luminescent materials that can be reversibly switched by electric field stimulation are attractive since the potential application for optoelectronic devices.Here we report a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(...Luminescent materials that can be reversibly switched by electric field stimulation are attractive since the potential application for optoelectronic devices.Here we report a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)system with electrophoretic response which is developed as the electrophoretic ink.The TTA-UC system consists of an ionic derivative of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene(DPA)as the annihilator and Pt(II)octaethylporphyrin(PtOEP)as the sensitizer.Upon applying an electric field,migration and enrichment of positively charged DPA derivatives towards the cathode results in a 20%enhancement of TTA-UC.A quasi-solid film for electrically writing is made using the electrophoretic TTA system as the ink and a platinum electrode as a pen.The prototype of TTA-UC ink demonstrates unique luminescence functions upon electrically writing and erasing,providing a promising strategy to develop electronic devices for display,information storage and encryption.展开更多
The enhancement in the efficiency of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)is mainly determined by the triplet energy transfer(TET)and triplet-triplet annihilation(TTA)between the sensitizers and annihilato...The enhancement in the efficiency of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)is mainly determined by the triplet energy transfer(TET)and triplet-triplet annihilation(TTA)between the sensitizers and annihilators.The TET process works efficiently by adjusting the concentration ratio of the sensitizers and annihilators.The efficiency of TTA is determined by the properties of the annihilator.Because TTA is a Dexter-type energy transfer and is affected by the diffusion rate,the energy levels of the excited states and the molecular size are both crucial in TTA.In this study,four isomerized dimers of 9,10-diphenlanthracene(DPA)and anthracene(An)were designed and prepared as annihilators for TTA-UC.The singlet and triplet energy levels could be adjusted by altering the connection position while maintaining the molecular weight and size.When PtOEP was used as the sensitizer,the maximum upconversion efficiency of 9-[4-(9-anthracenyl)phenyl]-10-phenylanthracene(9DPA-9An)was~11.18%.This is four times higher than that of 9,10-diphenyl-2,9-bianthracene(2DPA-9An,2.63%).The calculation of the energies of T_(1)and the higher triplet state(T_(3),because E(T_(2))is similar to the E(T)of these dimers)for these dimers has provided insights into the underlying reasons.These indicated that the energy gap value of 2×E(T_(1))-E(T_(3))is the determining factor for TTA efficiency.This work may provide a better understanding of the excited-state energy levels,which is crucial for designing novel annihilators to enhance the TTA-UCefficiency.展开更多
Water-soluble triplet sensitizer with permethyl-β-cyclodextrin(PMCD)grafting on a Schiff-base Pt(II)complex(Pt-2),in which PMCD unit serves as a host for binding the acceptors and the Schiff-base Pt(II)complex serves...Water-soluble triplet sensitizer with permethyl-β-cyclodextrin(PMCD)grafting on a Schiff-base Pt(II)complex(Pt-2),in which PMCD unit serves as a host for binding the acceptors and the Schiff-base Pt(II)complex serves as a triplet sensitizer,was synthesized to investigate the effect of supramolecular complexation and assembly on the triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion emission in water.9,10-Diphenylanthracence(DPA)carboxylate(A-1)and its dimer(A-2)in which two DPA carboxylate were covalently linked with an alkyl chain were synthesized as triplet acceptors which also play a role of guest molecules for PMCD.A-1 and A-2 showed high affinity with PMCD,and A-2 can readily aggregate in water and form micron sized assemblies due to the hydrophobic effect andπ-πstacking of anthracene core in A-2.The efficiency of TTA-UC was demonstrated to be enhanced by a synergistic effect of host-guest complexation of Pt-2 with A-2 and the self-aggregation of the acceptor A-2,which facilitated the energy transfer and energy fusion among donor and acceptor.展开更多
Photon upconversion is an anti-Stokes process that converts low-energy photons into high-energy photons.The use of upconversion luminescence can avoid the autofluorescence of biological tissue and realize background-f...Photon upconversion is an anti-Stokes process that converts low-energy photons into high-energy photons.The use of upconversion luminescence can avoid the autofluorescence of biological tissue and realize background-free bioimaging with a high signal-to-noise ratio at a low power density.In addition,the excitation of red or near-infrared light facilitates the reduction of photodamage in biological tissues and subsequent bioimaging of deep tissue features in vivo.Meanwhile,upconversion emission-mediated bio sensing offers both high sensitivity and low detection limits for quantitative analysis of the target substances in complicated biological samples.Due to its high upconversion quantum yield,low excitation power density,and tunable absorption and emission wavelengths,triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)has garnered considerable interest for bioimaging and biosensing.This review will introduce the fundamental concepts of TTA-UC,the factors that influence TTA-UC materials,and the methodologies for preparing TTA-UC materials.The important progress of TTA-UC in bioimaging and bio sensing in recent years will also be discussed in detail in vitro and in vivo.Furthermore,the current challenges of TTA-UC in bioimaging and biosensing will be discussed,along with potential solutions.展开更多
