Co-doped BaFe_(2)As_(2) Josephson junction fabricated with a focused helium ion beam

Josephson junction plays a key role not only in studying the basic physics of unconventional iron-based superconductors but also in realizing practical application of thin-film based devices,therefore the preparation of high-quality iron pnictide Josephson junctions is of great importance.In this work,we have successfully fabricated Josephson junctions from Co-doped BaFe_(2)As_(2)thin films using a direct junction fabrication technique which utilizes high energy focused helium ion beam(FHIB).The electrical transport properties were investigated for junctions fabricated with various He^(+)irradiation doses.The junctions show sharp superconducting transition around 24 K with a narrow transition width of 2.5 K,and a dose correlated foot-structure resistance which corresponds to the effective tuning of junction properties by He^(+)irradiation.Significant J_c suppression by more than two orders of magnitude can be achieved by increasing the He^(+)irradiation dose,which is advantageous for the realization of low noise ion pnictide thin film devices.Clear Shapiro steps are observed under 10 GHz microwave irradiation.The above results demonstrate the successful fabrication of high quality and controllable Co-doped BaFe_(2)As_(2)Josephson junction with high reproducibility using the FHIB technique,laying the foundation for future investigating the mechanism of iron-based superconductors,and also the further implementation in various superconducting electronic devices.

Evolution of helium bubbles in FeCoNiCr-based high-entropy alloys containing γ′ nanoprecipitates

A series of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) containing nanoprecipitates of varying sizes is successfully prepared by a non-consuming vacuum arc melting method.In order to study the irradiation evolution of helium bubbles in the FeCoNiCrbased HE As with γ' precipitates,these samples are irradiated by 100-keV helium ions with a fluence of 5 × 10^(20) ions/m^(2) at 293 K and 673 K,respectively.And the samples irradiated at room temperature are annealed at different temperatures to examine the diffusion behavior of helium bubbles.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) is employed to characterize the structural morphology of precipitated nanoparticles and the evolution of helium bubbles.Experimental results reveal that nanosized,spherical,dispersed,coherent,and ordered L1_(2)-type Ni_(3)Ti γ' precipitations are introduced into FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs by means of ageing treatments at temperatures between 1073 K and 1123 K.Under the ageing treatment conditions adopted in this work,γ' nanoparticles are precipitated in FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HE As,with average diameters of 15.80 nm,37.09 nm,and 62.50 nm,respectively.The average sizes of helium bubbles observed in samples after 673-K irradiation are 1.46 nm,1.65 nm,and 1.58 nm,respectively.The improvement in the irradiation resistance of FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs is evidenced by the diminution in bubbles size.Furthermore,the FeCoNiCr(Ni_(3)Ti)_(0.1) HEAs containing γ' precipitates of 15.8 nm exhibits the minimum size and density of helium bubbles,which can be ascribed to the considerable helium trapping effects of heterogeneous coherent phase boundaries.Subsequently,annealing experiments conducted after 293-K irradiation indicate that HEAs containing precipitated phases exhibits smaller apparent activation energy(E_(a)) for helium bubbles,resulting in larger helium bubble size.This study provides guidance for improving the irradiation resistance of L1_(2)-strengthened high-entropy alloy.

Genetic source,migration and accumulation of helium under deep thermal fluid activities:A case study of Ledong diapir area in Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

