The provision of musculoskeletal services comes at a cost.This is,in part,due to the expense of patent-protected orthopaedic implants.However,patents have a finite lifespan.Patents of the most successful implants are ...The provision of musculoskeletal services comes at a cost.This is,in part,due to the expense of patent-protected orthopaedic implants.However,patents have a finite lifespan.Patents of the most successful implants are now beginning to expire.They will be exposed to competition from generic but equivalent implants.The net effect is potentially a dramatic diminution in cost.One company,Orthimo,has taken advantage of this and begun manufacturing generic implants with identical design specifications to the most bio-durable hip prostheses.This will ultimately have a radical impact upon musculoskeletal healthcare provision with regard to cost and accessibility.The expiration of drug patents,with the subsequent use of generic drugs saves£7.1 billion annually in the United Kingdom and$254 billion in the USA.Estimates suggest the introduction of equivalent implants could result in an annual cost saving to the United Kingdom National Health Service of£120 million.Intellectual property remains an enigmatic area of law.It encompasses anodyne principles that seek to protect innovation but are open to manipulation and exploitation.The last decade has seen the emergence of undesirable practices in the medical industry such as"patent trolling".Here we explore patents and their repercussions for musculoskeletal care.展开更多
Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.Howeve...Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exchibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.展开更多
The architectural development of Acacia karroo conforms to Troll’s model. Growth of the branches is modular and sympodial with heteroblastic leaves on all long shoots of the tree, including the seedling. Axillary bud...The architectural development of Acacia karroo conforms to Troll’s model. Growth of the branches is modular and sympodial with heteroblastic leaves on all long shoots of the tree, including the seedling. Axillary buds tend to proliferate especially on flowering shoots where they form fascicles consisting of up to 10 inflorescences arranged in two parallel serial rows per leaf axil. Most axillary buds are sylleptic and basal buds which give rise to short shoots, each producing two to five cataphylls each season, but no flowers. Inflorescences are only produced on long shoots (modules) of the current season. After flowering the terminal part of the module aborts, trees are usually andromonoecious with capitate inflorescences containing 40 to 100 flowers each, with some male and some hermaphrodite. Some trees produce only male flowers. Anthesis in the same inflorescence, the same tree as well as amongst trees of the same community are synchronised and occur at intermittent intervals, each lasting three or more days at a time. Flowers are protogynous and pollen is produced in polyads, each consisting of 16 pollen grains. Ovaries contain 10 to 14 ovules each. The concave stigma has space for only one polyad which can fertilise all ovules in the ovary after a single pollination event. Fruit set is low with 0 to 10 fruits (pods) per inflorescence.展开更多
Energy Daily,2017-02-24挪威能源监管机构证实,Lundin石油公司的子公司在巴伦支海新发现了石油天然气。挪威是除俄罗斯以外的主要石油和天然气生产国,也是欧洲经济的主要能源供应国之一。1月份北海挪威海域的Troll油田的原油将添加到...Energy Daily,2017-02-24挪威能源监管机构证实,Lundin石油公司的子公司在巴伦支海新发现了石油天然气。挪威是除俄罗斯以外的主要石油和天然气生产国,也是欧洲经济的主要能源供应国之一。1月份北海挪威海域的Troll油田的原油将添加到组成布伦特原油标准的一篮子石油中。展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese medicine(CM)Modified Qufeng Runmian Powder(加减祛风润面散,MQFRMP)for the treatment of acne vulgaris with CM syndromes of dampness and blood stasis.Methods:In ...Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese medicine(CM)Modified Qufeng Runmian Powder(加减祛风润面散,MQFRMP)for the treatment of acne vulgaris with CM syndromes of dampness and blood stasis.Methods:In this multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical trial,220 acne vulgaris patients with CM syndrome of dampness and blood stasis were included and randomly assigned using a central area group random design to receive either MQFRMP or the placebo,with 110 cases in each group.MQFRMP or a placebo at 145 g/bag were administered once daily for 4 weeks,respectively.The primary index of efficacy was the effective rate according to the acne severity score(ASS).The secondary indices of efficacy included the changes in the dermatology life quality index(DLQI)score,VISIA scores(spots,pores,brown spots,porphyrins and red areas)and skin assessment(skin p H,sebum amount and hydration)according to a SOFT skin multianalyzer.Results:(1)Follow-up:a total of 204 patients completed the follow-up,with 103 in the treatment group and 101 in the control group.(2)Effective rate:the total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than the control group[83.5%(86/103)vs.31.7%(32/101),P<0.01)]with 95%confidence interval of 39.3%–66.4%.(3)DLQI:DLQI scores were significantly decreased the treatment and control groups(both P<0.01),but the treatment group was more obvious than the placebo group(P<0.01).(4)VISIA scores:the scores of spots,brown spots and red areas in the treatment group decreased compared with baseline(P<0.05).In the control group,the scores of brown spots and pores decreased compared with baseline(P<0.05).The improvement was more obvious in the treatment group than in the control group for all items(P<0.05).(5)Skin assessment:the p H and sebum score in the both groups decreased drastically compared with the baseline(all P<0.01),however,the improvement was more obvious in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.01).The hydration amount in the two groups showed no statistically significant difference compared with the baseline(both P>0.05).(6)Safety:two cases of mild drug allergy were observed in the treatment group.Conclusion:MQFRMP was effective and safe for the treatment of acne vulgaris with syndromes of dampness and blood stasis.(No.ChiCTR1900020479).展开更多
