Lignin Characterization of Triploid Clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones ofPopulus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin （MWL）, lignin carbohydrate complex （LCC） and the residual lignin from kraft pulp （KP） and sulfite pulp （SP） were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio orAl270 cm^-1 to A1226 cm^-1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm^-1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.

THE FIBER MORPHOLOGY VARIATION OF TRIPLOID CLONE OF POPULUS TOMENTOSA CARR.AND ITS SUPPOSED HARVESTING AGE FOR THE PAPER INDUSTRY

The fiber morphology variation of triploid clone of Populus tomentosa Carr. and the supposed harvesting age for the paper industry were investigated in this paper. The results shows that in the first few years, 2-4 years for example, the fiber length at breast high grows faster than it does in the later years. But the standard deviation of distribution in fiber length at breast high in mature wood is larger than in the young tree. The technologically harvestable age of triploid clone of Populus tomentosa Carr., BL304 could be 4-7 year old to meet the requirement for paper industry. The distribution of fiber length become concentrated within an annual ring as the tree grows. The test results also show that the cloned poplar has a small Runkel ratio value (less than 0.4, generally about 0.3), and this ratio increases slightly with the tree grows.

Variation of Leaf Characteristics in Populus tomentosa Carr

An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of variations among nine provenances of Populus tomentosa Carr. in terms of leaf characteristics. A total of 263 accessions were studied under field conditions in the National Gene Bank of P. tomentosa in 2003. All of the accessions were characterized by 17 indices from 1 to 2-dimension constructions. Variance analysis of all characteristics showed that there were significant differences among the nine provenances and among individuals within each provenance. This study reveals that the evaluated germplasm appears to have a wide genetic base and high potential for further genetic improvements and it also indicates that abundant gene resources of P. tomentosa have been collected and preserved in the National Gene Bank.

Incidence and molecular markers of 2n pollen in Populus tomentosa Carr

Microscopic examination and AFLP molecular markers were employed to determine the incidence and related markers of 2n pollen (unreduced pollen) in Populus tomentosa Carr. The parallel and tripolar spindle at metaphase Ⅱ and the absence of cytokinesis at telophase Ⅱ led to the formation of 2n pollen. A group of 298 clones came from their indigenous areas was investigated for the production of 2n pollen based on the pollen size differences, within a clone and between n and 2n pollen. Pollen grains of 224 clones were collected, six of them only produced normal pollen, and the rest produced 2n pollen at different frequencies (0.6% -21.9%). Clones producing six normal and 22 2n pollen were selected for AFLP analysis. Following an initial screening with 55 primer combinations, the E50-M38 (CAT/ACT) primer was identified, which generated a PCR fragment (246 bp) from the normal clones, but not from the 2n pollen producers. In addition, the E31-M50 (AAA/CAT) amplified DNA fragment (204 bp) that was present in 2n pollen producers, and absent in normal clones. Two polymorphic bands were found and they were distinguished between normal and 2n pollen clones. They are very useful as AFLP markers for molecular-assisted selection in triploid breeding of 2n gametes in P.tomentosa.

Model of leaf energy distribution and its experimental validation of Populus tomentosa Carr

Leaf temperature of a plant is the result of heat transfer between the plant and its environment. There are many factors that can affect leaf temperature, such as the solar radiation energy, environmental temperature, wind velocity, evaporation on the leaf surface, photosynthesis, respiration and so on, which have different effects on the temperature of leaves. In first instance, we analyzed the heat transfer on leaves of Populus tomentosa Carr. theoretically and constructed a model of energy distribution. We then validated the model by analyzing seven different kinds of one-year-old P. tomentosa leaves experimentally. The result shows that solar radiation is the main energy input and the dominant ways of thermal diffusion are heat transfer between the upper and lower leaf surfaces and evaporation from the leaf surface.

Duplication of Locus Coding of Malate Dehydrogenase in Populus tomentosa Carr

Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was used to study crude enzyme extraction from young leaves of 234 clones of Populus tomentosa Cart. selected from nine provenances in North China. Ten enzyme systems were resolved. One hundred and fifty-six clones showing unusual allozyme band patterns at locus Mdh-Ⅰ were found. Three allozyme bands at locus Mdh-Ⅰ were 9：6：1 in concentration. Further studies on the electrophoretic patterns of ground mixed pollen extraction of 30 male clones selected at random from the 156 clones were conducted and it was found that allozyme bands at locus Mdh-Ⅰ were composed of two dark-stained bands and a weak band. Only one group of the malate dehydrogenase （MDH） zymogram composed of two bands was obtained from the electrophoretic segregation of pollen leachate of the same clones. A comparison of the electrophoretic patterns one another suggested that the locus Mdh-Ⅰ coding malate dehydrogenase in diploid species of P. tomentosa was duplicated. The duplicate gene locus possessed three same alleles and was located in mitochondria. The locus duplication of alleles coding malate dehydrogenase in P.tomentosa was discovered and reported for the first time.

