Numerical simulation of solid tumor angiogenesis with Endostatin treatment:a combined analysis of inhibiting effect of anti-angiogenic factor and micro mechanical environment of extracellular matrix

To investigate the influence of anti-angiogenesis drug Endostatin on solid tumor angiogenesis, a mathematical model of tumor angiogenesis was developed with combined influences of local extra-cellular matrix mechanical environment, and the inhibiting effects of Angiostatin and Endostatin. Simulation results show that Angiostatin and Endostatin can effectively inhibit the process of tumor angiogenesis, and decrease the number of blood vessels in the tumor. The present model could be used as a valid theoretical method in the investigation of anti-angiogenic therapy of tumors.

Malignant peritoneal effusion acting as a tumor environment in ovarian cancer progression: Impact and significance

Until recently, ovarian cancer research has mainly focused on the tumor cells themselves ignoring for the most part the surrounding tumor environment which includes malignant peritoneal effusions. However, one of the major conceptual advances in oncology over the last few years has been the appreciation that cancer progression cannot be explained by aberrations in cancer cells themselves and is strongly influenced by the surrounding tumor environment. The mechanisms of ovarian cancer progression differ from that of other solid tumors because ovarian cancer cells primarily disseminate within the peritoneal cavity.Malignant peritoneal effusion accumulates in the peritoneal cavity during ovarian cancer progression. These exudative fluids act as a unique tumor environment providing a framework that orchestrates cellular and molecular changes contributing to aggressiveness and disease progression. The composition of ascites, which includes cellular and acellular components, constantly adapts during the course of the disease in response to various cellular cues originating from both tumor and stromal cells. The tumor environment that represents peritoneal effusions closely constitute an ecosystem, with specific cell types and signaling molecules increasing and decreasing during the course of the disease progression creating a single complex network. Although recent advances aiming to understand the ovarian tumor environment have focused one at a time on components, the net impact of the whole environment cannot be understood simply from its parts or outside is environmental context.

Analysis of Micro Thermal Environment for Residential District Planning

This paper focused on residential district planning process.Using GIS and SketchUp software,a common digital relief map model of a residential district was created,and the air distribution(both velocity and temperature)within this residential district was established by CFD simulation.So,the velocity and temperature of the air at any location within the residential district,as well as the worse flow area and overheat area can be clearly presented.An index of micro thermal environment for the air distribution evaluation was established.Depending on a certain residential district planning model,from the air parameters of the micro environment at any location within the residential district,such as air velocity and air temperature,the index of micro thermal environment was obtained by certain principles and data processing process.By this index,the residential district planning scheme was evaluated corresponding to the thermal characteristics of the residential district.If this index is not good enough or unsatisfied,the residential district planning idea and process can be changed or improved accordingly in order to get a better thermal characteristics of the residential district judged by the established evaluation index system.

Clinical experience sharing on gastric microneuroendocrine tumors: A case report

BACKGROUND The majority of gastric neuroendocrine tumors(G-NENs)are present in various lesions under endoscopy,and they can be polypoid uplifts,submucosal tumors or papules,erosions,and ulcers.The lesions are mostly confined to the mucosal or submucosal layer,usually less than 2 cm,and exclusively localized to the gastric body or fundus.In type 1 G-NENs,about 22%of cases have no visible lesions under an endoscope,and such lesions can only be detected via biopsies(microcar-cinoids).CONCLUSION In the case under study,the patient did not have any visible raised lesions under a gastroscope,and the lesions were found only after a random biopsy.This article combines the endoscopic manifestations and clinical features of the lesions in this case to improve the diagnosis of G-NENs.