A derivative of fluorescein,fluorescein O,O-diacrylate(FODA),was utilized in a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)system to develop a composite ratiometric chemosensor capable of detecting cysteine(Cys)....A derivative of fluorescein,fluorescein O,O-diacrylate(FODA),was utilized in a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)system to develop a composite ratiometric chemosensor capable of detecting cysteine(Cys).FODA acted as both the probe for Cys and the energy acceptor for upconversion(UC)emission,thereby making UC a responsive signal to Cys.In addition,the phosphorescence signal of the sensitizer in the TTA-UC system remained constant and did not respond to Cys,making it an ideal internal reference signal for constructing a ratiometric sensor.Through this simple strategy,traditional fluorescent probes can be combined with TTA-UC system to establish a ratiometric sensing platform,which can be applied in more scenarios due to the longer wavelength excitation.展开更多
The integration of multiple chromophore units into a single molecule is expected to improve the performance of photon upconversion based on triplet−triplet annihilation(TTA-UC)that can convert low energy photons to hi...The integration of multiple chromophore units into a single molecule is expected to improve the performance of photon upconversion based on triplet−triplet annihilation(TTA-UC)that can convert low energy photons to higher energy photons at low excitation intensity.In this study,a macrocyclic parallel dimer of 9,10-diphenylanthracene(DPA)with a precisely parallel orientation,named MPD-2,is synthesized,and its TTAUC properties are investigated.MPD-2 shows a green-to-blue TTA-UC emission in the presence of a triplet sensitizer,platinum octaethylporphyrin(PtOEP).Compared to monomeric DPA,MPD-2 results in an enhancement of the spin statistical factor of TTA and a decrease in the excitation light intensity due to the intramolecular TTA process.The obtained structure−property relationship provides important information for the further improvement of TTA-UC properties.展开更多
The novel triplet–triplet annihilation(TTA)upconversion(UC)field of rubrene(Rub)and dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene(DBP)sensitized by bulk metal halide perovskite,integrated with copper-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octafluor...The novel triplet–triplet annihilation(TTA)upconversion(UC)field of rubrene(Rub)and dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene(DBP)sensitized by bulk metal halide perovskite,integrated with copper-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octafluorophthalocyanine(F_(8)CuPc)as cosensitizer,have been investigated in perovskite solar cells(PVSCs)to minimize sub-bandgap photon transmission loss.The firm hydrogen bonding interaction(F…H–N between F_(8)CuPc and MA+),cation-πinteraction(MA+with Rub),and the hydrophobic characteristic of additives enable F_(8)CuPc:Rub:DBP dually-sensitized p-i-n PVSCs based on MAPbI_(3)and Cs_(0.05)(FA_(0.83)MA_(0.17))_(0.95)Pb(Br_(0.17)I_(0.83))_(3)absorbers to attain champion efficiencies of 20.83%and 21.51%,respectively.Furthermore,due to the excellent photochemical and thermal stability of F_(8)CuPc,the corresponding PVSCs can maintain nearly 80%of the original efficiencies exposed to air with 50∼70%relative humidity over 1100 h and N_(2)at 85℃for 300 h.展开更多
Efficient visible-to-ultraviolet(UV)triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)with large anti-Stokes shift is highly promising for solar-powered and indoor applications.Nonetheless,the excitationwavelengthis co...Efficient visible-to-ultraviolet(UV)triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)with large anti-Stokes shift is highly promising for solar-powered and indoor applications.Nonetheless,the excitationwavelengthis confined to the blue region(<450 nm),mainly due to large energy loss during triplet sensitization,resulting in reduced photon utilization efficiency in practical scenarios.Herein,a series of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence(MR-TADF)compounds are developed as purely organic sensitizers for the purpose of energy-loss reduction,which also feature intense absorbance in the visible region,high intersystem crossing efficiencies,and long triplet lifetimes.By pairing the MR-TADF sensitizers with appropriate acceptors,green-to-UV TTA-UC systems were realized with an anti-Stokes shift up to 1.05 eV,upconversion quantum yield up to 8.6%,and threshold excitation intensity as low as 9.2 mW cm^(−2) in solution.The TTA-UC pairs were applied as internal or external sources of UV photons to trigger energy-demanding photopolymerization and photoligation reactions even under excitation of low-power-density green light-emitting diode light,revealing the broad utility of thesemolecular upconverters.This work unlocks the huge potential of MR-TADF-type sensitizers in upconversion applications.展开更多
