通心络辅助尼可地尔对心肌梗死冠脉微循环障碍患者血清Tryptase、Copeptin表达的影响

目的 研究通心络辅助尼可地尔治疗心肌梗死冠脉微循环障碍(MI-CMVD)对类胰蛋白酶(Tryptase)、和肽素(Copeptin)表达的影响。方法 212例MI-CMVD患者随机分为对照组和观察组各106例。对照组予以尼可地尔进行治疗,观察组予以尼可地尔+通心络联合治疗。观察治疗前后两组血清Tryptase、Copeptin表达情况。结果 治疗后,观察组左心室射血分数(LVEF)明显高于对照组,而左心室收缩末期容积、左心室舒张末期容积明显低于对照组(均P<0.01);治疗后,与对照组相比,观察组全血黏度高切值、全血黏度低切值、血浆比黏度、血小板黏附率、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6、内皮素(ET)、血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ、Tryptase、Copeptin水平均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论 经尼可地尔联合通心络治疗后可能通过降低炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6、ET、AngⅡ及血清Tryptase,提高血清Copeptin水平,改善患者心脏功能,进而促进冠脉微循环恢复。

A dicistrovirus increases pupal mortality in Spodoptera frugiperda by suppressing protease activity and inhibiting larval diet consumption

Understanding interactions between viruses and their hosts is conducive to enabling better application of viruses as biocontrol agents.Certain viruses carried by parasitic wasps enhance the parasitic efficiency of wasp-larvae by protecting them against the immune system of their Lepidopteran host.However,the relationship between prey pests and viruses found in predatory natural enemies remains unclear.Herein,we report the interaction between Arma chinensis virus-1(AcV-1),originally isolated from a predatory natural enemy,Arma chinensis(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae),and one of its prey species,Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).The results showed that the AcV-1 virus appeared harmful to the novel host S.frugiperda by inhibiting larval diet consumption and increasing pupal mortality.Meanwhile,sequencing data indicated that the virus altered the gene expression profiles of S.frugiperda.KEGG analysis showed that the proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immune response were significantly enriched.Although the expression levels of digestive enzyme genes did not change significantly,the total protease activity of AcV-1 virus-positive individuals was significantly decreased,suggesting that the virus inhibited diet consumption of S.frugiperda via the down-regulation of digestive enzyme activities.These results indicate that a virus initially isolated in a predatory natural enemy can decrease the fitness of its prey species.The virus was found to impact the host proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immunity,providing a potential mechanism to enhance controlling efficiency.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 21 promotes tumorigenicity and stemness of colorectal cancer by deubiquitinating and stabilizing ZEB1

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one very usual tumor together with higher death rate.Ubiquitin-specific protease 21(USP21)has been confirmed to take part into the regulation of CRC progression through serving as a facilitator.Interestingly,the promotive function of USP21 has also discovered in the progression of CRC.ZEB1 has illustrated to be modulated by USP7,USP22 and USP51 in cancers.However,the regulatory functions of USP21 on ZEB1 in CRC progression need more invest-igations.AIM To investigate the relationship between USP21 and ZEB1 in CRC progression.METHODS The mRNA and protein expressions were assessed through RT-qPCR,western blot and IHC assay.The interaction between USP21 and ZEB1 was evaluated through Co-IP and GST pull down assays.The cell proliferation was detected through colony formation assay.The cell migration and invasion abilities were determined through Transwell assay.The stemness was tested through sphere formation assay.The tumor growth was evaluated through in vivo mice assay.RESULTS In this work,USP21 and ZEB1 exhibited higher expression in CRC,and resulted into poor prognosis.Moreover,the interaction between USP21 and ZEB1 was further investigated.It was demonstrated that USP21 contributed to the stability of ZEB1 through modulating ubiquitination level.In addition,USP21 streng-thened cell proliferation,migration and stemness through regulating ZEB1.At last,through in vivo assays,it was illustrated that USP21/ZEB1 axis aggravated tumor growth.CONCLUSION For the first time,these above findings manifested that USP21 promoted tumorigenicity and stemness of CRC by deubiquitinating and stabilizing ZEB1.This discovery suggested that USP21/ZEB1 axis may provide novel sights for the treatment of CRC.