Exosomes and their role in the micro-/macro-environment： acomprehensive review

The importance of extracellular vesicles(EVs) in cell-cell communication has long been recognized due to their ability to transfer important cellular cargoes such as DNA, mRNA, miRNAs, and proteins to target cells. Compelling evidence supports the role of EVs in the horizontal transfer of cellular material which has the potential to influence normal cellular physiology and promote various disease states. Of the different types of EVs, exosomes have garnered much attention in the past decade due to their abundance in various biological fluids and ability to affect multiple organ systems. The main focus of this review will be on cancer and how cancer-derived exosomes are important mediators of metastasis, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and the tumor macro-/microenvironment. We will also discuss exosomes as potential biomarkers for cancers due to their abundance in biological fluids, ease of uptake, and cellular content. Exosome use in diagnosis, prognosis, and in establishing treatment regimens has enormous potential to revolutionize patient care.

Effects of different irrigation methods on micro-environments and root distribution in winter wheat fields

The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation（BI）, sprinkler irrigation（SI）, and surface drip irrigation（SDI） had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.

Numerical simulation of tumor-induced angiogenesis influenced by the extra-cellular matrix mechanical environment

To investigate tumor-induced angiogenesis under the influence of the mechanical environments inside and outside the tumor, mathematical model of tumor angiogenesis was developed. In the model, extra-cellular matrix （ECM） was treated as a thin plane. The displacement of ECM is obtained from the force balance equation consisted of the ECs traction, the ECM visco-elastic forces and the exter- nal forces. Simulation results show that a layered capillary network is obtained with a well vascularized region at the periphery of the tumor. The present model can be used as a valid theoretical method in the basic researches in tumorinduced angiogenesis.

Simple Linear Model of Tumor Growth in a Changing Environment

In an environment that is neither static nor in equilibrium, but is dynamic and changing, the kinetics of the reactions that cause the growth of a tumor, which depend on the state of the evolving environment, cannot be parametrized in terms of constant rates. We propose a simple model for describing the growth on an untreated tumor in such environments, which is characterized by a minimal number of parameters and is generalizable to include the effects of various types of therapies. In the simplest version that we consider here, it consists of a linear equation with a time-dependent growth rate, which we interpret as the coupling of the system with a dynamic environment. A complete solution is given in terms of the integral of the growth rate. The essential features of the general solution are illustrated with a few examples, and comparison is made with the models that have been proposed to describe recent data.

Study on the Promotion Strategy of College Students’ Reading and Writing Ability Under the Micro Network Environment

Network media has become more and more involved in our daily life. It has become a part of modern life that cannot be stopped or rejected. Then, how to correctly face the changes in the Internet era is placed in front of everyone. Students need to “learn how to use the media to get their all-round development, effectively prevent the foreign information pollution, and actively guide students to a truly rational attitude for WeChat, blog and micro-blog”. It is a kind of media literacy being confronted with the network’s ability to consciously resist the harmful information, but also to benefit their own development and firmly grasp the information, so as to make full use of the convenience of network self promotion. “Screen reading” network plays an important role in college students’ life, and the fragmentation, the text features of the writing ability of college students also have a strong impact; this paper focuses on the influence of college students in the network reading and writing patterns on their writing ability and influence. From the perspective of media literacy education for college students, writing ability and reading ability provide a feasible way.

Packaging Bags with the Function of Micro-environment Modification

Three kinds of packaging bags composited with barrier film and moisture absorbents were designed in order to find out how to create an internal micro-environment with low O2content and relative humidity( RH). Peanuts with different moisture contents were filled into packaging bags and stored in an environmental chamber for a certain period of time. An RH recorder was sealed in each bag and the RH inside the bag was recorded. The moisture contents of peanuts before and after storage were measured as well.It is found that peanuts with moisture content of 13% can reduce O2content inside the bag by the aerobic respiration,achieving the self modified atmosphere packaging( MAP) effect. A microenvironment with lower RH can be created by using super-absorbent fiber( SAF) or mineral bag as the moisture absorbent. The moisture contents of peanuts stored in the bags with SAF and mineral bag as moisture absorbent decreased from 13% to 10. 5%and 11. 3%,respectively. SAF is a promising material of packaging bags composited with barrier film,in which a low RH and high CO2content can be created.

