ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

Investigation into the stress-strain curves of deformation-induced ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A series of tests of deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIP-T） in a low carbon steel were carried out by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulation machine at a temperature range of Ae3-Ar3. The overall stress-strain curves during DIFT can be divided into three typical types： ＂double-humped＂,＂ single-humped＂ and ＂transitional＂. The peaks exhibited in the curve are involved with deformation-induced transformation which happened in grains or at the grain boundaries. According to the stress-time curve and strain-time curve, strain capacity dramatically postponed the strain-induced transformation, which leads to the start of the transformation right ahead of the finish of deformation and the majority of the ferrite transformation process mainly happened after the deformation. Deformation-induced transformation is a metadynamic transformation process with dynamic nucleation.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

High temperature stress–strain curves of MnS and their applications in finite element simulation

A novel method for testing stress–strain curves of non-metallic materials was presented.The high temperature stress-strain curves of MnS were preliminarily obtained and corrected to account for the influence of friction.Using the finite element method,the influence of deformation parameters on the deformation evolution of MnS inclusions was investigated based on the experimental reference data.The corresponding physical experiment was designed for comparative analysis.The results indicate that the experimental high-temperature deformation data of MnS are highly reliable.In the process of matrix deformation,the shapes of MnS inclusions change from spherical to ellipsoidal and even to lamellar.There are some differences in the morphological deformation of MnS inclusions located at different positions.With the increase in the initial size of MnS inclusions,the risk of failing the inclusion-flaw inspection increases and the forging quality further deteriorates.

MODELLING OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF WOVEN FABRICS

A general shape of tensile stress-strain curves of woven fabrics is first recognised by puttingtested and predicted results together.An exponential function with two parameters is then selectedfor the prediction of tensile stress-strain relationship.The predicted results by using the proposedfunction show excellent agreement with experimental data.

重塑黄土的往返加卸载真三轴试验研究

针对不同应力路径往返加卸载条件下黄土累积塑性应变发展特性,以重塑黄土为研究对象,利用真三轴仪开展不同应力路径的往返加卸载试验研究,探究不同应力路径、应力幅值下黄土的循环应力时程曲线、滞回曲线、骨干曲线及累积塑性应变曲线的影响规律。揭示了应力路径对重塑黄土力学特性的影响,描述了各主应力与中主应力比b和应力幅值的相关性,提出了重塑黄土的滞回曲线近似呈椭圆形,长轴斜率随中主应力比b值的增大而增大,随应力幅值的增大而减小;随着中主应力比b值的增大,循环应力-应变骨干曲线随之硬化,累积塑性应变曲线依次降低,且累积塑性应变发展更早的进入平缓阶段,为解决相关黄土工程问题提供了参考。

铸态Mg-6Zn合金的半固态压缩变形行为及本构模型的建立

利用Gleeble-3500型热力模拟试验机对铸态Mg-6Zn合金在变形温度500,520,540℃,应变速率0.1,1,5 s^(-1)下进行半固态压缩试验,得到了真应力-真应变曲线;基于真应力和真应变试验数据及Arrhenius模型,建立该合金的半固态压缩本构模型,并进行试验验证。结果表明:Mg-6Zn合金的半固态压缩变形过程主要分为类弹性变形、应变硬化变形和流变黏塑性变形3个阶段;峰值应力随变形温度的升高或应变速率的减小而降低。利用建立的本构模型计算得到的真应力与试验结果之间的相关性很好,相关系数为0.947,平均相对误差为5.57%,说明该本构模型能够较准确地预测铸态Mg-6Zn合金的半固态压缩变形行为。

基于二阶链式子区的金属拉伸试验DIC辅助测试方法

为提高金属材性试验的测量精度和测试效率,在传统拉伸试验方法的基础上引入数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation, DIC)技术,提出相应形变测量理论及方法。基于拉伸试件的颈缩变形特征,提出链式形变测量理论,该理论通过一种跟随表面形状变化而自由变形的柔性链条来表征各阶段的试件形变。进一步通过设置多个连续且等尺寸的DIC二阶链式子区,采用DIC亚像素算法得到任意变形时刻的链式子区角点坐标,并进一步得到沿试件长度方向的柔性离散链形变结果,实现对试件各处应变、颈缩极值点等的求解,从而建立了一套完整的金属拉伸试验DIC辅助测试方法。开展了多个标准金属试件的拉伸试验,通过与引伸仪、靶标图像测量等传统方法对比,验证了该文方法对颈缩效应、弹性模量、极限伸长率、真实应力-应变曲线等金属材性指标具备较高测量精度及有效性,同时该文方法能够实现高度自动化测量,可在金属拉伸试验领域进行工业化推广普及。

022Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢高温热变形行为

利用JMatPro11.0热力模拟软件、Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机研究了022Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢的高温热变形行为,揭示了其在1000~1150℃,0.01~5 s^(-1)下的热变形特征。结果表明:022Cr22Ni5Mo3N双相不锈钢的热变形温度应大于脆性σ相的溶解温度,即980℃;其次,材料的流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。基于动态材料模型构筑了材料的热加工图,并结合微观组织进行了验证。其最佳热加工窗口为1090~1125℃、0.01~0.03 s^(-1),该区域对应的组织特征为:两相组织均匀,奥氏体相发生充分动态再结晶且组织中不存在σ相;在失稳参数1100℃、5 s^(-1)条件下,组织中两相晶粒被明显拉长且再结晶比例低,相界处的析出物易诱发裂纹。因此实际加工参数应接近最佳热加工工艺窗口,避免失稳区参数及σ相的应变析出。

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的热变形行为研究

以7000系Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金为研究材料,在Gleeble1500热模拟试验机上进行变形温度250~400℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1)条件下的等温压缩试验。研究结果表明:合金在等温压缩过程中的流变应力随着应变速率的增大而增大,随着变形温度的增大而减小。当应变速率为10 s^(-1),变形温度为250℃时,合金的峰值应力可达205 MPa。大部分的真应力-应变曲线呈现动态再结晶特征,结合TEM分析,动态再结晶的形成机制是位错通过滑移和攀移逐渐演变成小角度晶界(2°~15°)和大角度晶界(>15°),依靠位错重排在原始晶粒内部形成亚结构,最终形成完整晶界。同时,采用Arrhenius模型和Zener-Hollomon参数方程,构建了Al-Zn-MgCu-Zr合金的本构方程,其中合金的平均变形激活能为324 187 J/mol。此外,通过Prasad失稳判据等模型,构建了0.2、0.4以及0.6应变下的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的热加工图,获得可加工窗口为:252~400℃,0.01~0.015 s^(-1)。

Stress-strain Model of Corroded Concrete under Uniaxial Compressive Loading

The prism specimens of corroded concrete were subjected to uniaxial compressive load to develop the stress-strain model. Compared to the un-corroded concrete, the mechanical prop- erties of corroded concrete, such as peak strength, Young＇s modulus, and residual deformation, et al are degraded. The concrete, which were subjected to the aggressive media in the environment, were resulted in randomly distributed pre-loading flaws and defects. The propagation of these corrosion flaws during the procedure of loading was the main reason of degradation of corroded concrete properties. By the application of the statistic theory of continuum damage, the compressive stress-strain curve of corroded concrete was simulated. The initial damage factor was introduced to represent the corrosive effects of different media. The present damage constitutive model agreed well with the test results.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

Stress-strain analysis of loess triaxial shear test by PFC^(3D)

In order to compensate for limitations of microscopic study on loess triaxial tests, taking the loess in Longxi area as an example, the authors established the loess triaxial test model by using PFC3D software and simulating tfiaxial shear test under the different confining pressures in 0 kPa, 50 kPa and 300 kPa. Compared with laboratory triaxial shear test, the numerical simulation test has a guiding role in loess mechanical strength analysis.

AG700L动态再结晶热变形本构方程的测算

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对AG700L试样进行单道次压缩变形试验,记录材料在不同变形温度(900℃、950℃、1000℃、1050℃、1100℃、1150℃)、不同的应变速率(0.01 s^(-1)、0.1 s^(-1)、1 s^(-1)、5 s^(-1))压缩变形70%时的真应力应变曲线。试验完成后对各工艺下的真应力应变曲线进行整理,同时结合奥氏体晶粒结果进行综合分析,摸清了变形温度、应变速率对汽车大梁钢AG700L的动态再结晶的影响规律,通过数据处理计算得到AG700L钢动态再结晶激活能为354.3646 kJ/mol,并建立了动态再结晶热变形本构方程。

GH141镍基高温合金的热变形行为和组织演变

通过热压缩实验研究了GH141镍基高温合金在变形温度为1040~1160℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1)条件下的热变形行为和组织演变,分析变形温度和应变速率对流变行为的影响,对流变应力进行摩擦、温度和应变修正补偿,用修正后的流变应力构建更加精准的本构方程并绘制热加工图,分析不同热加工区的微观组织演变以验证得到的最优热加工区。结果表明:压缩流变应力对变形温度和应变速率较为敏感,综合摩擦、温度变化和应变补偿修正的本构方程能较好地预测不同变形条件下的热压缩流变应力,结合热加工图及不同热加工区域内的微观组织演变确定最优热加工区为变形温度1130~1145℃、应变速率为0.1~5 s^(-1),此区域内动态再结晶完全,晶粒内部几乎不存在畸变,晶粒组织为等轴晶,且较均匀。

合金元素对低碳钢热变形行为影响的研究

为了探讨Cr元素在结构钢塑性变形过程中的作用,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对低碳钢进行单向压缩实验,变形温度为730~1000℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s-1,总变形量为0.8,获得了相应的真应力-真应变曲线以及热变形组织,分析讨论了它们的高温变形特征以及合金元素对细化晶粒的作用。结果表明:由于Cr元素的影响,使得两种钢在750~800℃的流变应力变化趋势有所不同;同时,Cr元素的存在,提高了动态再结晶的临界应变量,有利于铁素体形核并抑制晶粒长大,起到细化晶粒的作用。