In situ apolipoprotein E-enriched corona guides dihydroartemisinin-decorating nanoparticles towards LDLr-mediated tumor-homing chemotherapy

The therapeutic efficiency of active targeting nanoparticulate drug delivery systems(nano-DDS)is highly compromised by the plasma proteins adsorption on nanoparticles(NPs)surface,which significantly hinders cell membrane receptors to recognize the designed ligands,and provokes the off-target toxicity and rapid clearance of NPs in vivo.Herein,we report a novel dihydroartemisinin(DHA)-decorating nano-DDS that in situ specifically recruits endogenous apolipoprotein E(apoE)on the NPs surface.The apoE-anchored corona is able to prolong PLGA-PEG2000-DHA(PPD)NPs circulation capability in blood,facilitate NPs accumulating in tumor cells by the passive enhanced permeability and retention(EPR)effect and low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLr)-mediated target transport,and ultimately improve the in vivo antitumor activity.Our findings demonstrate that the strategy of in situ regulated apoE-enriched corona ensures NPs an efficient LDLr-mediated tumor-homing chemotherapy.

Immune cell membrane-based biomimetic nanomedicine for treating cancer metastasis

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death.Despite extensive treatment,the prognosis for patients with metastatic cancer remains poor.In addition to conventional surgical resection,radiotherapy,immunotherapy,chemotherapy,and targeted therapy,various nanobiomaterials have attracted attention for their enhanced antitumor performance and low off-target effects.However,nanomedicines exhibit certain limitations in clinical applications,such as rapid clearance from the body,low biological stability,and poor targeting ability.Biomimetic methods utilize the natural biomembrane to mimic or hybridize nanoparticles and circumvent some of these limitations.Considering the involvement of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of the metastatic cascade,biomimetic methods using immune cell membranes have been proposed with unique tumor-homing ability and high biocompatibility.In this review,we explore the impact of immune cells on various processes of tumor metastasis.Furthermore,we summarize the synthesis and applications of immune cell membrane-based nanocarriers increasing therapeutic efficacy against cancer metastases via immune evasion,prolonged circulation,enhanced tumor accumulation,and immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment.Moreover,we describe the prospects and existing challenges in clinical translation.