Experimental Investigation on Element Immersing Process of Immersed Tube Tunnel

Bridges and tunnels are good solutions to transportation problems in large cities separated by large rivers. In bridge construction great success has been achieved in China, but large-sized immersed tube tunnel construction is still new. Element immersing is an important process of immersed tube tunnel construction. The accuracy of tunnel element positioning directly determines the quality of tunnel construction. In order to study the behavior of elements during its lowering to the sea bed, the experiments carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering of Shanghai Jiaotong University. In consideration of the construction experience abroad and by reference to published papers on the Oresund tunnel in Norway-Sweden and Tokyo Bay tunnel in Japan, an element model to an appropriate scale is developed. A concise description of the model experiment wave environments is carried out, and the feasibility of two immersing strategies is studied.

Elasto-plastic finite element analysis of squaring circular tube

The flow rule of Prandtl-Reuss was adopted and incremental elasto-plastic finite-element analysis formulation of Coulomb’s friction law combining the finite deformation theory was established, and Lagrangian formulation for simulating the squaring process of circular tube was updated. Incremental Coulomb’s friction law was used in the global stiffness matrix to solve the sliding-sticking state of friction at the boundary contact interface. During the squaring process, the linear factor rmin was adopted to solve the non-linear boundary problems of changing node contact and separation, elasto-plastic transient situation in an element and the non-linear constitutive behavior of material so as to make each reasonable increment of the punch meet the demand of calculation for linear increment. The squaring process of circular tube, load distribution and final shape of work piece after unloading were simulated by this mode and compared with research data. It is known that the circular tube with higher geometrical ratio (R/t) could be pressed into symmetric square tube without collapse. This result can provide reference for the analysis of this process and evaluation and improvement of product defects.

Effect of Exposure to Trace Elements in the Soil on the Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects in a High-Risk Area of China

Objective Our objective is to build a model that explains the association between the exposure to trace elements in the soil and the risk of neural tube defects. Methods We built a function with different parameters to describe the effects of trace elements on neural tube defects. The association between neural tube defects and trace element levels was transformed into an optimization problem using the maximum likelihood method. Results Tin, lead, nickel, iron, copper, and aluminum had typical layered effects （dosage effects） on the prevalence of neural tube defects. Arsenic, selenium, zinc, strontium, and vanadium had no effect, and molybdenum had one threshold value that affected the prevalence of birth defects. Conclusion As an exploratory research work, our model can be used to determine the direction of the effect of the trace element content of cultivated soil on the risk of neural tube defects, which shows the clues by the dosage effect of their toxicological characteristics. Based on our findings, future biogeochemical research should focus on the direct effects of trace elements on human health.

Finite Element Simulation of a Doubled Process of Tube Extrusion and Wall Thickness Reduction

This research deals with the forward extrusion process of tubes. In this process, a piercing process was carried out on the billet to produce the tube, followed directly by a reduction in the wall thickness. A specific geometrical shape for the piercing zone and the wall thickness reduction zone were chosen and designed. The effects of the redundant shear strain and the magnitude of the extrusion load were investigated and simulated with the finite element method using Q Form software program. Lead was used as model materials since (if the experiments were carried out at room temperature) it has the similar behavior of the steel at high temperature. The results obtained have shown that at the piercing zone, the lowest values of the extrusion load, the redundant strain, the total strain and the finite element effective strain were when a piercing tool (mandrel) of (C = 1.1) was used. While, at the die zone, the lowest values of the extrusion load, the redundant strain, the total strain was when a die of (C = 0.9) was used.

THE APPLICATION OF BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD IN STRESS ANALYSIS OF AUTOFRETTED TUBE WITH NOTCH

In this paper, the boundary element method is applied to investigate the internal state of stress of autofretted tube with notch and the calculated results are important in the practical design.

Influence of process parameters on the microstructural evolution of a rear axle tube during cross wedge rolling

In the shaping process of cross wedge rolling（CWR）, metal undergoes a complex microstructural evolution, which affects the quality and mechanical properties of the product. Through secondary development of the DEFORM-3D software, we developed a rigid plastic finite element model for a CWR-processed rear axle tube, coupled with thermomechanical and microstructural aspects of workpieces. Using the developed model, we investigated the microstructural evolution of the CWR process. Also, the influence of numerous parameters, including the initial temperature of workpieces, the roll speed, the forming angle, and the spreading angle, on the grain size and the grain-size uniformity of the rolled workpieces was analyzed. The numerical simulation was verified through rolling and metallographic experiments. Good agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental results, which demonstrated the reliability of the model constructed in this work.