Objective:To evaluate whether low-frequency ultrasound-facilitated transdermal delivery of a Chinese medicine(CM)formula could improve the efficacy of intrapleural administration of interleukin?2(IL-2)in treatment of ...Objective:To evaluate whether low-frequency ultrasound-facilitated transdermal delivery of a Chinese medicine(CM)formula could improve the efficacy of intrapleural administration of interleukin?2(IL-2)in treatment of malignant pleural effusion(MPE).Methods:A total of 110 eligible participants were randomized into the low-frequency sonophoresis(LFS)of CM(LSF/CM)group(55 cases)and the control group(55 cases)by simple randomization using a random number table.The control group was treated with an intrapleural administration of IL-2;and the LFS/CM group was treated with LFS of a CM gel formulation,combined with the same IL-2 injection as in the control group.The CM formula consisted of Semen Lepidii,Semen Sinapis,Flamulus Cinnamomi,Poriacocos,Herba Lycopi,and Radix Paeoniae Rubra.After 2-week treatment,the therapeutic outcome was determined by the change of the amount of MPE,which was evaluated by B-scan ultrasound and/or chest X-ray,and the change of quality of life(QOL)scores,which were evaluated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status.Results:A significantly higher objective remission rate(ORR)was obtained with intrapleural IL-2 plus LFS/CM than IL-2 treatment alone(P=0.049).In addition,more patients in the LFS/CM group than in the control group had an improved QOL score(P=0.048),and no patients in the LFS/CM group had a reduced QOL.Conclusion:LFS of CM formulation could effectively alleviate MPE and improve the QOL of cancer patients.展开更多
The standard electrode potential of a chemical substance as a measure of its reactivity is both theoretically and practically significant in chemistry(1,2,11,14)In this paper, the quantitative relations between the ba...The standard electrode potential of a chemical substance as a measure of its reactivity is both theoretically and practically significant in chemistry(1,2,11,14)In this paper, the quantitative relations between the basic properties of ions formed from metals or non-metals and their standard electrode potentials in aqueous solutions will be dealt with from the point of view of ionic polarization.展开更多
文摘The provision of musculoskeletal services comes at a cost.This is,in part,due to the expense of patent-protected orthopaedic implants.However,patents have a finite lifespan.Patents of the most successful implants are now beginning to expire.They will be exposed to competition from generic but equivalent implants.The net effect is potentially a dramatic diminution in cost.One company,Orthimo,has taken advantage of this and begun manufacturing generic implants with identical design specifications to the most bio-durable hip prostheses.This will ultimately have a radical impact upon musculoskeletal healthcare provision with regard to cost and accessibility.The expiration of drug patents,with the subsequent use of generic drugs saves£7.1 billion annually in the United Kingdom and$254 billion in the USA.Estimates suggest the introduction of equivalent implants could result in an annual cost saving to the United Kingdom National Health Service of£120 million.Intellectual property remains an enigmatic area of law.It encompasses anodyne principles that seek to protect innovation but are open to manipulation and exploitation.The last decade has seen the emergence of undesirable practices in the medical industry such as"patent trolling".Here we explore patents and their repercussions for musculoskeletal care.
基金This work was supported by the Shanghai Aerospace Science&Technology Innovation Fund[grant number SAST201363],and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant number 30919012102 in part]We gratefully acknowledge the technical support provided by Hao-yu Wang,Wei-kang Chen and Zhi-jing Xu(Shanghai Space Propulsion Technology Research Institute,China).
文摘Microsatellites have been widely applied in the fields of communication,remote sensing,navigation and science exploration due to its characteristics of low cost,flexible launch mode and short development period.However,conventional solid-propellant have difficulties in starting and interrupting combustion because combustion is autonomously sustained after ignition Herein,we proposed a new type of solid-propellant named laser-controlled solid propellant,which is sensitive to laser irradiation and can be started or interrupted by switching on/off the continuous wave laser.To demonstrate the feasibility and investigate the controllable combustion behaviors under different laser on/off conditions,the combus tion parameters including burning rate,ignition delay time and platform pressure were tested using pressure sensor,high-speed camera and thermographic camera.The results showed that the increase of laser-on or laser-off duration both will lead to the decrease of propellant combustion performance during re-ignition and re-combustion process.This is mainly attributed to the laser attenuation caused by the accumulation of combustion residue and the change of chamber ambient temperature.Simultaneously the multiple ignition tests revealed that the increased chamber ambient temperature after combustion can make up for the energy loss of laser attenuation and expansion of chamber cavity.However,the laser-controlled combustion performance of solid propellant displayed a decrease trend with the addi-tion of ignition times.Nevertheless,the results still exchibited good laser-controlled agility of laser-controlled solid propellant and manifested its inspiring potential in many aspects of space missions.