Based on the geochemical parameters and analytical data,the heat conservation equation,mass balance law,Rayleigh fractionation model and other methods were used to quantify the in-situ yield and external flux of crust-derived helium,and the initial He concentration and thermal driving mechanism of mantle-derived helium,in the Ledong Diapir area,the Yinggehai Basin,in order to understand the genetic source,migration and accumulation mechanisms of helium under deep thermal fluid activities.The average content of mantle-derived He is only 0.0014%,the ^(3)He/^(4)He value is(0.002–2.190)×10^(−6),and the R/Ra value ranges from 0.01 to 1.52,indicating the contribution of mantle-derived He is 0.09%–19.84%,while the proportion of crust-derived helium can reach over 80%.Quantitative analysis indicates that the crust-derived helium is dominated by external input,followed by in-situ production,in the Ledong diapir area.The crust-derived helium exhibits an in-situ 4 He yield rate of(7.66–7.95)×10^(−13)cm^(3)/(a·g),an in-situ 4 He yield of(4.10–4.25)×10^(−4)cm^(3)/g,and an external 4 He influx of(5.84–9.06)×10^(−2)cm^(3)/g.These results may be related to atmospheric recharge into formation fluid and deep rock-water interactions.The ratio of initial mole volume of 3 He to enthalpy(W)is(0.004–0.018)×10^(−11) cm^(3)/J,and the heat contribution from the deep mantle(X_(M))accounts for 7.63%–36.18%,indicating that deep hot fluid activities drive the migration of mantle-derived 3 He.The primary helium migration depends on advection,while the secondary migration is controlled by hydrothermal degassing and gas-liquid separation.From deep to shallow layers,the CO_(2/3) He value rises from 1.34×10^(9)to 486×10^(9),indicating large amount of CO_(2)has escaped.Under the influence of deep thermal fluid,helium migration and accumulation mechanisms include:deep heat driven diffusion,advection release,vertical hydrothermal degassing,shallow lateral migration,accumulation in traps far from faults,partial pressure balance and sealing capability.

Atomistic study on the microscopic mechanism of grain boundary embrittlement induced by small dense helium bubbles in iron

The helium bubbles induced by 14 MeV neutron irradiation can cause intergranular fractures in reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel,which is a candidate structural material for fusion reactors.In order to elucidate the susceptibility of different grain boundaries(GBs)to helium-induced embrittlement,the tensile fracture processes of 10 types of GBs with and without helium bubbles in body-centered cubic(bcc)iron at the relevant service temperature of 600 K were investigated via molecular dynamics methods.The results indicate that in the absence of helium bubbles,the GBs studied here can be classified into two distinct categories:brittle GBs and ductile GBs.The atomic scale analysis shows that the plastic deformation of ductile GB at high temperatures originates from complex plastic deformation mechanisms,including the Bain/Burgers path phase transition and deformation twinning,in which the Bain path phase transition is the most dominant plastic deformation mechanism.However,the presence of helium bubbles severely inhibits the plastic deformation channels of the GBs,resulting in a significant decrease in elongation at fractures.For bubble-decorated GBs,the ultimate tensile strength increases with the increase in the misorientation angle.Interestingly,the coherent twin boundary∑3{112}was found to maintain relatively high fracture strength and maximum failure strain under the influence of helium bubbles.

Characteristics and main controlling factors of helium resources in the main petroliferous basins of the North China Craton

At present, the main controlling factors of helium accumulation is one of the key scientific problems restricting the exploration and development of helium reservoir. In this paper, based on the calculation results of He generation rate and the geochemical characteristics of the produced gas, both the similarities and differences between natural gas and He resources in the Bohai Bay, Ordos and the surrounding Songliao Basin are compared and analyzed, discussing the main controlling factors of helium resources in the three main petroliferous basins of the North China Craton. It is found that the three basins of Bohai Bay, Ordos and Songliao have similar characteristics of source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks, that's why their methane resource characteristics are essentially the same. The calculated ~4He generation per cubic metamorphic crystalline basement in the three basins is roughly equivalent, which is consistent with the measured He resources, and it is believed that the ~4He of radiogenic from the crust is the main factor controlling the overall He accumulation in the three basins;there is almost no contribution of the mantle-derived CH_4, which suggests that the transport and uplift of mantle-derived ~3He carried by the present-day magmatic activities along the deep-large faults is not the main reason for the mantle-derived ~3He mixing in the basins. Combined with the results of regional volcanic and geophysical studies,it is concluded that under the background of the destruction of North China Craton, magma intrusion carried a large amount of mantle-derived material and formed basic volcanic rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin and Songliao Basin, which replenished mantle-derived ~3He for the interior of the basins, and that strong seismic activities in and around the basins also promoted the upward migration of mantle source ~3He. This study suggests that the tectonic zone with dense volcanic rocks in the Cenozoic era and a high incidence of historical strong earthquakes history may be a potential area for helium resource exploration.