Spring-back deformation in tube bending

The spring-back of a bending metal tube was studied through extensive experiments and finite element method （FEM） analysis. An approximate equation for the spring-back angle of bending was deduced. It is noted that the mechanical properties of the material （in a tubular form） are quite different from those found in the standard tensile tests （when the materials are in bar forms）. This is one of the major reasons that result in the discrepancies in the outcomes of experimental study, FEM calculations, and spring-back analysis. It is therefore of crucial importance to study the mechanical properties of the materials in their tubular forms. The experiments and FEM simulations prove that the spring-back angle is significantly affected by the mechanical properties of the materials. The angle decreases accordingly with plastic modulus, but changes inversely with the hardening index and elastic modulus The spring-back angle is also affected by the conditions of tube deformation： it increases accordingly with the relative bending radius but changes inversely with the relative wall thickness. In addition, the spring-back angle increases nonlinearly with the bending angle.

MODELING OF CONTROLLED THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF TUBES FOR ENHANCED MANUFACTURING AND PERFORMANCE

An integrated mathematical model to simulate seamless tube rolling processes has been developed at The Timken Company. The model is capable of simulating the thermal, deformation and microstructure evolution in the piercing, elongating and reducing/sizing and the austenite decomposition in the mill annealing and cooling operations. Finite difference schemes are employed to model cooling, reducing/sizing and stretch reducing, and finite-element schemes are employed to simulate piercing and elongating. The model predicts the thermal history, deformation, rolling load, torque, recrystallization and grain growth in hot tube rolling, austenite decomposition in cooling or annealing, and the final structure-properties. In this paper mathematical models which are employed to describe the thermal, deformation and microstructure evolution along with the modeling results are presented. The developed 'tube rolling mill in the computer' provides a powerful tool for engineers for product and process development, process control, process optimization and quality control.

Behavior and design method of square-tubed reinforced concrete short columns under axial compression

The behavior of square-tubed reinforced concrete (STRC) short columns subjected to axial compression was studied in detail with an accurate nonlinear finite element model (FEM) . Different width to thickness ratios (D/t = 50 150) of the steel tube and the compressive strength of concrete (C80 and C50) were adopted in this research. The axial load strength,steel tube strain and load-shortening response were determined from FEM and the analysis results from FEM were compared with those from experiment. The analysis and test results indicate that the concrete strength little affectes the confinement of the steel tube on the concrete. The transverse stress of the tube at the axial load point increases with the increment in the width to thickness ratio. Based on the results from FEM and experiment,a formula for the prediction of the axial load strength was proposed in this paper.

Investigation of guided external inversion of thin-walled round tube

A new tube inversion method called guided tube inversion(GTI),which is based on traditional axial compression inversion,has been put forward.Computational and experimental studies of the guided external inversion of round tubes are presented.The main features of the deformation and the effects of key parameters on the forming process were discussed.Numerical and experimental results both indicated that the double-walled tubular parts made by the new method have a much higher quality than those made by traditional methods,as long as the proper parameters of the process were utilized.It was found that the die radius r,the inner diameter D of the guiding ring,the velocity V of the guiding system,and the surface friction between tube and guiding ring,play important roles in the inverting process.

OPTIMIZATION OF SHEET METAL FORMING PROCESSES USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS

The paper focuses on the combination of the Finite Element simulation and optimization to improve process or product quality. Three different examples to illustrate the developed genetic approach are given. In all three examples is-DYNA3D is used to simulate the process and a general aptimiza- tion sensitivity based strategy is utilized to improve the design. The included examples are: 1) stretch bending of tubes, 2) bulging of tubes, and finally 3) hydromechanical deep drawing. these examples clearly illustrate the potential of systematic optimization in the area of metal processing.