Elucidation of potential relationship between endogenous proteases and key flavor substances in dry-cured pork coppa

Dry-cured meat products are considerably popular around the world due to unique flavor.Proteolysis is one of the enzymatic reactions from which flavor substances are derived,which is affected by endogenous proteases.The purpose aimed to reveal the potential relationship between endogenous proteases and key flavor substances in dry-cured pork coppa in this paper.The dynamic changes of endogenous proteases activity,free amino acids,and volatiles during dry-cured pork coppa processing were characterized.The results showed that 5 kinds of free amino acids,Glu,Lys,Val,Ala,and Leu,were identified as significant contributors to taste.Meanwhile,key volatiles,such as hexanal,nonanal,octanal,benzaldehyde,3-methyl butanoic acid,2-methyl propanoic acid,and ethyl octanoate,greatly contributed to the flavor characteristics of dry-cured pork coppa.Further partial correlation analysis was performed to better elucidate the relationship among parameters.The results revealed that close relationship between endogenous proteases and key substances.RAP not only significantly affected the accumulation of key active-amino acids,but also affected the accumulation of ethyl octanoate,2,3-pentanedione,and 2,3-octanedione by regulating the accumulation of octanoic acid and Leu.In addition,cathepsin B and D,DPP II,DPP IV and RAP notably affected accumulation of hexanal.

Roles of host proteases in the entry of SARS-CoV-2

The spike protein(S)of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for viral attachment and entry,thus a major factor for host suscep-tibility,tissue tropism,virulence and pathogenicity.The S is divided with S1 and S2 region,and the S1 contains the receptor-binding domain(RBD),while the S2 contains the hydrophobic fusion domain for the entry into the host cell.Numerous host proteases have been implicated in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S through various c leavage sites.In this article,we review host proteases including furin,trypsin,transmembrane protease serine 2(TMPRSS2)and cathepsins in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 S.Many betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 have polybasic residues at the S1/S2 site which is subjected to the cleavage by furin.The S1/S2 cleavage facilitates more assessable RBD to the receptor ACE2,and the binding triggers further conformational changes and exposure of the S2'site to proteases such as type Il transmembrane serine proteases(TTPRs)including TMPRSS2.In the presence of TMPRSS2 on the target cells,SARS-CoV-2 can utilize a direct entry route by fusion of the viral envelope to the cellular membrane.In the absence of TMPRSS2,SARS-CoV-2 enter target cells via endosomes where multiple cathepsins cleave the S for the successful entry.Additional host proteases involved in the cleavage of the S were discussed.This article also includes roles of 3C-like protease inhibitors which have inhibitory activity against cathepsin L in the entry of SARS-CoV-2,and discussed the dual roles of such inhibitors in virus replication.

Transmembrane serine protease 4 expression in the prognosis of radical resection for biliary tract cancer

BACKGROUND Recent advancements in biliary tract cancer(BTC)treatment have expanded beyond surgery to include adjuvant therapy,yet the prognosis remains poor.Identifying prognostic biomarkers could enhance the assessment of patients who have undergone radical resection for BTC.AIM To determine transmembrane serine protease 4(TMPRSS4)utility as a prognostic biomarker of radical resection for BTC.METHODS Medical records of patients who underwent radical resection for BTC,excluding intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,were retrospectively reviewed.The associations between TMPRSS4 expression and clinicopathological factors,overall survival,and recurrence-free survival were analyzed.RESULTS Among the 85 patients undergoing radical resection for BTC,46(54%)were TMPRSS4-positive.The TMPRSS4-positive group exhibited significantly higher preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9)values and greater lymphatic invasion than the TMPRSS4-negative group(P=0.019 and 0.039,respectively).Postoperative overall survival and recurrence-free survival were significantly worse in the TMPRSS4-positive group(median survival time:25.3 months vs not reached,P<0.001;median survival time:28.7 months vs not reached,P=0.043,respectively).Multivariate overall survival analysis indicated TMPRSS4 positivity,pT3/T4,and resection status R1 were independently associated with poor prognosis(P=0.032,0.035 and 0.030,respectively).TMPRSS4 positivity correlated with preoperative CA19-9 values≥37 U/mL and pathological tumor size≥30 mm(P=0.016 and 0.038,respectively).CONCLUSION TMPRSS4 is a potential prognostic biomarker of radical resection for BTC.