Neutronic analysis of Indian helium-cooled solid breeder tritium breeding module for testing in ITER

India has proposed the helium-cooled solid breeder blanket concept as a tritium breeding module to be tested in ITER.The module has lithium titanate for tritium breeding and beryllium for neutron multiplication.Beryllium also enhances tritium breeding.A design for the module is prepared for detailed analysis.Neutronic analysis is performed to assess the tritium breeding rate,neutron distribution,and heat distribution in the module.The tritium production distribution in submodules is evaluated to support the tritium transport analysis.The tritium breeding density in the radial direction of the module is also assessed for further optimization of the design.The heat deposition profile of the entire module is generated to support the heat removal circuit design.The estimated neutron spectrum in the radial direction also provides a more in-depth picture of the nuclear interactions inside the material zones.The total tritium produced in the HCSB module is around 13.87 mg per full day of operation of ITER,considering the 400 s ON time and 1400 s dwell time.The estimated nuclear heat load on the entire module is around 474 kW,which will be removed by the high-pressure helium cooling circuit.The heat deposition in the test blanket model(TBM)is huge(around 9 GJ)for an entire day of operation of ITER,which demonstrates the scale of power that can be produced through a fusion reactor blanket.As per the Brayton cycle,it is equivalent to 3.6 GJ of electrical energy.In terms of power production,this would be around 1655 MWh annually.The evaluation is carried out using the MCNP5 Monte Carlo radiation transport code and FEDNL 2.1 nuclear cross section data.The HCSB TBM neutronic performance demonstrates the tritium production capability and high heat deposition.

氦气地质理论认识、资源勘查评价与全产业链一体化评价关键技术

鉴于我国氦气产业链理论技术需求,针对国内外尚无系统的氦气地质理论认识,缺乏针对性的氦气资源评价方法、参数取值标准,缺乏氦气含量综合准确检测、有利富集区优选方法,无成本指标优化体系及全产业链一体化评价方法等卡点和难点,本文运用地质、地球化学、重磁电震、投资经济等多学科方法及实验技术,集中力量攻克氦气成藏机理、资源评价及资产评价的关键技术瓶颈。研发形成1项地质理论认识和3项关键技术:基于典型富氦气藏解剖、地下流体中“氦-气-水”相平衡及相-势耦合分析,研究提出氦气“水溶相、气容相、游离相”3种主要赋存状态、“集流、渗流、扩散”3种运移机理、“近氦源、邻断裂、低压区、高部位”4项分布富集控制因素,初步建立了基于“优质氦源、高效输导、适宜载体”的氦气“生-运-聚”地质理论认识。针对国内氦气含量检测技术参差不齐、部分准确度差、与国外数据差别大、无针对性的氦气资源评价方法等系列难题,以氦气源及氦气含量为核心,研发氦气含量综合准确检测技术,构建4类10种氦气资源评价方法,解决了氦气资源分级分类评价的技术瓶颈。针对基底氦源分布、岩性识别、通源断裂刻画及含氦储层评价难题,创建了归一化重磁下延方案,研发了基于深度学习的多尺度断裂智能识别技术和不同氦气含量下的气藏声学性质模拟方法,为氦源岩分布预测、通源断裂刻画、含氦储层测井解释评价及预测奠定了基础。通过建立多元控氦的富氦区带与目标优选技术,解决了富氦区带与目标优选难题。针对国内贫氦实际情况,以提氦装置投资和操作成本最小化为目标,采用响应面法建立优化目标与各主要工艺参数的非线性回归模型,建立了氦气全产业链一体化评价技术,初步解决了天然气低成本提氦工艺流程优化的技术需求。研究成果为我国长期、安全、规模利用氦气资源资产提供了有效支撑。