Study on Numerical Simulation for Control of Winding Process of Thin Wall Spiral Tube

Being aimed at the inside wall wrinkling and sinking phenomenon of palladium-yttrium alloy thin wall spiral tube used for preparation of high purity hydrogen, extraction of hydrogen isotope, and purification and separation of hydrogen in the winding process, this article analyzed the reasons for above phenomena, established a numerical simulation model of winding process of above tube, using elastic-plastic Finite Element method analyzed the max. tensile stress and max. compression stress and their locations, thereby provides a theory base for the control of working forming course of thin wall spiral tube.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Greenhouses with Artificial Heat Tube

With the workmanship decrease in farms, the necessity to rationalize the use of other inputs and the development of technology has rapidly expanded the use of computer simulation in agricultural systems. One of the agricultural systems in which the modeling process of plant growth has been more engaged is the greenhouse production for horticultural crops. In Mediterranean climate, it is during the night that the energy losses are important and can be compensated with an artificial heat input. In this work an experiment was performed in a greenhouse in the north of Portugal. Temperature values in several points and air velocity in the aperture were measured during the night for three different cases: natural convective heating (case A);artificial heating tubes (AHT) (case B);AHT and natural ventilation (case C). A CFD simulation, carried out using FLOTRAN module of ANSYS, was also performed in two-dimensional configuration to obtain the indoor air temperature and velocity fields for the three cases. A very good agreement between experimental and numerical temperature values were verified, which allows to validate the adopted numerical procedure. In case A, the average temperature was 2.2℃. An average increase of 6.7℃ and 3.5℃ on the air temperature was obtained for the case B and case C, respectively. These results clearly emphasis the influence of each thermal load on greenhouse indoor air properties.

Structural Analysis and Optimal Design for Water Tube Panel in an Alkali Recovery Boiler

Alkali recovery aiming at recovering NaOH is the best available technology in China's pulp and paper industry;an alkali recovery boiler is a popular one among all alkali recovery units. For the purpose of designing the most reasonable tube-panel of an evaporator in a 1500 t/d alkali recovery boiler, a total of 8 kinds of cases are put forward for finite element analysis. The modeling, meshing and calculation are carried out for each case. The stress values and their distribution rules are revealed in this paper. The slotting size for the water tubes panel is analyzed by using the optimum design module of ANSYS. After all cases are compared with each other, the optimal one is developed and exemplified in conclusion.

工艺参数对三辊行星旋轧铜管尺寸定量影响研究

目的借助有限元模拟对管材三辊行星旋轧的尺寸进行定量研究与分析。方法采用三维扫描仪获得轧辊的宏观几何模型,采用Simufact.forming有限元软件,探究推进力、轧辊角度、自转速度及表面摩擦因数对TP2铜铸坯旋轧过程中变形和尺寸的影响。结果通过扫描发现,轧辊的倾斜角和偏转角分别为50°和29°;模拟结果显示,采用剪切摩擦更适合管材尺寸的准确模拟,剪切摩擦因数最佳值为1.2;增大喂料小车推力有利于轧件三角形区域的增大,最佳推力为13 kN;此外,轧辊转速对轧件尺寸有一定影响,增大轧辊转速有利于扩径,最佳转速为160 r/min。结论轧辊最低点位置和轧辊表面摩擦因数是影响轧件归圆后尺寸的2个关键因素,通过模拟研究可以准确获得管材的变形和几何参数。

锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵仿真及实验

针对锥形流管无阀压电泵输出流量小、回流流量多等问题,结合锥形流管和溢流坝阶梯式结构的阻流作用,研制了一种锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵。对锥形阶梯流管的流阻特性进行了理论分析,利用有限元软件对锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵和锥形无阶梯无阀压电泵进行了流场仿真对比,制作了锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵实验样机,测量不同频率和驱动电压下两种泵的流量。实验结果表明:当驱动电压峰峰值为180 V、驱动频率为18 Hz时,锥形无阶梯流管无阀压电泵流量最大为6.20 ml/min,锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵输出流量最大为8.04 ml/min,与锥形无阶梯流管无阀压电泵相比泵最大输出流量提升了29%,验证了锥形阶梯流管无阀压电泵能有效抑制锥形流管中的回流现象,且相比于无阶梯流管无阀压电泵具有更好的输出流量。