腹部推拿调控Tryptase-PAR2-PKCε通路防治IBS-D内脏痛的机制研究

[目的]验证腹部推拿防治腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS-D)模型大鼠内脏高敏感的效果,阐明其作用途径与机制。[方法]40只SD雄性大鼠,随机分为空白组、模型组、腹部推拿组、西药组,每组10只。采用母婴分离结合慢性应激法制备IBS-D大鼠模型。应用腹壁撤退评分评价干预效果。采用甲苯胺蓝染色观察结肠组织肥大细胞(MC)聚集数量及状态。利用免疫组化及蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)法分别检测胰蛋白酶(Tryptase)颗粒分布、结肠组织中蛋白酶激活受体2(PAR2)和蛋白激酶Cε(PKCε)蛋白表达。[结果]与模型组比较,腹部推拿组和西药组腹壁撤退反射评分(AWR)明显降低(P<0.05)。镜下显示,模型组MC形态不规则,计数及密度显著高于空白组;腹部推拿组、西药组与模型组相比,MC计数降低、密度减少(P<0.01)。免疫组化检测发现与模型组相比,腹部推拿组、西药组MC Tryptase颗粒分布明显降低(P<0.01);Western blot检测发现与模型组相比,腹部推拿组和西药组的PAR2、PKCε表达量均显著降低(P<0.01)。[结论]腹部推拿作用于腹部,可能通过活化肠道MC,调控其脱颗粒,降低Tryptase释放,并借助Tryptase-PAR2-PKCε通路,进而改善IBS-D模型大鼠肠道高敏感性作用机制。

A constitutive serine protease inhibitor suppresses herbivore performance in tea(Camellia sinensis)

Protease inhibitors promote herbivore resistance in diverse plant species.Although many inducible protease inhibitors have been identified,there are limited reports available on the biological relevance and molecular basis of constitutive protease inhibitors in herbivore resistance.Here,we identified a serine protease inhibitor,CsSERPIN1,from the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).Expression of CsSERPIN1 was not strongly affected by the assessed biotic and abiotic stresses.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CsSERPIN1 strongly inhibited the activities of digestive protease activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin.Transient or heterologous expression of CsSERPIN1 significantly reduced herbivory by two destructive herbivores,the tea geometrid and fall armyworm,in tea and Arabidopsis plants,respectively.The expression of CsSERPIN1 in Arabidopsis did not negatively influence the growth of the plants under the measured parameters.Our findings suggest that CsSERPIN1 can inactivate gut digestive proteases and suppress the growth and development of herbivores,making it a promising candidate for pest prevention in agriculture.

Purification of Moringa oleifera Leaves Protease by Three-Phase Partitioning and Investigation of Its Potential Antibacterial Activity

One of plant-based products for dental care is plant-based proteolytic enzymes which are principally proteases. In order not to damage the protein and bioactive content, an efficient method should be employed for their purifications. As such, three-phase partitioning (TPP) was used to purify protease from moringa (Moringa oleifera). TPP is an emerging, promising, non-chromatographic and economical technology which is simple, quick, efficient and often one-step process for the separation and purification of bioactive molecules from natural sources. It involves the addition of salt (ammonium sulphate) to the crude extract followed by the addition of an organic solvent (butanol). The protein appears as an interfacial precipitate between upper organic solvent and lower aqueous phases. The various conditions such as ammonium sulphate, ratio of crude extract to t-butanol and pH which are required for attaining efficient purification of the protease fractions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, it was seen that, 35% of ammonium sulphate saturation with 1:0.75 ratio of crude extract to t-butanol at pH 7 gave 4.94-fold purification with 96.20% activity yield of protease in the middle phase of the TPP system. The purified enzyme from Moringa oleifera has no antimicrobial effect on the pathogenic bacteria tested. However, this purified enzyme, can be considered as a promising agent, cheap, and safe source which is suitable for using in various industries.