氦气资源形成地质条件、成因机理与富集规律

借鉴含油气系统思路及方法,基于典型富氦气田解剖,并利用地球化学成藏方法技术,研究天然气中氦气资源形成的地质条件、成因机理与富集规律。结果表明:①氦气“生-运-聚”机理与天然气有显著差异性,氦气主要为基底富U、Th元素缓慢α衰变或深部壳幔氦释放,沿岩石圈复合输导体系运移至天然气成藏系统,依附适宜载体气聚集成藏。②氦运移输导主要受“岩石圈断裂、基底断裂、沉积层断裂、有效输导层”复合输导体系控制,基于地下流体中“氦-气-水”相平衡及相-势耦合综合分析,提出氦气运聚过程中具有“水溶相、气溶相、游离相”3种主要赋存状态,存在氦气“集流、渗流、扩散”3种运移方式。③富氦气藏形成和氦气富集通常受控于“优质氦源、高效输导、适宜载体”3大主控要素,具有“脱溶汇聚、浮力驱动、压差驱替”3种聚集成藏动力类型,已发现富氦气藏具有相对“近氦源、邻断裂、低势区、高部位”的分布规律和成藏模式。④氦气富集区勘探和评价需要依托天然气兼探/并探,在评价落实氦气“源-运-聚”要素与天然气“生-储-盖”条件耦合匹配性、局部相对低势高部位有利圈闭载体气区的基础上,综合评价优选“通源连圈、低势高位、气氦适配”的有利氦气富集区。

Numerical simulation of tritium behavior under a postulated accident condition for CFETR TEP system

China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR)is China's self-designed and ongoing next-generation fusion reactor project.Tritium confinement systems in CFETR guarantee that the radiation level remains below the safety limit during tritium handling and operation in the fuel cycle system.Our tritium technology team is responsible for studying tritium transport behavior in the CFETR tritium safety confinement systems of the National Key R&D Program of China launched in 2017,and we are conducting CFETR tritium plant safety analysis by using CFD software.In this paper,the tritium migration and removal behavior were studied under a postulated accident condition for the Tokamak Exhaust Processing system of CFETR.The quantitative results of the transport behavior of tritium in the process room and glove box during the whole accident sequence(e.g.,tritium release,alarm,isolation,and tritium removal)have been presented.The results support the detailed design and engineering demonstration-related research of CFETR tritium plant.

Rapid growth of nanostructure on tungsten thin film by exposure to helium plasma

A fiberform nanostructure was synthesized by exposing high-density helium plasma to a 100 nm thick tungsten thin film in the linear plasma device NAGDIS-II.After helium plasma exposure,the cross-section of samples was observed by a scanning electron microscope,transmission electron microscope,and focused ion beam scanning electron microscope.It is shown that the thickness of the nanostructured layer increases significantly for only a short irradiation time.The optical absorptivity remains high,even though it is exposed to helium plasma for a short time.The usage of the thin film can shorten the processing time for nanostructure growth,which will be beneficial for commercial production.

Fine and hyperfine structures of pionic helium atoms

The fine and hyperfine structures of pionic helium metastable states is calculated within the formalism of the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian by using the variationally generated wave functions in Hylleraas coordinates.Our results not only verify the existing values of Hori et al.[Phys.Rev.A 89,042515(2014)]for the fine structure of π^(4)He^(+),but also determine the hyperfine structure of π^(3)He^(+).

Characteristics of the plasma sheath in helium discharge within dielectric tubes

To understand the characteristics of the plasma sheath within small tubes,a 2D numerical model of He discharge within dielectric tubes is developed.During plasma propagation for a tube diameter of 0.05 mm,the sheath thickness in the plasma head is almost equal to the tube radius.It decreases rapidly to several micrometers at an axial distance of 0.05 mm behind the plasma head,and then slightly increases and saturates at the axial position far behind the plasma head.A plasma-gas sheath surrounding the central plasma column is observed for a tube diameter equal to or greater than 0.8 mm.It is replaced by a plasma-wall sheath for smaller tubes.With the decrease in the tube diameter,the sheath thickness far behind the plasma head decreases while the ion flux increases significantly.However,when O_(2)gas with a proportion of 2%is added,both the sheath thickness and ion flux decrease.

