Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency, Tuber Yield, Radiation Use Effi ciency, and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes

Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index （NNI） were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency （AEN）, tuber yield, radiation use efficiency （RUE） and leaf parameters including leaf area index （LAI）, areal leaf N content （NJ and leaf N concentration （N0. Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels： no N （N 1）, 150 kg N ha^-1 （N2）, 300 kg N ha^-1 （N3）. N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies （NNI〈 1） which occurred for N 1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber RUE to NNI. stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of

Production of Yam Tubers Using Seed Tubers from Vitroplants Regenerated from Aerial Stems in the Yam Species Dioscorea alata (L.) and Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (L. & P.) in Côte d’Ivoire

The aim of this study is to produce large quantities of yam tubers in the field from seed tubers derived from vitroplants regenerated from aerial stem cuttings and farmers’ tuber seeds. Seed tubers from ten yam cultivars, including five from Dioscorea alata (cDa083, cDa053, cDa115, cDa150 and cDa266) and five from Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (cDr015, cDr027, cDr150, cDr206 and cDr148) with distinct agro-morphological characteristics, were used as material. A completely randomized block design with 3 replications was used. In each block, all cultivars and seed types were represented. When put into cultivation, the tubers produced by the vitroplants all germinated and gave 100% healthy plants, compared with 86% to 100% healthy plants for the seed tubers produced by the farmers. Yields per hectare ranged from 10 to 25 tonnes for seed tubers produced by in vitro plants, and from 4 to 9 tons for seed tubers produced by farmers. Seed tubers from vitroplants can therefore be recommended to farmers as a solution to the problem of seed tuber unavailability.

Effect of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Two Industrial Potato Varieties (Asterix and Courage) in Bangladesh

Potato is one of the most important vegetable crops, which contributes more than half of the total vegetable production in Bangladesh. Four field experiments were conducted in two different locations in Bangladesh to develop integrated nutrient management practices to produce quality potato seed in industrial processing varieties Asterix and Courage. For the inorganic trial, Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) including 2 potato varieties, 5 treatments with 4 replications, and in the organic fertilizer trial, Factorial RCBD including 2 potato varieties, 6 treatments with 4 replications were used. In the inorganic fertilizer trail, the highest yield was obtained in the variety Asterix due to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur (NPKS) plus Magnesium treated plot in Domar BADC farm and due to NPKS plus Boron, Zinc, and Magnesium treated plots in Kashimpur Farm. In the case of variety Courage, the highest yield was found in the treatment of NPKS plus Zinc in Domar BADC farm while in Kashimpur farm, NPKS plus Mg treated plots had the highest yield of potato variety-Courage. In the organic fertilizer trail, the highest tuber yield per hill was obtained by applying the government-approved commercial brand Northern organic fertilizer in variety Asterix and by organic fertilizer brand Chook Chook in variety Courage. Parameters such as days to tuber initiation, number of stems per hill, plant height, and number of tubers per hill were found statistically different among the treatments and between the two varieties. Treatments namely Northern organic fertilizer and Cowdung combined with mustard oil cake performed better considering standard grade tuber yield (grade A and B) compared to other treatments. Hence, the combination of NPKS MgZn and either Northern organic or Chook Chook or Cowdung plus mustard oil cake could be used to grow the varieties Asterix and Courage.

A Transgenic Study on Affecting Potato Tuber Yield by Expressing the Rice Sucrose Transporter Genes OsSUT5Z and OsSUT2M

In many plants, sucrose transporters are essential for both sucrose exports from sources and imports into sinks, indicating a function in assimilate partitioning. To investigate whether sucrose transporters can improve the yield of starch plant, potato plants （Solanum tuberosum L. cv. D^siree） were transformed with cDNAs of the rice sucrose transporter genes OsSUT5Z and OsSUT2M under the control of a tuber- specific, class-I patatin promoter. Compared to the controls, the average fructose content of OsSUTSZ transgenic tubers significantly increased. However, the content of the sugars and starch in the OsSUT2M transgenic potato tubers showed no obvious difference. Correspondingly, the average tuber yield, average number of tubers per plant and average weight of single tuber showed no significant difference in OsSUT2M transgenic tubers with controls. In the OsSUTSZ transgenic lines, the average tuber yield per plant was 1.9-fold higher than the controls, and the average number of tubers per plant increased by more than 10 tubers on average, whereas the average weight of a single tuber did not increase significantly. These results suggested that the average number of tubers per plant showed more contribution than the average weight of a single tuber to the tuber yield per plant.