Improvement in salt tolerance of Populus tomentosa from transformation by a mtl-D gene

Transgenic lines were achieved by transforming the E. coli 1-phosphate mannitol dehydrogenase gene （mtl-D） into the Populus tomentosa Cart. genome. An Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain （AGL1）, constructed by cloning mtl-D into the disarmed plasmid pBin438, was used to infect leaves of the clone YW2. The infected leaf discs were cultured on a medium containing 30 mg.L 1 kanamycin and 500 mg.L 1 cefotaxime. Transgenic plantlets regenerated from the infected leaves, rooted on the medium con- taining 30 mg.L 1 kanamycin. PCR and a Southern blotting test verified that the exogenous mtl-D gene had integrated into the trans- formation plants of the P. tomentosa genome. The mannitol content in control plant was 69 gg.gl FW, and the mannitol contents of the transgenic lines T1 to T5 ranged between 103.7 and 289.5 μg·g^-1 FW. Of the shoots of the control plants 20% survived; on the medium containing 0.6% NaCl, 60% and 70% of two transgenic shoots survived on a medium containing 0.8% NaCI.

Comparison and early selection of new clones in Populus tomentosa

In our study, two experimental plantations, respectively, with 24 and 32 new clones of P tomentosa, were established in Weixian County, Hebei Province and Wuzhi County, Henan Province using a completely randomized block design. A comparative study was conducted on the continuous 5-year-old height and diameter at breast height （DBH） of new clones in the two plantations. As well, based on genetic correlation over the years of testing of these clones, a preliminary study of early selection was carried out. Results indicate that the growth traits of the new clones in Weixian were better than those in Wuzhi. The traits show weak correlation between the two plantations. In some stands, the height, DBH and seedling volume of 5-year-old clones presented statistically significant differences among clones. In both plantations, the new clones showed over 0.6 repeatability of height, DBH and volume, as well as larger coefficients of variation （CV）. The fact that these clones achieved the largest repeatability and CV in the second year suggests that these traits are highly controlled by heredity. Thus, based on the growth traits of the second year, the new clones B305, B307, B303, H75, BT18, BT17 and 21J-1 were considered suitable in Weixian. In Wuzhi, the new clones had variable repeatability and CVs in various years and their correlation of growth traits among different years was not high. We conclude that early selection of new clones was not feasible in Wuzhi.

RESEARCH ON FIBER MORPHOLOGY AND PULPING PROPERTIES OF THE TRIPLOID OF PLPULUS TOMENTOSA FROM PLANTATION AT DIFFERENT AGES

The fiber morphology and pulping properties of triploid of populus tomentosa from plantation at different ages were investigated in the paper,also the main chemical compositions were determined. The results showed that the difference of chemical compositions is not significant, and the extractive contents become bigger in some sort with age, the difference of length weighted mean length of fiber also is not significant, and coarseness of fiber has trend of augment by degree, while the fines content increases obviously with age. That difference of pulping properties between chemical pulping (KP process and Soda-AQ process) and chemimechanical pulping (SCMP process and APMP process) is not significant, which is consistent with the analysis of chemical composition and fiber morphology. Considering comprehensively, the tree age of 5 years is better for paper making industry, also the mixed pulping with different ages of the triploid of populus tomentosa is feasible with steady pulp quality.

毛白杨凋落叶对节节麦种子萌发和表型可塑性的影响

以节节麦(Aegilops tauschii Coss.)种子和幼苗为研究对象,分别用毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)凋落叶浸提液和毛白杨凋落叶进行处理,探讨毛白杨凋落叶化感防除节节麦的可行性,并分析节节麦在化感逆境中的入侵机制。结果表明:毛白杨凋落叶化感物质对节节麦种子和幼苗均能产生明显的低促高抑化感作用,5 mg·mL^(-1)凋落叶浸提液对种子萌发有促进效应,大于等于40 mg·mL^(-1)时转为抑制效应,使发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数显著(P<0.05)降低,60 mg·mL^(-1)时抑制作用最强;毛白杨凋落叶低添加量(30 g)时,显著促进节节麦各部分构件生物量积累,显著增加总叶面积;施用120 g凋落叶可强烈抑制其生长,使根、茎、叶生物量,以及总叶面积、平均叶面积、叶生物量比、叶根比、相对生长速率显著(P<0.05)降低,证明毛白杨凋落叶对节节麦具备一定的化感作用,具备抑草潜力,高浓度毛白杨凋落叶化感物质显著抑制其种子萌发和植株生长。节节麦作为入侵植物,在适应环境的过程中,根、茎、叶均表现出较强的表型可塑性,尤其是叶片相关指标,总叶面积、叶重、叶生物量比的表型可塑性指数分别为0.81、0.78、0.34。