Upconversion(UC)technology makes it possible to harvest infrared(IR)light from the sun and has increasingly been employed in recent years to improve the efficiency of solar cells.The progress in the area concerns both...Upconversion(UC)technology makes it possible to harvest infrared(IR)light from the sun and has increasingly been employed in recent years to improve the efficiency of solar cells.The progress in the area concerns both research on fundamental principles and processes of UC and technologies of device fabrication.Significant increase of important solar cell parameters,like short-circuit photocurrent density and open-circuit photovoltage as well as the total photon-to-current efficiency,has been accomplished.We here review the research published during the last few years in the area,in particular we consider the two most cherished techniques,namely the incorporation of upconverting nanophosphors directly into the photoanodes of the solar cells and the introduction of plasmonic metal nanoparticles co-existing with the UC particles.Other ways to achieve strong field enhancement,and the use of the non-linear nature of UC,is to apply microlenses,with or without assisting plasmonic excitation.Further enhanced UC action has been demonstrated by broad band and effective harvesting by organic IR antennas,with subsequent mediation by an intermediate nanoshell of the energy into the upconverting core.Codoping,nanohybrid and layer-by-layer technologies involving upconverting particles as well as the use of upconverting nanoparticles in hole-transport and electrolyte layers,tested in recent works,are also reviewed.While most of these technologies employ upconverting rare earth metals for sequential photon absorption,the main alternative technique,namely triplet-triplet annihilation UC using organic materials,is also reviewed.It is our belief that all these approaches will be further much researched in the near future,with potentially great impact on solar cell technology.展开更多
It is of great significance to construct organic circularly polarized luminescence systems(CPL) with large luminescence dissymmetry factors(g_(lum)) for practical applications. Here we report organic CPL systems const...It is of great significance to construct organic circularly polarized luminescence systems(CPL) with large luminescence dissymmetry factors(g_(lum)) for practical applications. Here we report organic CPL systems constructed by merging triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion chromophores in cellulose matrices. The chirality of the matrix is transferred to the achiral chromophores of photon upconversion and then the multistep energy transfer processes of upconversion amplify g_(lum). The g_(lum)value of upconversion CPL in the left-handed ethyl cellulose and the right-handed(acetyl) ethyl cellulose are up to +0.1 and -0.15, respectively. The study provides a straightforward approach for constructing solid organic upconversion CPL materials with large g_(lum), which may expand the application potentials of organic chiroptical materials.展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22273117,22273110 and 22090012)。
文摘Luminescent materials that can be reversibly switched by electric field stimulation are attractive since the potential application for optoelectronic devices.Here we report a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)system with electrophoretic response which is developed as the electrophoretic ink.The TTA-UC system consists of an ionic derivative of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene(DPA)as the annihilator and Pt(II)octaethylporphyrin(PtOEP)as the sensitizer.Upon applying an electric field,migration and enrichment of positively charged DPA derivatives towards the cathode results in a 20%enhancement of TTA-UC.A quasi-solid film for electrically writing is made using the electrophoretic TTA system as the ink and a platinum electrode as a pen.The prototype of TTA-UC ink demonstrates unique luminescence functions upon electrically writing and erasing,providing a promising strategy to develop electronic devices for display,information storage and encryption.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22133006,21703287)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023QB067,ZR2022MB065)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of the University of Jinan(XKY2068-140200568)Major Subject of the University of Jinan(1420702).