Preliminary Findings on Yield Response of Potatoes （Solanum tuberosum） to Umostart Super Zn （11.46,0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates）

Field trials to determine the yield response of potatoes to Umostart Super Zn （USZ） fertilizer （11.46.0 ＋ 2 Zn ＋ Humates） were carried out in 2004 using the cultivar Tigoni. During the long rains season, the treatments included USZ at 15 kg ha^-1 at planting; 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; and 45 kg ha^-1 at planting. Treatments during the short rains included USZ at 30 kg ha^-1 split into 15 kg ha^-1 at planting and 15 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; 30 kg ha^-1 at planting; 40 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 at planting; 50 kg ha^-1 split into 25 kg ha^-1 at planting and 25 kg ha^-1 during final earthing-up; and 60 kg ha^-1 at planting. USZ was contrasted with Diammonium phosphate （DAP） fertilizer （18：46：0） at 300 kg ha^-1 and 500 kg ha^-1 applied at planting and a control in which no fertilizer was applied. The DAP 300 kg ha^-1 treatment was however, not included during the long rains season. The highest tuber yields among the USZ treatments were obtained in plots treated with 45 kg ha^-1 （27.11 t ha^-1） during the long rains and 60 kg ha^-1 （55.17 t ha^-1） during the short rains season. Application of USZ resulted in a yield increase of at least 3.90 and 19.06 t ha^-1 during the long and short rains seasons respectively.

Effects of Nano-Carbon Water-Retaining Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency of Tuber Mustard

The effects of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer on yield,quality of tuber mustard,and fertilizer utilization efficiency were studied with the field experiments compared to the local tuber mustard fertilizer with equal amount of effective composition. The results showed that the yield of tuber mustard was 50 670-56 496 kg/ha in treatments of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer decreasing by 10%-40%,and compared with local tuber mustard fertilizer,the average yield was increased by 94. 8%. The yield increasing rate of tuber mustard was 93. 0%in treatment of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer decreasing by 30%. The average fertilizer utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus was 54% and 39. 7%,respectively,the average increment of fertilizer utilization efficiency was 36% and 37%,respectively compared with local tuber mustard fertilizer. Especially in treatment of reducing nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer by 30%,the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency was increased by 64% and 56%,respectively. By comprehensive comparison,it was found that nano-carbon waterretaining fertilizer and the treatment of 30% reduction could significantly improve the yield of tuber mustard and fertilizer utilization efficiency,and have popularization and application value in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

9个不同使用类型木薯品系在合浦县的适应性研究

为筛选适宜在合浦县推广的木薯品系,本研究以主栽品种‘南植199’为对照,对9个木薯新品系的生物学特性进行了观察,并测定其农艺性状和经济性状,同时进行相关性分析。结果表明,9个品系分枝角度小、块根长度适中和主茎高度中等以上;‘RC4’的块根产量显著高于对照,其余8个品系与对照差异不显著;‘RC4’等8个品系的淀粉产量高于对照;9个品系的淀粉含量高于对照,其中‘RC3’等5个品系的淀粉含量显著或极显著高于对照;9个木薯品系的直链淀粉含量显著或极显著低于对照‘;RC6’等6个品系的氢氰酸含量低于50 mg/kg。相关性分析结果表明:块根产量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、块根直径呈极显著正相关,与茎粗呈显著正相关;淀粉含量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、茎粗呈显著正相关;淀粉产量与生长中期株高、成熟期株高、茎粗、块根直径、块根产量呈极显著正相关,与淀粉含量呈显著正相关。综合来看,这9个木薯新品系的综合表现良好,适合在合浦县进行推广。其中‘,RC3’、‘RC4’和‘RC7’可作为加工型品系;‘RC5’和‘RC10’可作为食用品系;‘RC2’、‘RC6’、‘RC11’和‘RC12’可作为鲜食加工兼用品系;‘RC2’和‘RC5’作为食用品系具有很好的推广前景。