A Study on Improving the Financing Environment of Small and Micro Enterprises-Based on Taizhou Model

China’s small and micro enterprises have always had the typical characteristics of“five,six,seven,eight,nine,”which are important supports to expand employment and improve people’s livelihood.However,the current proportion of these enterprises in obtaining bank loans does not commensurate with the proportion of small,medium,and micro enterprises in the total economic aggregate.The financing dilemma of small and micro enterprises still exists.In consideration of the financing status of small and micro enterprises,this study analyzes the constraints of small and micro enterprises in financing,such as the difficulty in mortgage,difficulty in obtaining loans,and difficulty in guaranteeing.This study sorts out Taizhou’s practical experience and links its operation mechanism of“two platforms,one fund,and one index.”Finally,by learning from its successful experience,how to utilize the environment and the trend of big data will be further discussed,so as to form a scalable and sustainable financing method and path.This will provide a reference for improving the financing environment of small and micro enterprises.

3D numerical simulation of avascular tumour growth:effect of hypoxic micro-environment in host tissue

A three-dimensional （3D） mathematical model of tumour growth at the avascular phase and vessel remodelling in host tissues is proposed with emphasis on the study of the interactions of tumour growth and hypoxic micro-environment in host tissues. The hybrid based model includes the continuum part, such as the distributions of oxygen and vascular endothelial growth factors （VEGFs）, and the discrete part of tumour cells （TCs） and blood vessel networks. The simulation shows the dynamic process of avascular tumour growth from a fewinitial cells to an equilibrium state with varied vessel networks. After a phase of rapidly increasing numbers of the TCs, more and more host vessels collapse due to the stress caused by the growing tumour. In addition, the consumption of oxygen expands with the enlarged tumour region. The study also discusses the effects of certain factors on tumour growth, including the density and configuration of pre- existing vessel networks and the blood oxygen content. The model enables us to examine the relationship between early tumour growth and hypoxic micro-environment in host tissues, which can be useful for further applications, such as tumour metastasis and the initialization of tumour angiogenesis.

An enriched environment reduces hippocampal inflammatory response and improves cognitive function in a mouse model of stroke

An enriched environment is used as a behavio ral intervention therapy that applies sensory,motor,and social stimulation,and has been used in basic and clinical research of va rious neurological diseases.In this study,we established mouse models of photothrombotic stroke and,24 hours later,raised them in a standard,enriched,or isolated environment for 4 weeks.Compared with the mice raised in a standard environment,the cognitive function of mice raised in an enriched environment was better and the pathological damage in the hippocampal CA1 region was remarkably alleviated.Furthermore,protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,nuclear factorκB p65,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factorα,and the mRNA expression level of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 were greatly lower,while the expression level of miR-146a-5p was higher.Compared with the mice raised in a standard environment,changes in these indices in mice raised in an isolated environment were opposite to mice raised in an enriched environment.These findings suggest that different living environments affect the hippocampal inflammatory response and cognitive function in a mouse model of stro ke.An enriched environment can improve cognitive function following stroke through up-regulation of miR-146a-5p expression and a reduction in the inflammatory response.

Highly reliable and selective ethanol sensor based on α-Fe2O3 nanorhombs working in realistic environments

A highly reliable and selective ethanol gas sensor working in realistic environments based on alpha-Fe2O3(α-Fe2O3)nanorhombs is developed. The sensor is fabricated by integrating α-Fe2O3 nanorhombs onto a low power microheater based on micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) technology. The α-Fe2O3 nanorhombs, prepared via a solvothermal method, is characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction(XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The sensing performances of the α-Fe2O3 sensor to various toxic gases are investigated. The optimum sensing temperature is found to be about 280℃. The sensor shows excellent selectivity to ethanol.For various ethanol concentrations(1 ppm-20 ppm), the response and recovery times are around 3 s and 15 s at the working temperature of 280℃, respectively. Specifically, the α-Fe2O3 sensor exhibits a response shift less than 6% to ethanol at280℃ when the relative humidity(RH) increases from 30% to 70%. The good tolerance to humidity variation makes the sensor suitable for reliable applications in Internet of Things(IoT) in realistic environments. In addition, the sensor shows great long-term repeatability and stability towards ethanol. A possible gas sensing mechanism is proposed.