Systematic functional analysis and potential application of a serine protease from cold-adapted Planococcus bacterium

In this study, a gene encoding serine protease(PmSpr288)from cold-adapted bacterium, namely Planococcus maritimus XJ11, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmSpr288 belongs to serine protease S8 superfamily with a classical catalytic triad comprised by the Asp49, His86 and Ser251. Moreover, PmSpr288 was found to be active over broad alkaline pH and low-moderate temperature, and exhibited wide range of protein substrate specificity. In addition, PmSpr288 was able to hydrolyze the meat proteins actin and myosin, and molecular docking results suggested that the crucial interaction between PmSpr288 and actin/myosin complexes was mainly occupied by hydrogen bonds. The muscle protein hydrolysates of silver carp prepared by PmSpr288 was shown to have antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging assay, which presented an IC_(50) valve of 1.309 mg/mL. In conclusion, these characteristics imply that PmSpr288 has potential biotechnological application prospect for the production of bioactive peptides.

Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis serine protease Rv1043c in enzymology and pathogenicity in mice

The serine proteases of Mycobacteria tuberculosis(Mtb)are important contributors to the process of bacterial invasion and its pathogenesis.In the present study,we systematically characterized the role of the Rv1043c protein in Mycobacterium infection by purifying the Rv1043c protein in Escherichia coli and constructing a Mycobacterium smegmatis(Msg)strain overexpressing Rv1043c(Msg_Rv1043c).We found that Rv1043c had serine protease activity and localized to the surface of Mtb.We determined that the optimal pH and temperature for the Rv1043c serine protease were 9.0 and 45°C,respectively.Moreover,the serine protease activity of Rv1043c was enhanced by divalent metal ions of Ca^(2+)and Mg^(2+).Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the serine 279 residue in Rv1043c plays a catalytic role.Additionally,mouse model studies confirmed that Rv1043c significantly enhanced the survival of Msg in vivo,induced pulmonary injury and lung cell apoptosis,and promoted the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1βand interleukin-6 in mice.This study presents novel insights into the relationship between mycobacterial serine protease and the pathogenesis of the disease.

Potato protease inhibitors,a functional food material with antioxidant and anticancer potential

Potato protease inhibitors(PPIs),as the main component of potato protein isolate,have good safety,nutrition and great market potential.The antioxidant and anticancer properties of PPIs were evaluated with cellbased biological assays.The results showed that when the concentration of PPIs was 5 mg/mL,the peroxyl radical scavenging value was(2119±204)mg VCE/100 g,and the cellular antioxidant activity values were(45.83±3.5)(no PBS wash)and(33.25±4.4)μmol QE/100 g(PBS wash).Cells pretreated with PPIs could significantly prevent the oxidative damage induced by H_(2)O_(2),inhibit the morphological changes of cells and maintain the integrity.Furthermore,PPIs had selective anti-proliferative effects on GIST882 cells(IC50=(10.53±3.87)mg/mL)and demonstrated potent inhibition of the growth,migration and invasion of cancer cells.These findings provide a scientific basis for PPIs as promising candidates for functional foods to aid in the prevention of oxidative damage and cancer.