不同施氮水平对油莎豆农田土壤养分表观平衡和块茎产量的影响

研究不同施氮水平下沙质土壤油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)土壤养分表观平衡及块茎产量,为沙质土壤油莎豆科学施氮提供理论依据。以油莎豆品种“中油莎1号”为研究对象,分别设置0 kg·hm^(-2)(N0)、75 kg·hm^(-2)(N1)、150 kg·hm^(-2)(N2)、225 kg·hm^(-2)(N3)4个施氮水平。分析4个施氮水平对油莎豆农艺性状、土壤表观养分平衡及块茎产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮量增加,两地油莎豆茎蘖数、株高、单片叶面积等均有增加,但过高的施氮量会造成油莎豆地上部徒长,导致产量下降;施氮量为150 kg·hm^(-2)(N2),油莎豆最大根长、根体积等农艺性状最优,油莎豆整株干重及块茎产量均最高,块茎鲜产可达到9298.87~10336.06 kg·hm^(-2);两地氮素表观盈余率在0 kg·hm^(-2)(N0)和75 kg·hm^(-2)(N1)水平下均为负值,150 kg·hm^(-2)(N2)和225 kg·hm^(-2)(N3)水平下均为正值,表明两地氮素均在N2水平即施氮量为150 kg·hm^(-2)时达到氮素平衡状态。冗余分析也表明油莎豆茎蘖数、最大根长、根体积、氮携出量是驱动油莎豆干物质及块茎产量形成的主要因素。因此在北方沙质土壤条件下,N素施入量为150 kg·hm^(-2)时,可促进油莎豆对养分的吸收、维持土壤表观养分平衡,有利于油莎豆良好的生长发育和产量的提高。

不同有机改良剂对盐碱地菊芋产量及土壤理化性质的影响

试验在黄河三角洲典型盐碱地上进行,以菊芋品种南芋1号为供试材料,设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(F)、商品有机肥(M)、生物炭基调理剂(T1)、抗盐调理剂(T2)共5个处理,研究不同有机改良剂对菊芋苗期生物量、块茎产量及土壤主要理化性质的影响。结果表明:施用有机改良剂对盐碱地菊芋苗期干物质量和成熟期地下块茎产量影响显著,其中T1处理菊芋苗期干物质量和成熟期块茎产量最高,较CK、F处理分别显著提高76.4%、36.2%和38.7%、25.1%。与CK相比,T1处理菊芋苗期0~30 cm土层土壤pH值显著下降;M、T1和T2处理较CK和F处理显著降低菊芋苗期0~20 cm土层土壤水溶性盐含量,降幅达8.3%以上,且T1优于M和T2处理;菊芋收获后,M、T1和T2处理0~10 cm土层土壤有机质含量较CK分别显著提高15.1%、20.7%和21.0%,T1处理显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,M处理显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量。综上,施用生物炭基调理剂对改良土壤盐碱化、促进壮苗培育、提高菊芋产量效果较优。

不同生育期干旱胁迫对马铃薯生长特性、块茎产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探究马铃薯对不同生育期干旱胁迫的响应,明确马铃薯各生育期的需水特性,本研究以马铃薯栽培品种华颂7号为试验材料,在大田遮雨棚下对马铃薯各生育期进行干旱胁迫处理,研究不同生育期干旱胁迫对马铃薯植株生长、干物质积累、块茎产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,幼苗期干旱胁迫处理(T_(1))后恢复灌水,相较于对照,成熟期马铃薯株高、根长、干物质积累量和水分利用效率显著提高。在产量和产量构成方面,幼苗期干旱胁迫处理后恢复灌水,大薯率较对照显著提高11.00个百分点、小薯率较对照显著降低10.34个百分点,块茎产量较对照显著增加31.34%。块茎形成期和块茎膨大期干旱胁迫处理(T_(2)、T_(3))的块茎产量较CK显著下降58.41%和27.84%,T_(2)处理的大薯率较对照显著降低了25.34个百分点,但T_(3)处理的大薯率、中薯率、小薯率与对照相比无显著差异。相较于对照,淀粉积累期干旱胁迫处理(T_(4))对马铃薯单株干物质积累、块茎产量和产量构成影响不显著。因此,可对华颂7号在幼苗期进行适当干旱胁迫以提高块茎产量和水分利用效率,而在块茎形成期和块茎膨大期应保持充足的水分供应以确保块茎产量的形成,从而达到高产高效的目的。