文摘The enhancement in the efficiency of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)is mainly determined by the triplet energy transfer(TET)and triplet-triplet annihilation(TTA)between the sensitizers and annihilators.The TET process works efficiently by adjusting the concentration ratio of the sensitizers and annihilators.The efficiency of TTA is determined by the properties of the annihilator.Because TTA is a Dexter-type energy transfer and is affected by the diffusion rate,the energy levels of the excited states and the molecular size are both crucial in TTA.In this study,four isomerized dimers of 9,10-diphenlanthracene(DPA)and anthracene(An)were designed and prepared as annihilators for TTA-UC.The singlet and triplet energy levels could be adjusted by altering the connection position while maintaining the molecular weight and size.When PtOEP was used as the sensitizer,the maximum upconversion efficiency of 9-[4-(9-anthracenyl)phenyl]-10-phenylanthracene(9DPA-9An)was~11.18%.This is four times higher than that of 9,10-diphenyl-2,9-bianthracene(2DPA-9An,2.63%).The calculation of the energies of T_(1)and the higher triplet state(T_(3),because E(T_(2))is similar to the E(T)of these dimers)for these dimers has provided insights into the underlying reasons.These indicated that the energy gap value of 2×E(T_(1))-E(T_(3))is the determining factor for TTA efficiency.This work may provide a better understanding of the excited-state energy levels,which is crucial for designing novel annihilators to enhance the TTA-UCefficiency.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21971169,21871194,21572142,21372165 and 21321061)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0505903)Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province(Nos.2019YJ0090,2019YJ0160,2017SZ0021)
文摘Water-soluble triplet sensitizer with permethyl-β-cyclodextrin(PMCD)grafting on a Schiff-base Pt(II)complex(Pt-2),in which PMCD unit serves as a host for binding the acceptors and the Schiff-base Pt(II)complex serves as a triplet sensitizer,was synthesized to investigate the effect of supramolecular complexation and assembly on the triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion emission in water.9,10-Diphenylanthracence(DPA)carboxylate(A-1)and its dimer(A-2)in which two DPA carboxylate were covalently linked with an alkyl chain were synthesized as triplet acceptors which also play a role of guest molecules for PMCD.A-1 and A-2 showed high affinity with PMCD,and A-2 can readily aggregate in water and form micron sized assemblies due to the hydrophobic effect andπ-πstacking of anthracene core in A-2.The efficiency of TTA-UC was demonstrated to be enhanced by a synergistic effect of host-guest complexation of Pt-2 with A-2 and the self-aggregation of the acceptor A-2,which facilitated the energy transfer and energy fusion among donor and acceptor.