不同修枝处理对10年生三倍体毛白杨生长和光合特性的影响

为探讨中高林龄杨树(Populus)光合生理特性对不同修枝强度的响应规律,以10年生三倍体毛白杨(triploid Populus tomentosa)无性系B301与S86为研究对象,采用轻度修枝(修去树冠下部1/3枝条)和重度修枝(修去树冠下部1/2枝条),以及未修枝杨树为对照,研究不同强度修枝对10年生毛白杨生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:对于10年生中高龄杨树,修枝对树高、胸径、材积增长率无显著影响,但重度修枝能提高剩余叶片的净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s)),增强单叶水平上物质合成的能力,而修枝对瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)影响不显著。从生长和光合角度综合分析,修去树冠下部1/2枝条能够改善10年生毛白杨生理状况,但对林木生长无明显促进作用。

短轮伐期毛白杨S86纸浆林生长对沟灌水肥耦合的响应

【目的】研究沟灌水氮耦合对三倍体毛白杨S86高密度短轮伐期纸浆林林木生长和林分生产力的影响,旨在为选择适合当地的高效沟灌-施肥技术制度提供科学理论依据。【方法】以山东省高唐县三倍体毛白杨S86为研究对象,采用完全随机区组试验设计,监测3个灌溉水平,即土壤水势值达到-20 kPa(W1)、-33 kPa(W2)、-45 kPa(W3)时开始灌溉,和4个施氮水平(N1,120 kg/(hm^(2)·a);N2,190 kg/(hm^(2)·a);N3,260 kg/(hm^(2)·a);N4,0 kg/(hm^(2)·a))组合下短轮伐期内(2017-2020年)胸径、相对生长率、蓄积、生产力的变化规律,并设置无灌溉施肥作为对照处理(CK)。【结果】三倍体毛白杨S86的胸径生长速生期持续较长,生长季内各处理不同林龄林分胸径生长均符合Logistic函数(R_(2)>0.99),各沟灌施肥处理的差异主要表现在6月份。沟灌施氮处理对2年生毛白杨S86林木胸径增长量、相对生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),而对3~5年生毛白杨S86林木影响不显著。水肥耦合措施对2~3年生林木平均蓄积量和平均生产力促进作用较强,而对4~5年生林木促进作用不显著。毛白杨S86林木4年的年均生产力为19.65~25.31 m^(3)/(hm^(2)·a),其中年均生产力最大的处理W1N1,显著高于CK 28.41%(P<0.05);5年生林分W1N1处理下林木生长最优,单位面积蓄积和平均生产力分别达到104.39 m^(3)/hm^(2)和27.42 m^(3)/(hm^(2)·a),较CK处理分别提高28.15%和11.74%。【结论】沟灌水肥耦合措施对2~3年生三倍体毛白杨林木的单位面积蓄积和年度生产力有不同程度的提高,而对4~5年生毛白杨S86单位面积蓄积和年度生产力无明显作用,其中W1N1沟灌施氮处理生长最优;在气候和土壤条件相近条件下,保持水分充足(灌溉阈值为-20 kPa)以及较低的施氮量(120 kg/(hm^(2)·a))时最有利于以纸浆林为培育目标的高密度短轮伐期毛白杨林木的生长。

毛白杨嵌合体扦插生根相关理化特性分析

对自宁晋县获得的毛白杨嵌合体扦插生根过程的动态跟踪分析表明 ,嵌合体过氧化物酶活性在扦插初期呈上升趋势 ,第 5d升至高峰 ,之后下降 ,第 7d至低谷 ,第 17d又出现一高峰 ,而毛白杨没有此规律 ,并且前期与此恰好相反 ;酚类、黄酮类物质与过氧化物酶活性变化相似 ,也有两个高峰 ,毛白杨中变化与嵌合体相反 ,且含量高于嵌合体 ;吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性变化规律与过氧化物酶刚好相反。试验证明嵌合体易生根与过氧化物酶活性、吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性及酚类、黄酮类含量密切相关 ,是协同作用的综合结果 。

三倍体毛白杨硬枝扦插容器育苗基质的筛选(英文)