水肥与覆膜对油莎豆产量及土壤性质的影响

为探究极端干旱区油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)经济有效的水肥种植措施,本研究在和田地区沙漠-绿洲过渡带风沙土上设置了水肥和覆膜的双因素试验,设3个水肥处理(60%、80%和100%水肥),3个覆膜处理(无膜、液膜和白膜),共计9个处理,分析了不同水肥处理和覆膜方式对油莎豆干物质产量、土壤养分、土壤盐的影响。结果表明,不同水肥处理对油莎豆的生长与各部分产量均无显著影响(P>0.05),覆膜处理显著影响油莎豆株密度、块茎个数、千粒重及块茎产量(P<0.05)。油莎豆叶生物量与块茎产量均在覆盖白膜条件下最大,块茎产量在液膜处理下为最低。水肥与覆膜处理对土壤养分均有显著影响,水肥处理与覆膜处理对0-20 cm土层土壤有机质、水解性氮、速效钾,以及20-40 cm土层土壤水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾存在显著交互作用。种植油莎豆显著降低了土壤有机质含量,增加了其余养分含量,土壤有机质含量在白膜+60%水肥条件下为最高;并且显著降低了土壤深层盐分含量,但过量的水肥会导致表层土壤盐渍化。综上所知,在覆盖白膜的条件下,选择较低的水肥添加量能够在获得较高的油莎豆产量的同时,减少成本,获得最大的经济生态效益,因此,针对贫瘠缺水的沙化土地,推荐使用白膜+60%水肥的模式种植油莎豆。

水分亏缺胁迫对马铃薯块茎产量构成的影响

为了探究水分亏缺胁迫对马铃薯块茎产量构成的影响,以马铃薯品系BFL10和BFL12为试验材料,对不同水分胁迫状态下马铃薯各生育期的株高、分枝数、匍匐茎数量、单株结薯数量和单株结薯重量进行测定。结果表明:水分亏缺胁迫对马铃薯株高和分枝数的影响因品种熟性而异;重度水分亏缺胁迫显著降低了两个品系的单株结薯数量、单株大薯数量和单株结薯重量,轻度水分亏缺胁迫显著降低了单株大薯数量,推测轻度水分亏缺可能通过影响薯块膨大降低产量,而重度水分亏缺是通过影响薯块膨大和减少薯块数量两个方面降低产量。

氮素对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

氮肥是限制马铃薯高产关键因子之一。目前马铃薯生产上氮肥应用缺乏科学指导,存在氮素供应过量、形态配比不合理、供应方式落后等问题,制约马铃薯高产。综述聚焦氮素供应对块茎形成及发育的影响,总结氮素对马铃薯匍匐茎发生、块茎形成时间、数量和重量的影响。低氮条件下有利于块茎提前发生,但库强源弱,匍匐茎发生率低,块茎消亡发生率高,单株薯数和薯重下降;氮供应过量则抑制匍匐茎发育,推迟块茎形成时间,块茎数量和重量随之降低;供应适宜氮素有利于高产,究其原因,匍匐茎顶端提前膨大形成块茎,块茎消亡发生率降低,块茎单株薯数和单株薯重增加。前人围绕合理供氮量对马铃薯块茎发育的调控做了大量研究,但因产地气候、土壤理化性质、主栽品种及生产目的不同,上述阈值不尽相同,仍有待于进一步探究。