Serine protease inhibitors LmSPN2 and LmSPN3 co-regulate embryonic diapause in Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)via the Toll pathway

Female adults of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen),can sense seasonal photoperiod changes,which induces embryonic diapause as a key strategy to overwinter.Serine protease inhibitor genes(SPNs)were thought to play key roles during diapause,while few SPNs were functionally characterized.LmSPN2 was one of those genes differentially expressed between diapause and non-diapause eggs;however,its biological function remained to be explored.So,we conducted RNAi knockdown of LmSPN2,resulting in a significant decrease of the egg diapause rate by 29.7%.Using yeast two-hybrid assays,co-immunoprecipitation,and pull-down methods,we found an interaction between LmSPN2 and LmSPN3,which was proved to be mediated by a glutamate(E331)binding site of LmSPN2.RNAi knockdown of LmSPN3 resulted in a significant increase in diapause rate by 14.6%,indicating an inverse function of LmSPN2 and LmSPN3 on diapause regulation.Double knockdown of two SPN genes resulted in a 26.4%reduction in diapause rate,indicating that LmSPN2 was the dominant regulatory signal.Moreover,we found four Toll pathway genes(easter,spätzle,pelle,and dorsal)upregulated significantly after the knockdown of LmSPN2 while downregulated after the knockdown of LmSPN3.Therefore,we speculate that two SPNs regulate diapause through the Toll pathway.Our results indicated that LmSPN2 positively regulates locust egg entry into diapause,while LmSPN3 is a negative regulator of embryonic commitment to diapause.Their interaction is mediated by the binding site of E331 and influences egg diapause through the Toll pathway.This mechanistic understanding of diapause regulation expands our understanding of insect developmental regulation and provides functional targets for developing locust management strategies.

Extraction of Natural Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite from Pacific Cod(Gadus macrocephalus)Bone with a Thermostable Collagenolytic Protease and Its ex vivo Intestinal Bioavailability

Natural nano-hydroxyapatite(HA)was extracted from Pacific cod(Gadus macrocephalus)bone with a thermostable col-lagenolytic protease in the present study.Conditions for the enzymatic reaction were optimized to be 60℃and pH 7.0,and a desir-able extraction efficiency was achieved by using the crude collagenolytic protease.Dynamic light scattering,transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that nano-HA are anionic spherical(about 110nm)particles mainly com-prised of calcium and phosphorus at an approximate ratio of 5:3.As evaluated with the mouse ex vivo intestinal segments,the extracted nano-HA displayed comparable level of intestinal bioavailability to the positive control CaCl_(2).By treating with inhibitors(NaN3,ami-loride)and low temperature(4℃),clathrin-mediated endocytosis was assumed to involve the intestinal absorption of nano-HA.Over-all,the application of thermostable collagenolytic protease is proved to be a promising alternative method for nano-HA extraction from natural resource with improved ecological and biological value.

STRUCTURE-FUNCTION FEATURES AND EFFECTS ON BLOOD COAGULATION OF SNAKE VENOM SERINE PROTEASES*

Snake venoms,especially those from the two subfamilies,Crotalinae and Viperinae,contained a lot of serine proteases. They were responsible for the hemorrhage,shock,or disorder of blood coagulation after envenomation. They acted,by activating,inactivating,or other converting effects,on almost all the components of hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems. Their sequences were homologous to trypsin-kallikrein serine proteases. Variation of primary sequences out of active center results in the difference of substrate specificities and the further difference of biological and pharmacological activities. Because of their common and unique properties compared to their physiological corresponding factors,snake venom proteases are proved to be an excellent model for the study of protease substrate discriminating mechanism. Furthermore,they have found an important position both in basic research and application of hemostasis and thrombosis in clinic.

tryptase和chymase表达与食管癌临床病理因素的相关性

目的探讨食管癌组织中肥大细胞(mast cell,MC)的标记物类胰蛋白酶(tryptase)和类糜蛋白酶(chymase)表达与食管癌临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学染色方法对71例食管癌根治术手术标本中MC进行检测,探讨tryptase和chymase的表达与食管癌的组织学分级、浸润深度及淋巴结转移之间的关系。结果食管癌组织内的MC主要分布于癌旁交界区。tryptase的表达与食管癌的组织学分级和浸润深度呈显著的负相关性,chymase的表达与食管癌各临床病理参数均无关。结论tryptase阳性的MC与食管癌的生物学行为有相关性,对食管癌患者预后评估有一定的参考价值。