Numerical studies on the influences of gas temperature on atmospheric-pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge characteristics

A fast-rising gas temperature is due to frequent collisions of the heavy particles in an atmosphericpressure dielectric barrier discharge.In this paper,a two-dimensional fluid model is applied to investigate the influences of rising gas temperature on an atmospheric-pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge.With the increase in the gas temperature,it is found that:(1)a helium discharge can evolve from the discharge column to a homogeneous discharge;(2)the breakdown time is in advance and the gas breakdown voltage decreases;(3)the spatial distribution evolution of the electron density is similar to that of the helium atom density.The most significant discrepancy between them is that the electron densities are high at some positions where the helium atom densities are nevertheless low.Furthermore,the radial reduced electric fields are obtained under different gas temperatures.The physical reasons for the gas temperature effects are discussed.The simulation results provide a better understanding of the roles of the radial reduced electric field and the heavy particle.

Runaway electron dynamics in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak helium plasmas

The generation of runaway electrons(REs)is observed during the low-density helium ohmic plasma discharge in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The growth rate of hard x-ray(HXR)is inversely proportional to the line-average density.Besides,the RE generation in helium plasma is higher than that in deuterium plasma at the same density,which is obtained by comparing the growth rate of HXR with the same discharge conditions.The potential reason is the higher electron temperature of helium plasma in the same current and electron density plateau.Furthermore,two Alfvén eigenmodes driven by REs have been observed.The frequency evolution of the mode is not fully satisfied with the Alfvén scaling and when extension of the Alfvén frequency is towards 0,the high frequency branch is~50 kHz.The different spatial position of the two modes and the evolution of the helium concentration could be used to understand deviation between theoretical and experimental observation.

An effective method to calculate the electron impact excitation cross sections of helium from ground state to a final channel in the whole energy region

The electron impact excitation(EIE) cross sections of an atom/ion in the whole energy region are needed in many research fields, such as astrophysics studies, inertial confinement fusion researches and so on. In the present work, an effective method to calculate the EIE cross sections of an atom/ion in the whole energy region is presented. We use the EIE cross sections of helium as an illustration example. The optical forbidden 1^(1)S–n^(1)S(n = 2–4) and optical allowed 1^(1)S–n^(1)P(n = 2–4) excitation cross sections are calculated in the whole energy region using the scheme that combines the partial wave R-matrix method and the first Born approximation. The calculated cross sections are in good agreement with the available experimental measurements. Based on these accurate cross sections of our calculation, we find that the ratios between the accurate cross sections and Born cross sections are nearly the same for different excitation final states in the same channel. According to this interesting property, a universal correction function is proposed and given to calculate the accurate EIE cross sections with the same computational efforts of the widely used Born cross sections,which should be very useful in the related application fields. The datasets presented in this paper are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00142.

壳源氦气成藏主控因素及资源评价方法研究

当前国内外尚无系统的氦气资源评价方法以及针对性的参数取值标准。通过天然气和氦气的成藏要素对比,明确了载体气和壳源氦气的异源同储、同源同储和同源异储3类共生关系,以及壳源氦气成藏的8个关键因素。构建了4类10种氦气资源分级分类评价方法,其中含量法包括5个亚类,统计法包括1个亚类,类比法包括3个亚类,成因法1个亚类,初步解决了氦气资源定量计算的难题。结果表明:高氦气含量的气藏一般为常压及低压气藏,氦气含量与氦源岩类型、铀钍含量和氦源岩规模3个参数呈正向关系,而与离主断裂距离、埋深和生烃强度3个参数呈负相关,适度的基底构造活动有利于氦气释放及富集。基于8类氦气成藏主控因素与氦气含量的定量关系,建立了氦气含量类比法。基于异源同储不同序的原理,构建了氦气资源规模序列法;基于放射性元素衰变释氦机理,建立了氦气成因法。氦气资源评价方法在国内外得到了较为广泛的应用,研究成果将为我国氦气储量规模发现提供了有效支撑。