施氮对我国甘薯产量及其构成因素影响的整合分析

【目的】在全国尺度上,定量评价施氮对甘薯产量及其构成因素的影响,明确影响施氮效应的因素,为我国甘薯生产中氮肥合理施用提供参考。【方法】利用中国知网、万方、维普和Web of Science中英文数据库,以“甘薯”、“氮”、“氮肥”、“产量”、“单株结薯数”、“单薯重”为关键词进行检索,基于以下标准对文献进行筛选:试验在我国农田进行;试验包含不施氮肥对照和施用不同量氮肥处理,且对照与处理磷钾肥用量相同;每个处理至少有3次重复,共筛选到45篇文献。筛选后的文献中,包含产量数据288组,单株结薯数数据191组,单薯重数据145组。利用Meta分析方法,定量分析施氮对甘薯产量及其构成因素的影响;通过亚组分析,评价不同因素对施氮效应的影响。【结果】与不施氮相比,施氮增加我国甘薯鲜薯单位面积产量1.7%、单薯重3.2%,降低单株结薯数1.2%。不同施氮量下,甘薯产量及其构成因素存在显著差异。随施氮量增加,鲜薯产量和单株结薯数增幅逐渐降低,增幅最大的施氮量均小于75 kg/hm^(2),单薯重呈先升高后下降的趋势,增幅最大的施氮量为75~150 kg/hm^(2)。长江流域薯区和南方薯区鲜薯单产增幅高于北方薯区;北方薯区、长江流域薯区、南方薯区适宜施氮量分别为<75、75~150、75~150 kg/hm^(2)。随对照组产量(地力产量)的增加,施氮的鲜薯产量、单株结薯数增幅均呈下降趋势,而单薯重增幅呈增加趋势。对照组产量≤25 t/hm^(2)时,适宜施氮量为75~150 kg/hm^(2),地力产量为25~35 t/hm^(2)和>35 t/hm^(2)时,适宜施氮量为<75 kg/hm^(2)。施氮处理下鲜食型甘薯增产幅度低于淀粉型甘薯,鲜食型甘薯适宜施氮量为<75 kg/hm^(2),淀粉型为75~150 kg/hm^(2)。施氮鲜薯产量增幅最高的施钾(K_(2)O)量为150~225 kg/hm^(2),尽管该施钾量范围内施氮处理的单株结薯数显著下降6.3%,但单薯重显著增加14.9%,导致鲜薯产量增加10.5%;施磷(P_(2)O_5)量为≤60 kg/hm^(2)时,施氮处理的鲜薯产量、单株结薯数和单薯重增幅最高,分别为7.2%、4.9%和5.8%;氮、磷、钾适宜的配施比例为1∶0~0.8∶1~3。中性土壤(6.520 g/kg)的土壤条件下,施氮处理的鲜薯产量增幅最高。【结论】施氮有助于提升我国甘薯产量,但施氮效果受区域、地力产量、磷钾肥施用量、土壤基础肥力、甘薯类型等因素影响。因此,在甘薯生产中,应充分考虑这些因素,制定适宜的施氮方案,以提高氮肥利用率和甘薯产量。

肥水处理对一年生何首乌块根产量的影响

为探明一年生何首乌生长的水肥田间管理方法,以大棚盆栽何首乌为试材,用氮、磷、钾、水4因素3水平正交试验设计L^(9)(3^(4))方法,测定一年生何首乌产量及最大块根重量。结果表明,氮、磷、钾、水4个因素对何首乌块根产量的影响,其主次顺序依次为土壤持水量、磷肥、氮肥和钾肥;水和磷两个因素对何首乌产量的影响达到了极显著水平,而氮与钾两个因素未达到显著水平;产量随土壤持水量的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大产量出现在水因素为W_(2)时,为297.86 g/株;各处理何首乌最大块根重量在24.57~80.95 g的范围内变化;何首乌最大块根重量与其产量呈极显著正相关。一年生何首乌产量适宜土壤水分含量为65%田间持水量,磷肥单株每盆需要P_(2)O_(5)2.16 g。

Effect of Saline Aquaculture Effluent on Salt-Tolerant Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in a Semi-Arid Coastal Area of China

An experiment with six treatments: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigated with freshwater), and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (v/v) was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1:1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1:4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.

块茎形成期不同灌溉量对油莎豆产量和品质的影响

为探究块茎形成期不同灌溉量对油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.)产量和品质的影响,以油莎豆(品种‘吉沙11号’)为试验材料,在块茎形成期设置CK(常规灌溉定额,525 m^(3)·hm^(-2)),W1(80%常规灌溉定额),W2(60%常规灌溉定额)三个处理,在收获期采集饲草、块茎和土壤样品,分析饲草和块茎的产量、品质及土壤理化性质的差异。结果表明:减少灌溉量显著降低块茎产量、千粒重、土壤含水率和pH值(P<0.05),W2处理土壤全磷和有效磷含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),块茎淀粉含量随灌溉量增加显著下降(P<0.05),W1处理饲草相对饲用价值显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),油莎豆产量和品质主要受土壤含水率、pH值、全磷和有效磷含量影响。不同灌溉量综合评价排序为:W1>W2>CK,即块茎形成期最佳灌溉定额为420 m^(3)·hm^(-2)有利于南疆地区油莎豆兼得高产高品质。本研究结果为油莎豆的规模化种植提供理论依据。