[Objective] The experiment was aimed to select effective and economical media for container seedling of triploid clones of Populus tomentosa that was carried out. [Method] The sandy loam, peat, perlite, vermiculite, riversand, sludge were taken as media of hardwood cutting and survival rate, seedling height were taken as indexes to select media for container seedling of triploid clones of Populus tomentosa. [Result] Different mixedmedia had great influence on survival rates of container seedlings. Taking peat and vermiculite with the proportion of 5∶2 (M10) or peat ,vermiculite with the proportion of 7∶2 (M11) or sandy loam (M1) as media would generate higher cutting survival rate that was higher than 90.0%. There were significant differece in height increments of container seedlings. Taking sandy loam, peat and vermiculite with the proportion of 6∶2∶2(M5)or sandy loam (M1), seedling height of 60-days the seedling was over 37.0 cm. [Conclusion] According to cost analysis of nursery medium, the optimum medium for hardwood cuttings container seedling-raising of triploid clones of Populus tomentosa was sandy loam.

毛白杨天然三倍体选种研究

对毛白杨优良无性系进行了染色体检查和花粉观察，结果表明：（１）在毛白杨自然花粉中有形态较大的大花粉粒的存在，大花粉粒染色体计数为１ｎ＝２ｘ＝３８，证明这种大花粉粒为天然染色体未减数的２ｎ花粉；（２）毛白杨分布区中有天然三倍体（２ｎ＝３ｘ＝５７）的存在。现已检出５个毛白杨天然三倍体无性系，它们分别位于毛白杨分布区的北部、西部与南部，相距甚远，表明其存在具有普遍性；（３）毛白杨天然三倍体在材积生长、纤维特性、干型和抗性等方面具有优势，与生产群体相比，其材积生长的遗传增益平均超出５６４％，其中表现最佳的Ｂ３８３可超出１５４％。这些毛白杨天然三倍体的发现，对于杨树遗传育种的学术研究和毛白杨木浆、木片的产业化利用等具有重要意义，显示了毛白杨三倍体的巨大开发潜力和栽培价值。

三倍体毛白杨叶片营养DRIS诊断

采用L1645正交设计法对造林后的三倍体毛白杨进行了施肥试验,运用DRIS诊断法对其叶片营养元素进行了研究。结果表明,以造林第3年7～10月份三倍体毛白杨叶片N、P、K元素浓度测定值为依据,成功制定了DRIS图解法及指数法的营养诊断标准,经检验取得了较高的诊断正确率。三倍体毛白杨叶片N、P、K三元素浓度最佳比值范围为N/P=19.116±1.270;N/K=3.054±0.289;K/P=6.356±0.651。DRIS诊断标准分别经各月份林木叶片养分元素浓度回代检验,林木N、P、K需肥次序与实际施肥量基本一致,其中以9月份林木各处理为例,诊断正确率达到了80%以上。3年生三倍体毛白杨林木对N、P、K需求次序为N>K>P,与DRIS诊断结果一致。运用DRIS法诊断得到的三倍体毛白杨叶片养分浓度最佳比值范围将为三倍体毛白杨的合理施肥,大面积推广提供科学依据。

三倍体毛白杨木质素结构特性研究

随着造纸工业的持续高速发展 ,造纸原料 (特别是木材原料 )的稳定供应已经成为一个亟待解决的问题 .三倍体毛白杨具有生长快、纤维形态好等优点 ,很有希望成为我国造纸工业的重要原料 .为了深入了解三倍体毛白杨的纤维特性 (特别是木质素的含量和化学结构 ) ,该研究不仅对三倍体毛白杨的纤维特性进行了分析 ,而且用硝基苯氧化法结合红外光谱、1 H -NMR详细分析了其木质素的化学结构 .研究结果证明 :三倍体毛白杨的木质素含量较普通毛白杨要低 ,但是其缩合型结构的比例比较高 ,木质素中游离酚羟基的含量也比较低 .

毛白杨叶片再生系统的建立(英文)

The establishment of high frequency regeneration system is a foundation for Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation. In this work, several important factors influencing the efficiency of regeneration of plants, such as concentration of plant growth regulators, leaf explant orientation, leaf growth sequence and leaf segment, were studied. The results indicated that the differentiation rate of adventitious shoots was 90% on basal MS medium only supplemented with 1 5?mg·L -1 BA (6 benzyladenine) and reached the highest level(95%) when 1 0?mg·L -1 BA and 0 3?mg·L -1 NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) were added to MS medium. 90% of differentiation rate of adventitious roots were obtained when 0 3?mg·L -1 NAA was only added to MS medium. It was also found that more adventitious shoots were regenerated from the lower segment of leaf (with petiole) than the other segments, the number of adventitious shoots decreased from top to base of leaf growth sequence and the percentage of adventitious shoot induction with adaxial side downward was higher than that with adaxial side upward.