基金the financial support provided by Research start-up fund of Nankai UniversityTianjin Natural Science Foundation(S22QNG922)+1 种基金National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(013398)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals(Dalian University of Technology)(KF2111)
文摘Photon upconversion is an anti-Stokes process that converts low-energy photons into high-energy photons.The use of upconversion luminescence can avoid the autofluorescence of biological tissue and realize background-free bioimaging with a high signal-to-noise ratio at a low power density.In addition,the excitation of red or near-infrared light facilitates the reduction of photodamage in biological tissues and subsequent bioimaging of deep tissue features in vivo.Meanwhile,upconversion emission-mediated bio sensing offers both high sensitivity and low detection limits for quantitative analysis of the target substances in complicated biological samples.Due to its high upconversion quantum yield,low excitation power density,and tunable absorption and emission wavelengths,triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)has garnered considerable interest for bioimaging and biosensing.This review will introduce the fundamental concepts of TTA-UC,the factors that influence TTA-UC materials,and the methodologies for preparing TTA-UC materials.The important progress of TTA-UC in bioimaging and bio sensing in recent years will also be discussed in detail in vitro and in vivo.Furthermore,the current challenges of TTA-UC in bioimaging and biosensing will be discussed,along with potential solutions.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51873145)Qing Lan Project+1 种基金333 High-level Talents Training Project of Jiangsu Province(BRA2018340)Six Talent Summits Project of Jiangsu Province(XCL-79)
文摘A derivative of fluorescein,fluorescein O,O-diacrylate(FODA),was utilized in a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)system to develop a composite ratiometric chemosensor capable of detecting cysteine(Cys).FODA acted as both the probe for Cys and the energy acceptor for upconversion(UC)emission,thereby making UC a responsive signal to Cys.In addition,the phosphorescence signal of the sensitizer in the TTA-UC system remained constant and did not respond to Cys,making it an ideal internal reference signal for constructing a ratiometric sensor.Through this simple strategy,traditional fluorescent probes can be combined with TTA-UC system to establish a ratiometric sensing platform,which can be applied in more scenarios due to the longer wavelength excitation.
基金supported by the JST START(JPMJSF2303)JSPS KAKENHI(JP23H00304,JP22KF0295,JP23KJ1717)+1 种基金Kyushu University Platform of Inter-/Transdisciplinary Energy Research(Q-PIT)through its“Module-Research Program”Kyushu University Integrated Initiative for Designing Future Society.
文摘The integration of multiple chromophore units into a single molecule is expected to improve the performance of photon upconversion based on triplet−triplet annihilation(TTA-UC)that can convert low energy photons to higher energy photons at low excitation intensity.In this study,a macrocyclic parallel dimer of 9,10-diphenylanthracene(DPA)with a precisely parallel orientation,named MPD-2,is synthesized,and its TTAUC properties are investigated.MPD-2 shows a green-to-blue TTA-UC emission in the presence of a triplet sensitizer,platinum octaethylporphyrin(PtOEP).Compared to monomeric DPA,MPD-2 results in an enhancement of the spin statistical factor of TTA and a decrease in the excitation light intensity due to the intramolecular TTA process.The obtained structure−property relationship provides important information for the further improvement of TTA-UC properties.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(grant nos.52063019,51973088,51833004,and U20A20128)the“Double Thousand Plan”Science and Technology Innovation High-end Talent Project of Jiangxi Province(grant no.jxsq2019201107).
文摘The novel triplet–triplet annihilation(TTA)upconversion(UC)field of rubrene(Rub)and dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene(DBP)sensitized by bulk metal halide perovskite,integrated with copper-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octafluorophthalocyanine(F_(8)CuPc)as cosensitizer,have been investigated in perovskite solar cells(PVSCs)to minimize sub-bandgap photon transmission loss.The firm hydrogen bonding interaction(F…H–N between F_(8)CuPc and MA+),cation-πinteraction(MA+with Rub),and the hydrophobic characteristic of additives enable F_(8)CuPc:Rub:DBP dually-sensitized p-i-n PVSCs based on MAPbI_(3)and Cs_(0.05)(FA_(0.83)MA_(0.17))_(0.95)Pb(Br_(0.17)I_(0.83))_(3)absorbers to attain champion efficiencies of 20.83%and 21.51%,respectively.Furthermore,due to the excellent photochemical and thermal stability of F_(8)CuPc,the corresponding PVSCs can maintain nearly 80%of the original efficiencies exposed to air with 50∼70%relative humidity over 1100 h and N_(2)at 85℃for 300 h.