机车前端薄壁吸能管仿真模型模糊参数的支持向量回归反求

为了获得影响耐撞性结构有限元计算精度的准确模型参数,提高冲击仿真的准确性,提出一种基于支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)模型进行参数优化反求的方法。以一种机车前端防爬结构中的预压薄壁吸能圆管为研究对象建立有限元模型,进行台车冲击试验验证仿真模型准确性。通过拉丁超立方试验设计驱动有限元模型进行少量计算获得数据集,有限元模型中的模糊参数为输入变量,计算与试验载荷的差异为目标响应,通过SVR方法构建映射关系,并采用增强精英保留遗传算法(strengthen elitist genetic algorithm,SEGA)对超参数进行优化,确定SVR模型最佳配置;通过该最优SVR模型再次使用SEGA优化反求,获得最佳模糊参数组合。使用这组参数组合设置有限元模型,其仿真结果相较初始计算耐撞性指标和载荷曲线匹配程度都得到了提高。研究结果为有限元模型中模糊参数的准确设定、碰撞仿真的精度提升提供了一种新的思路。

Enhanced efficiency in Concentrated Parabolic Solar Collector(CPSC) with a porous absorber tube filled with metal nanoparticle suspension

In this study, effects of different nanoparticles and porosity of absorber tube on the performance of a Concentrating Parabolic Solar Collector(CPSC) were investigated. A section of porous-filled absorber tube was modeled as a semi-circular cavity under the solar radiation which is filled by nanofluids and the governing equations were solved by FlexPDE numerical software. The effect of four physical parameters, nanoparticles type, nanoparticles volume fraction(φ), Darcy number(Da) and Rayleigh number(Ra), on the Nusselt number(Nu) was discussed. It turns out that Cu nanoparticle is the most suitable one for such solar collectors, compared to the commonly used Fe_3O_4, Al_2O_3, TiO_2.With the increased addition of Cu nanoparticles all the parameters φ, Da and Ra shows a significant increase against the Nu, indicates the enhanced heat transfer in such cases. As a result, low concentration of Cu nanoparticle suspension combined with porous matrix was supposed to be beneficial for the performance enhancement of concentrating parabolic solar collector.

Behavior of galvanized steel tube subjected to web crippling

The details of a research study of galvanized steel tube under web crippling were presented. A total of 48 galvanized steel square hollow sections with different boundary conditions, loading conditions, bearing lengths and web slenderness were tested. The experimental scheme, failure modes, load-displacement curves and strain intensity distribution curves were also presented. The investigation was focused on the effects of loading condition, bearing length and slenderness on web crippling ultimate capacity, initial compressive stiffness and ductility of galvanized steel tube. The results show that web crippling ultimate capacity increases linearly with the increase of the bearing length under EOF and IOF loading condition. In the end-flange and ITF loading conditions, strain intensity of the centerline of web reaches the peak and decreases progressively from central web to flanges. Finite element models were developed to numerically simulate the tests in terms of failure modes and ultimate capacity. Web crippling strength of galvanized steel tube increases linearly with the increase of the ratio of the bearing length to web thickness and decrease of web slenderness. The effect of ratio of galvanized layer thickness to web thickness on web crippling strength is small. Based on the results of the parametric study, a number of calculation formulas proposed in this work can be successfully employed as a design rule for predicting web crippling ultimate capacity of galvanized steel tube under four loading and boundary conditions.

基于有限元分析的连续油管寿命研究及预测模型

目前针对连续油管的寿命预测研究较少,但在实际的生产中连续油管的突然失效会造成极大安全隐患,急需解决方案。针对此问题,本文使用有限元仿真方法,针对三种规格的CT80连续油管在不同工况下进行有限元分析,得到了连续油管的受力、形变和疲劳寿命。用疲劳试验对有限元分析进行验证,证明了有限元分析的疲劳寿命的准确性。将连续油管的直径、壁厚、内压、弯曲半径参数转化为外壁应变和环向应力,通过数据拟合建立了关于外壁应变、环向应力和疲劳寿命之间的全经验公式,得到连续油管疲劳寿命预测模型。并用试验得出的结果与疲劳寿命预测模型进行比较,误差较小,可用于CT80连续油管的疲劳寿命预测,最后通过疲劳试验得到了连续油管在二级加载下的疲劳寿命模型,该模型可预测油管在第二级载荷下的剩余疲劳寿命。