A Study on the Impact of Urban River Refurbishment to the Thermal Environment of Surrounding Residential Area

In this study, a simulation was conducted targeting Beomeo stream of Daegu, for the purpose of the quantitative determination of the changes in thermal environment of surrounding residential areas according to the urban river refurbishment. For the study method, the reviews of literature and model verification were conducted, and then the results were derived through the process of comparing and analyzing the thermal environment resulting from the river refurbishment of the target area. As a result of the model verification, the accuracy of modeling was 95%. As a result of a simulation of the target area, in respect of the fluctuation of temperature, the temperature decreased by 1.33°C more in the daytime than in the night time, due to the river refurbishment. In respect of the positions, the decrease of the temperature was 1.33°C at 2 pm at position 1, the position of river refurbishment, and the highest in the entire time slots. Also, the changes in temperature increasingly decreased from position 1 to position 4. It seemed that it was because there was the highest radiant heat at position 1 with the biggest gap between artificial mulching and natural mulching, and the effect of the gap in the radiant heat influenced successively over position 2, 3 and 4. Lastly, in respect of the effect of river refurbishment on the surrounding area, the effect reached to position 3, in other word, 60 meters from the river.

Comparison of Multimodality Image-Based Volumes in Preclinical Tumor Models Using <i>In-Air</i>Micro-CT Image Volume as Reference Tumor Volume

Purpose: Changes in tumor volume are used for therapy response monitoring in preclinical studies. Unlike prior studies, this article introduces in-air micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) image volume as reference tumor volume in rodent tumor models. Tumor volumes determined using imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), micro-CT and ultrasound (US), and with an external caliper are compared with the reference tumor volume. Materials and Methods: In vivo MR, US and micro-CT imaging was performed 4, 6, 9, 11 and 13 days after tumor cell inoculation into nude rats. On the day of the imaging study, in vivo caliper measurements were also made. After in vivo imaging, tumors were excised followed by in-air micro-CT imaging and ex vivo caliper measurements of excised tumors. The in-air micro-CT image volume of excised tumors was determined as reference tumor volume. Then tumor volumes were calculated using formula V = (π/6) × a × b × c, where a, b and c are maximum diameters in three perpendicular dimensions determined by the three image modalities and caliper, and compared with reference tumor volume by linear regression analysis as well as Bland-Altman plots. Results: The correlation coefficients (R2) of the regression lines for in vivo tumor volumes measured by the three imaging modalities were 0.9939, 0.9669 and 0.9806 for MRI, US and micro-CT respectively. For caliper measurements, the coefficients were 0.9274 and 0.9819 for caliperin vivo and caliperex vivo respectively. In Bland-Altman plots, the average of tumor volume difference from reference tumor volume (bias) was significant for caliper and micro-CT, but not for MRI and US. Conclusion: Using the in-air micro-CT image volume as reference tumor volume, tumor volume measured by MRI was the most accurate among the three imaging modalities. In vivo caliper volume measurements showed unreliability while ex vivo caliper measurements reduced errors.

Experimental Study of A Novel Piezoelectric Tumor Marker Micro-array Immunosensor