文摘The architectural development of Acacia karroo conforms to Troll’s model. Growth of the branches is modular and sympodial with heteroblastic leaves on all long shoots of the tree, including the seedling. Axillary buds tend to proliferate especially on flowering shoots where they form fascicles consisting of up to 10 inflorescences arranged in two parallel serial rows per leaf axil. Most axillary buds are sylleptic and basal buds which give rise to short shoots, each producing two to five cataphylls each season, but no flowers. Inflorescences are only produced on long shoots (modules) of the current season. After flowering the terminal part of the module aborts, trees are usually andromonoecious with capitate inflorescences containing 40 to 100 flowers each, with some male and some hermaphrodite. Some trees produce only male flowers. Anthesis in the same inflorescence, the same tree as well as amongst trees of the same community are synchronised and occur at intermittent intervals, each lasting three or more days at a time. Flowers are protogynous and pollen is produced in polyads, each consisting of 16 pollen grains. Ovaries contain 10 to 14 ovules each. The concave stigma has space for only one polyad which can fertilise all ovules in the ovary after a single pollination event. Fruit set is low with 0 to 10 fruits (pods) per inflorescence.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese medicine(CM)Modified Qufeng Runmian Powder(加减祛风润面散,MQFRMP)for the treatment of acne vulgaris with CM syndromes of dampness and blood stasis.Methods:In this multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical trial,220 acne vulgaris patients with CM syndrome of dampness and blood stasis were included and randomly assigned using a central area group random design to receive either MQFRMP or the placebo,with 110 cases in each group.MQFRMP or a placebo at 145 g/bag were administered once daily for 4 weeks,respectively.The primary index of efficacy was the effective rate according to the acne severity score(ASS).The secondary indices of efficacy included the changes in the dermatology life quality index(DLQI)score,VISIA scores(spots,pores,brown spots,porphyrins and red areas)and skin assessment(skin p H,sebum amount and hydration)according to a SOFT skin multianalyzer.Results:(1)Follow-up:a total of 204 patients completed the follow-up,with 103 in the treatment group and 101 in the control group.(2)Effective rate:the total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than the control group[83.5%(86/103)vs.31.7%(32/101),P<0.01)]with 95%confidence interval of 39.3%–66.4%.(3)DLQI:DLQI scores were significantly decreased the treatment and control groups(both P<0.01),but the treatment group was more obvious than the placebo group(P<0.01).(4)VISIA scores:the scores of spots,brown spots and red areas in the treatment group decreased compared with baseline(P<0.05).In the control group,the scores of brown spots and pores decreased compared with baseline(P<0.05).The improvement was more obvious in the treatment group than in the control group for all items(P<0.05).(5)Skin assessment:the p H and sebum score in the both groups decreased drastically compared with the baseline(all P<0.01),however,the improvement was more obvious in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.01).The hydration amount in the two groups showed no statistically significant difference compared with the baseline(both P>0.05).(6)Safety:two cases of mild drug allergy were observed in the treatment group.Conclusion:MQFRMP was effective and safe for the treatment of acne vulgaris with syndromes of dampness and blood stasis.(No.ChiCTR1900020479).
基金Supoorted by the Fund for Beijing Scienee&Technology Development of TCM(No.JJ2015-65)。
文摘Objective:To evaluate whether low-frequency ultrasound-facilitated transdermal delivery of a Chinese medicine(CM)formula could improve the efficacy of intrapleural administration of interleukin?2(IL-2)in treatment of malignant pleural effusion(MPE).Methods:A total of 110 eligible participants were randomized into the low-frequency sonophoresis(LFS)of CM(LSF/CM)group(55 cases)and the control group(55 cases)by simple randomization using a random number table.The control group was treated with an intrapleural administration of IL-2;and the LFS/CM group was treated with LFS of a CM gel formulation,combined with the same IL-2 injection as in the control group.The CM formula consisted of Semen Lepidii,Semen Sinapis,Flamulus Cinnamomi,Poriacocos,Herba Lycopi,and Radix Paeoniae Rubra.After 2-week treatment,the therapeutic outcome was determined by the change of the amount of MPE,which was evaluated by B-scan ultrasound and/or chest X-ray,and the change of quality of life(QOL)scores,which were evaluated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status.Results:A significantly higher objective remission rate(ORR)was obtained with intrapleural IL-2 plus LFS/CM than IL-2 treatment alone(P=0.049).In addition,more patients in the LFS/CM group than in the control group had an improved QOL score(P=0.048),and no patients in the LFS/CM group had a reduced QOL.Conclusion:LFS of CM formulation could effectively alleviate MPE and improve the QOL of cancer patients.
文摘The standard electrode potential of a chemical substance as a measure of its reactivity is both theoretically and practically significant in chemistry(1,2,11,14)In this paper, the quantitative relations between the basic properties of ions formed from metals or non-metals and their standard electrode potentials in aqueous solutions will be dealt with from the point of view of ionic polarization.