二倍体和四倍体马铃薯组培苗结薯性状比较

以82份马铃薯材料(2份Solanum tuberosum,34份S.phureja,12份S.chacoense,8份S.polyadenium,9份S.stenotomum,17份S.vernei)为试验对象,调查和分析其结薯性状。2份S.tuberosum材料平均单株产量为35.7 g,平均单株结薯数为5.7个,平均单薯重为6.9 g;34份S.phureja材料平均单株产量为16.0 g,平均单株结薯数为3.9个,平均单薯重为5.0 g;12份S.chacoense材料平均单株产量为10.0 g,平均单株结薯数为10.4个,平均单薯重为1.1 g;8份S.polyadenium材料平均单株产量为11.9 g,平均单株结薯数为9.8个,平均单薯重为1.3 g;9份S.stenotomum材料平均单株产量为13.2 g,平均单株结薯数为12.9个,平均单薯重为1.2 g;17份S.vernei材料平均单株产量为12.6 g,平均单株结薯数为7.8个,平均单薯重为1.7 g。四倍体平均单株产量高于二倍体,S.phureja材料又高于其他二倍体材料;S.chacoense、S.polyadenium、S.stenotomum和S.vernei单株结薯数高于S.tuberosum和S.phureja。在产量构成方面,S.tuberosum和S.phureja单株产量受单株结薯数与单薯重双重影响,而S.chacoense、S.polyadenium、S.stenotomum和S.vernei单株产量几乎仅受单株结薯数影响。试验结果为研究马铃薯块茎形成机制及二倍体资源利用提供参考。

Effects of Soil Aeration on Sweet Potato Yield and Its Physiological Mechanism

The effects of soil aeration on physiological characters and root tuber yield of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. CV Lushu7 and Xushu18 were studied. The results showed that soil aeration improvement could increase ATP content and ATPase activity in functional leaves and root tubers and ABA content in root tubers. It also accelerated the transportation of 14C-photosynthate from leaves to root tubers and enhanced dry matter distribution in root tubers and thus root tuber yield was significantly raised. The role of ATP, ATPase and ABA in accelerating the transportation of 14C-photosynthate was discussed based on the changes of soluble carbonhydrate content in sweet potato plant.

外源茉莉酸甲酯对镉胁迫马铃薯光合荧光特性及块茎产量的影响

【目的】探明外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对镉胁迫马铃薯光合生理特性及块茎产量的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以200μmol/L CdCl2胁迫下的马铃薯品种大西洋为试验材料,共设不喷施MeJA(CK)、喷施0.1μmol/L MeJA(T1)、喷施1μmol/L MeJA(T2)、喷施10μmol/L MeJA(T3)4个处理,分别于苗期、开花期、薯块膨大期和成熟期取样,分析MeJA对镉胁迫马铃薯叶片叶绿素(叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素a+b(Chl(a+b))含量、光合指标(净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i)))、叶绿素荧光参数(初始荧光(F_(0))、最大荧光产量(F_(m))、可变荧光(F_(v))、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m)))、块茎产量及其镉含量的影响,并分析了马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量、光合指标、叶绿素荧光参数与产量的相关性。【结果】在马铃薯苗期、开花期、薯块膨大期和成熟期,与CK相比,喷施MeJA均可以提高镉胁迫马铃薯叶片的叶绿素含量及P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、F_(0)、F_(m)、F_(v)和F_(v)/F_(m),降低Ci。在同一时期的4个MeJA处理中,T_(2)处理马铃薯叶片的叶绿素含量、P_n、G_(s)、T_(r)、F_(0)、F_(m)、F_(v)、F_(v)/F_(m)总体最高,C_(i)最小。喷施不同浓度MeJA对镉胁迫马铃薯块茎产量和及其镉含量有明显影响,与CK相比,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)处理马铃薯的块茎产量显著增加了21.14%,34.60%和16.91%,块茎镉含量显著下降了48.09%,57.02%和38.70%。相关性分析表明,马铃薯产量与Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)、P_(n)、T_(r)呈显著正相关。【结论】外源MeJA能够改善镉胁迫马铃薯叶片的光合作用,提高块茎产量,其中以1μmol/L MeJA处理效果最优,可有效缓解镉胁迫对马铃薯造成的不利影响。