A novel 2×5 model of insert-plug piezoelectric quartz crystal tumor marker micro-array immunosensor constructed with screw clamp apparatus has been developed for quantitative detection of the tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP),carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA),prostate specific antigen (PSA),and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serum,in which every crystal unit can oscillate independently with the stability of±1 hertz (Hz) in air and±2 Hz in liquid.These response characteristics of Pz tumor marker micro-array immunosensor such as temperature, time-cost,reproducibility and specificity etc were also investigated.The detection ranges for AFP,CEA,PSA,and hCG obtained by Pz micro-array immunosensor were 20 ng/ml～640 ng/ml,1.56 ng/ml～50 ng/ml,1.25 ng/ml～50 ng/ml,and 2.5 mIU/ml～250 mlU/mi respectively with the coefficient of variance (CV) less than 5%.No cross-reactivates with other tumor markers in serum were observed.The results of AFP,CEA,PSA,and hCG obtained by this method from 68 serum samples were in good agreement with those given by chemiluminescence immunoassay with the correlation coefficients of 0.92,0.90,0.91,and 0.94 respectively.The Pz immunosensor regenerated by urea solution could be reused for five times without appreciable loss of response activity.Therefore,the proposed insert-plug immunosensor provides a rapid, sensitive,specific,reusable,convenient and reliable alternative for the detection of tumor markers in clinical laboratory.

Multifunctional nano-herb based on tumor microenvironment for enhanced tumor therapy of gambogic acid

Multifunctional drug delivery systems(DDSs)have shown great prospects in overcoming the heterogeneous barrier of delivery drugs to the complex tumor microenvironment(TME).In this study,multifunctional AS/Ge-pNAB microgels with dual-active targeting,triple environment responsiveness,and fluorescence imaging capability were prepared through a straightforward procedure.This was aimed to improve the antitumor therapeutic application of gambogic acid(GA)based on the biological characteristics of TME.The microgels have a uniform double-layer structure with aptamer in the outer layer which helps in recognizing receptors on the tumor cells.The GA loaded nano-herb exhibited environment-responsive drug release profiles under acidic pH,reductant and high temperature.The nano-herb significantly improved the accumulation of GA in tumor sites through the synergistic combination of the enhanced permeability and retention effect and dual-ligand mediated internalization.Then,it accelerated intracellular drug release and killed tumor cells.Therefore,the nano-herb had specific therapeutic effects on the tumor in vitro and in vivo as they remarkably inhibited tumor growth while depicting optimal biosafety and lower levels of off-target toxicity.Overall,these findings demonstrate the great potential of the multifunctional AS/Ge-pNAB microgels for precisely targeted GA delivery and open a new avenue for the facile preparation of multifunctional DDSs.

Anti-tumor efficacy of Calculus bovis: Suppressing liver cancer by targeting tumor-associated macrophages

Despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of liver cancer and the availability of novel pharmacotherapies,liver cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.Tumor relapse,resistance to current anti-cancer drugs,metastasis,and organ toxicity are the major challenges that prevent considerable improvements in patient survival and quality of life.Calculus bovis(CB),an ancient Chinese medicinal drug,has been used to treat various pathologies,including stroke,convulsion,epilepsy,pain,and cancer.In this editorial,we discuss the research findings recently published by Huang et al on the therapeutic effects of CB in inhibiting the development of liver cancer.Utilizing the comprehensive transcriptomic analyses,in vitro experiments,and in vivo studies,the authors demonstrated that CB treatment inhibits the tumor-promoting M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages via downregulating Wnt pathway.While multiple studies have been performed to explore the molecular mechanisms regulated by CB,this study uniquely shows its role in modulating the M2 phenotype of macrophages present within the tumor microenvironment.This study opens new avenues of future investigations aimed at investigating this drug’s efficacy in various mouse models including the effects of combination therapy,and against drug-resistant tumors.

外泌体源性microRNA在疾病诊疗中的研究进展

外泌体是一种纳米级别的生物膜结构,由机体的多种细胞分泌,广泛分布于唾液、血浆、乳汁等体液中。外泌体中有蛋白质、m RNA、microRNA、细胞因子、转录因子受体等多种生物活性物质。microRNA是短链非编码RNA,在转录后水平调节基因的表达,广泛参与个体发育、细胞增殖凋亡等生命活动。外泌体源性microRNA具有生物学特性和靶向特异性,不仅可作为肿瘤、神经退行性病变、重大精神疾病的分子诊断标志物,甚至有潜力成为上述疾病的新治疗靶点。