Effects of Different Light Qualities on Activity and Gene Expression of Caspase-like Proteases in Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the activity and gene expression of caspase-like proteases in tobacco leaves growing under different light qualities. [Method] By covering tobacco plants with white, red, yellow, blue and purple films to obtain different light quality, the changes of chlorophyll content, activity and gene expression of caspase-like proteases in the tobacco leaves were studied. [Results] Compared with treatments of white, red and yellow film, blue and purple films delayed the decrease of chlorophyll content and senescence of tobacco leaves at the late growth stage, and relatively lowered the activity and gene expression of caspase-like proteases during growth, development and senescence periods. [Conclusion] Different light qualities exhibited various effects on the growth, development and senescence of tobacco leaves, possibly by affecting the activity and gene expression of caspase-like proteases to some extent.

Tryptase和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞在不同程度人牙周炎组织中的量化研究

目的:T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白1(T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 1,TIM-1)作为一种免疫调节分子,能影响肥大细胞的功能。TIM-1在牙周炎过程中是否在肥大细胞上表达未见报道。本研究旨在观察TIM-1在慢性牙周炎牙龈组织中肥大细胞上的表达,探讨类胰蛋白酶(tryptase)和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞在牙周炎发病机制中的作用。方法:将92例接受研究的患者按慢性牙周炎的病变程度分成3组:(1)正常对照组27例;(2)轻度牙周炎组34例;(3)重度牙周炎组31例。牙龈组织标本经4%甲醛液固定48 h以上。牙龈标本经石蜡包埋、组织连续切片,HE染色,光学显微镜下观察牙龈的组织学改变;采用免疫荧光双染色,荧光显微镜下观察牙龈组织中tryptase和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞的表达情况。结果:牙龈组织中的炎症反应程度与慢性牙周炎的病变程度趋势一致。与正常对照组相比较,轻度慢性牙周炎组(P<0.05)和重度慢性牙周炎组(P<0.01)牙龈组织中tryptase和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞数量显著升高;重度牙周炎组牙龈组织中的tryptase和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞数量高于轻度牙周炎组(P<0.05)。结论:慢性牙周炎牙龈组织中的tryptase和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞数量与牙周炎程度的趋势相一致,提示tryptase和TIM-1双阳性肥大细胞可能参与对慢性牙周炎发病过程的免疫调节。

Tryptase阳性细胞在移植后不同时间段排斥肾中的分布

目的 了解Tryptase阳性肥大细胞在肾移植后不同时间段的排斥肾组织中的分布规律。方法 采用抗Tryptase单抗免疫组化染色法与甲苯胺蓝特殊染色方法 ,对移植后 8d～ 7a手术切除的排斥肾进行了染色。结果 在移植后的各个时间段的排斥肾中均见到较正常肾明显偏多的肥大细胞 ,且随着移植时间的延长呈增长的趋势。其中移植后 7a以上组的肥大细胞明显高于 1～ 2a组和 5～ 6a组 (P <0 .0 1)。甲苯胺蓝染色结果与Tryptase免疫组化结果相一致 ,但Tryptase免疫组化方法更为敏感。结论 肥大细胞可能参与了肾移植的排斥反应 。

Construction of Midgut Tissue-Specific cDNA Library of Bombyx mandarina M. and Isolation and Sequence Analysis of Serine Protease Gene Fragment

[Objective] The aim of the study is to construct cDNA library of midgut tissue of wild silkworm and isolate the serine protease gene. [Method] The midgut tissue-specific cDNA library of wild silkworm was constructed via cDNA Library Construction Kit (TaKaRa), then the serine protease gene was cloned via sequencing of the yielded cDNA library. [Result] The titer of cDNA library reached 6.2×105 pfu/ml, average insert size was about 1.2 kb. The serine protease gene cDNA fragment was obtained from colony sequencing (Accession No: EU672968). The nucleotide sequence of the cloned 854 bp fragment encodes 284 amino acid residues. Homology analyses showed some homology between putative amino acid sequence of the cloned fragment and amino acid sequences of serine proteases from other ten insects. [Conclusion] The results may avail to reveal the resistance of silkworm and wild silkworm to exotic intrusion.