大气氚释放剂量评价参数灵敏度分析

国内外目前对于大气氚释放剂量的评价多采用比活度模型,模型选取参数的不确定性会造成剂量评价结果的差异。考虑不同场址环境参数的差异性,对大气氚剂量评价模型中关键参数进行灵敏度分析与剂量评价结果的不确定性分析。结果显示场址环境空气湿度对大气氚的剂量评价结果影响最大,随着场址湿度的升高,大气氚排放所致食入内照射剂量逐渐降低,剂量计算结果不确定性逐渐降低。同时,研究表明在低湿度场址环境下,应重点关注土壤中HTO留存比例经验常数的测量与选取,在高湿度场址环境下,应重点关注作物水当量因子以及摄入HTO活度浓度在吸收水分氚中所占比例的测量与选取,以尽可能降低剂量评价结果的不确定性。

中国与美国氦气地质条件和资源潜力对比及启示

鉴于氦气资源的战略重要性、美国氦气资源条件的优越性及目前中国氦气供需矛盾的严峻性,开展中国与美国氦气地质条件和资源潜力对比显得极为有意义。通过对比中国与美国氦气的地质条件、资源量和储量数据,基于氦气产量历史数据,结合全球氦气需求分析,采用哈伯特模型、高斯模型和资源量-储量约束下的产量预测模型,开展2023—2030年全球氦气产量预测,为中国氦气勘探开发工作提供参考。分析结果:(1)与美国所在的北美地台规模大且构造稳定相比,中国地台规模小且经历多期构造演化,中国氦气分布呈现点多、面广、类型多样的特点;(2)尽管目前国内外对中国氦气的资源量有不同认识,通过对中国与美国含氦天然气资源潜力的对比,表明中国氦气资源丰富,资源量将会随着对氦气勘探程度和认识程度的不断加深而动态增长;(3)预测显示,2023—2025年为中国氦气生产起步发展阶段,2026—2030年为快速增长阶段;(4)对中国氦气勘探开发的4点启示:坚定中国氦气勘探开发的信心、提出并完善适合中国地质条件的氦气富集理论、加大研发氦气勘探开发技术、2030年前中国氦气供应来自国际和中国国内2个渠道。

鄂尔多斯盆地含氦天然气地球化学特征与富集影响因素

鄂尔多斯盆地天然气资源丰富,部分地区天然气中的氦气含量较高,亟需深入研究含氦天然气地球化学特征与富集影响因素。通过采集天然气样品并进行组分和同位素等实验分析测试,结合地质条件,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地含氦天然气的分布、地球化学特征和影响因素,研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地天然气主要为烃类气体,氦气含量为0.016%~0.487%,平均值为0.060%;(2)鄂尔多斯盆地含氦天然气甲烷碳同位素值分布在-53.88‰~-29.23‰,甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷碳同位素表明烃类气为有机成因;(3)鄂尔多斯盆地含氦天然气3He/4He含量比值为20.10×10^(-9)~120.00×10^(-9),平均值为42.00×10^(-9),R/Ra值为0.014~0.085,平均值为0.030,为壳源氦的特征,不受天然气成因类型和成熟度等因素影响;(4)氦气含量较高的天然气主要分布在鄂尔多斯盆地北部东胜气田、西南部庆阳气田和东南部黄龙气田的上古生界石炭系-二叠系,其分布与古今构造位置、基底断裂、生氦强度及生烃强度相对强弱等因素密切相关。根据含氦天然气地球化学特征评价出富氦-中氦区、低氦区及贫氦区。

储氚组件中氚依次渗透到相邻腔体的规律研究

考虑氚的时时和处处衰变,建立三腔体两隔片气路组件中隔片材料内部氚浓度控制方程,求解得到了渗透过隔片的瞬态氚量、中间腔体和右侧腔体中瞬态氚量和氚压力的高精度解析解.通过解析理论计算,认识了中间腔体和尾端腔体中瞬态氚压力随时间、储存温度和隔片厚度的变化规律,揭示出两个腔体中氚压力都具有最大单峰特性,且压力峰值出现时间几乎与隔片厚度无关等特性.研究结果为相关储氚装备的工程研制和使用提供了理论依据.