基金This research was made possible as a result of several generous grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.51903159 and 91833304)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(grant nos.KQTD20170330110107046 and JCYJ20190808151209557).
文摘Efficient visible-to-ultraviolet(UV)triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion(TTA-UC)with large anti-Stokes shift is highly promising for solar-powered and indoor applications.Nonetheless,the excitationwavelengthis confined to the blue region(<450 nm),mainly due to large energy loss during triplet sensitization,resulting in reduced photon utilization efficiency in practical scenarios.Herein,a series of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence(MR-TADF)compounds are developed as purely organic sensitizers for the purpose of energy-loss reduction,which also feature intense absorbance in the visible region,high intersystem crossing efficiencies,and long triplet lifetimes.By pairing the MR-TADF sensitizers with appropriate acceptors,green-to-UV TTA-UC systems were realized with an anti-Stokes shift up to 1.05 eV,upconversion quantum yield up to 8.6%,and threshold excitation intensity as low as 9.2 mW cm^(−2) in solution.The TTA-UC pairs were applied as internal or external sources of UV photons to trigger energy-demanding photopolymerization and photoligation reactions even under excitation of low-power-density green light-emitting diode light,revealing the broad utility of thesemolecular upconverters.This work unlocks the huge potential of MR-TADF-type sensitizers in upconversion applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21975064)Program of Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists(No.GZS2020011)+1 种基金Henan University’s First-class Discipline Science and Technology Research Project(Nos.2018YLTD07,2018YLZDYJ11,2019YLZDYJ09)the Excellent Foreign Experts Project of Henan University。
文摘Upconversion(UC)technology makes it possible to harvest infrared(IR)light from the sun and has increasingly been employed in recent years to improve the efficiency of solar cells.The progress in the area concerns both research on fundamental principles and processes of UC and technologies of device fabrication.Significant increase of important solar cell parameters,like short-circuit photocurrent density and open-circuit photovoltage as well as the total photon-to-current efficiency,has been accomplished.We here review the research published during the last few years in the area,in particular we consider the two most cherished techniques,namely the incorporation of upconverting nanophosphors directly into the photoanodes of the solar cells and the introduction of plasmonic metal nanoparticles co-existing with the UC particles.Other ways to achieve strong field enhancement,and the use of the non-linear nature of UC,is to apply microlenses,with or without assisting plasmonic excitation.Further enhanced UC action has been demonstrated by broad band and effective harvesting by organic IR antennas,with subsequent mediation by an intermediate nanoshell of the energy into the upconverting core.Codoping,nanohybrid and layer-by-layer technologies involving upconverting particles as well as the use of upconverting nanoparticles in hole-transport and electrolyte layers,tested in recent works,are also reviewed.While most of these technologies employ upconverting rare earth metals for sequential photon absorption,the main alternative technique,namely triplet-triplet annihilation UC using organic materials,is also reviewed.It is our belief that all these approaches will be further much researched in the near future,with potentially great impact on solar cell technology.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21673264,21573266,21672226 and 22090012)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.2017032 and 2020035)。
文摘It is of great significance to construct organic circularly polarized luminescence systems(CPL) with large luminescence dissymmetry factors(g_(lum)) for practical applications. Here we report organic CPL systems constructed by merging triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion chromophores in cellulose matrices. The chirality of the matrix is transferred to the achiral chromophores of photon upconversion and then the multistep energy transfer processes of upconversion amplify g_(lum). The g_(lum)value of upconversion CPL in the left-handed ethyl cellulose and the right-handed(acetyl) ethyl cellulose are up to +0.1 and -0.15, respectively. The study provides a straightforward approach for constructing solid organic upconversion CPL materials with large g_(lum), which may expand the application potentials of organic chiroptical materials.
